The process of joining nucleotides to build a new strand of DNA is carried out by an enzyme called DNA polymerase. DNA polymerase plays a central role in DNA replication, repair, and synthesis during processes like DNA transcription and DNA repair.
During DNA replication, DNA polymerase catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides, thereby linking them together to form a new DNA strand complementary to the template strand. This process occurs in the 5' to 3' direction, meaning that nucleotides are added to the growing DNA strand at the 3' end.
DNA polymerase requires several components and cofactors for its activity. These include a template DNA strand, a primer (a short strand of RNA or DNA complementary to the template DNA), deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) as substrates, magnesium ions (Mg2+) as cofactors, and other accessory proteins that assist in the replication process.
The mechanism of DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase involves several steps:
1. Initiation: DNA polymerase binds to the primer-template junction, forming a complex known as the DNA polymerase-DNA complex.
2. Elongation: DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the primer strand in a stepwise fashion, using the template DNA strand as a guide. Each incoming nucleotide forms base pairs with the complementary nucleotide on the template strand, and DNA polymerase catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the 3' hydroxyl group of the last nucleotide in the growing strand and the α-phosphate group of the incoming nucleotide.
3. Termination: DNA polymerase continues synthesizing the new DNA strand until it reaches the end of the template strand or encounters an obstacle. Once replication is complete, the newly synthesized DNA strand dissociates from the DNA polymerase-DNA complex.
DNA polymerases are highly accurate enzymes, with built-in proofreading mechanisms that help to maintain the fidelity of DNA replication by correcting errors in base pairing. However, errors can still occur, leading to mutations. In such cases, other DNA repair mechanisms come into play to correct the errors and maintain the integrity of the genetic material.
In summary, DNA polymerase is responsible for joining nucleotides to build a new strand of DNA during processes like DNA replication, repair, and synthesis. Its ability to catalyze the formation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides is essential for the accurate transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next.
The complete question is:
Which item is responsible for joining nucleotides to build a new stand of DNA?
Why is the tunica intima, the innermost layer of arteries and veins, made of epithelial cells?
What is the temperature in mars ?
All of the following wavelengths can be seen by the human eye EXCEPT red light waves infrared waves blue light waves violet light waves
The human eye can see visible light in the range of 380 nm to 740 nm, which includes colors red through violet. The wavelengths outside this range, such as infrared waves, cannot be seen.
The human eye can see light with wavelengths that range from about 380 nm to 740 nm. This range includes the colors of the rainbow, which can be remembered by the mnemonic ROY G BIV - for Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, and Violet. However, the wavelengths that fall outside of this visible spectrum, such as infrared waves, cannot be seen by the human eye. Infrared light has longer wavelengths than the visible red light, and humans perceive this as heat rather than light.
Visible light is composed of a spectrum of colors that include red light waves, blue light waves, and violet light waves. However, all wavelengths can't be seen by the human eye; specifically, infrared waves are outside the visible range. Thus, all of the listed wavelengths can be seen by the human eye except infrared waves.
Over thousands of years a comet makes several circuits around the solar system. Describe how a comet might change after many trips near the sun
Fossil A was found at a depth of 400 feet and fossil B was found at a depth of 315 feet. Which one is older?
Fossil B
Fossil A
They are the same age
Not enough information to determine
if a hypothesis is shown to answer several different natural phenomena or supported by other evidence it can be considered to be a
Do all theories become laws? Explain.
Within a flock of birds, some birds have long narrow beaks, and other birds have short wide beaks. Environmental changes happen that make it harder for birds that have short wide beaks to find food. After several generations, most of the flock has long, narrow beaks. Which statement best describes the trait of the type of beak that a bird in this flock has?
A)Having a long, narrow beak is an inherited trait that is genetically passed down.
B)Having a long, narrow beak is an acquired trait that is determined by the availability of food.
C)Having a short, wide beak is an acquired trait that is found in birds that have learned to adapt to the environmental changes.
D)Having a short, wide beak is an inherited trait that is chosen by the bird as a result of its experiences.
Answer:
The correct answer is option A.
Explanation:
According to the given question environmental changes made it difficult for the birds with short and wide beaks to find food due to which their gene pool disappeared after few generations.
Environmental changes favoured the birds with long and narrow beaks due to which this trait was passed on to their generations and after few generation-long and narrow beak birds will dominate the niche. This is an example of genetic drift where the population has shown the directional shift.
Thus, option A is the correct option.
Which of the following best explains what happens during metaphase? A. The sister chromatids are pulled apart. B. The chromosomes line up. C. The chromosomes coil up and condense. D. The cell is developing and going about its daily activities. Which of the following best explains what happens during metaphase? A. The sister chromatids are pulled apart. B. The chromosomes line up. C. The chromosomes coil up and condense. D. The cell is developing and going about its daily activities.
Answer:
The correct answer is option b. the chromosomes line up.
Explanation:
Metaphase is the phase which takes place between prophase and anaphase. It is mitotic phase in which microtubules attached. The chromosomes line up during this phase.
Metaphase is characterized by the attachment of spindle to the chromosomes. Attachment is complete by the microtubules of spindle.
Thus, the correct answer is option b.the chromosome line up.
James is making models of plant and animal cells using objects supplied by his teacher to represent organelles. For one cell, he will place the objects in a shoebox. First he fills a balloon with water and places it in the shoe box. He also drops a handful of marbles into the box. Which statement most likely describes the structures he has represented so far? He is making an animal cell. The box is the cell membrane, and the balloon represents the large vacuole. The marbles are the endoplasmic reticulum. He is making a plant cell. The box is the cell wall, and the balloon represents the large vacuole. The marbles are the tiny ribosomes. He is making a plant cell. The box is the cell wall, and the balloon represents the nucleus. The marbles are the centrioles. He could be making either a plant or animal cell. The box is the cell wall, and the balloon represents the large vacuole. The marbles are the centrioles.
Answer:
B). He is making a plant cell. The box is the cell wall, and the balloon represents the large vacuole. The marbles are the tiny ribosomes.
Explanation:
I just took the test on Edge 2020
What happens to macromolecules from food during digestion?
Leaf vein patterns in monocot flowering plants are parallel.
TRUE
or
FALSE
Answer:
The given statement is true.
Explanation:
Monocot plants leaves have different kind of venation to dicot plants. All plant Leaf veins are arranged in a reticulate arrangement or in a parallel through the length of the leaf throughout the leaf.
In most of the monocot flowering species, monocot leaves have parallel venation arrangement while dicots have reticulate venation.
Parallel venation is an evolved adaptive feature of monocots over dicots as it provides the benefit of transportation to the end of the leaves.
Thus, the statement is true.
Which process uses acetyl CoA as a reactant
Answer:
The Krebs cycle
Explanation:
Apex
Starting in the spinal cord, trace a motor pathway to the adductor.
The following are the Spinal cord pathway, both sensory and motor.
peripheral nerve -> sensory pathway --> posterior root -> posterior horn -> anterior horn -> anterior root -> motor pathway
This is also the ascending and descending fiber pathways
* ascending / incoming / afferent / sensory pathways:
- sensory impulses carry different "feeling" (light touch, hot,
cold)
Fiber pathways from specific area of body
* outgoing / efferent / descending / motor pathways:
- cause muscles to act
- in white matter of spinal cord
- cross over from one side of body to another in different levels (what
effects in phenomenon of left-sided stroke affecting the right side of
the body)
Can anyone please help?
The scientific method can best be described as a plan of a set of
Blood type in humans is an example of trait that has multiple alleles. The alleles for type A blood and type B blood are codominant, and type O blood is recessive to both type A and type B. If a girl with type AB blood has a brother with type O blood and a sister with type B blood, which of the following genotypes could it be possible for their parents to have?
AO and BO
AB and OO
AB and BO
AO and AB
The possible genotype is AO and BO.
An organism's genetic makeup is called its genotype, and it reflects all the alleles, or kinds of the gene, which are carried through the organism. Consequently, a test move can help determine whether a dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous for a specific allele.
What are the 4 main blood groups?A person's blood type depends on the genes he inherited from his parents. ABO is the most well-known system for grouping blood groups, although there are other methods. There are four main groups in the ABO group: A, B, O, and AB. There are eight other blood groups in these groups.
More than 179 people in India are known to have Bombay blood type. If the organ donor belongs to the Bombay blood group, the donor liver must be free of A, B, and H antigens. In theory, the Bombay blood group donor can donate a liver to any blood group (universal donor).
A genetic cross between respective genotypes is shown below.
Learn more about Blood Group here
https://brainly.com/question/15289194
#SPJ2
As fast as you can, name the planets in order from least mass to most mass. HINT: Check your notes about the gravitational force on each planet compared with earth.
Mercury, Mars, Uranus, Venus, Earth, Neptune, Saturn, Jupiter
Human activity on land can have a profound influence on marine ecosystems. True/False
Answer: The given statement is True.
Human activities on land can have a profound influence on marine ecosystems. These include both direct as well as indirect activities by humans, which influence marine ecosystems.
For instance, direct human activities like use of fertilizers in agriculture can have a profound influence on the marine ecosystem. Chemical fertilizers provide extra nutrients to the plants, increasing the fertility of the soil and thereby promote the growth of plants.
These fertilizers are harmful to the aquatic lives. They travel to the marine ecosystem via water run off from the agricultural land. Excess fertilizers cause the formation of algal blooms, which are very toxic. They lead to the lack of oxygen in the water, which results in the loss of aquatic lives.
Which of the following usually occurs with a short circuit
ANswer choices are:
a. All parts of the circuit will begin to carry higher amounts of current than normal.
b. The material within a fuse may begin to melt when the current ceases to exist.
c. All parts of the circuit will begin to carry lower amounts of current than normal.
d. Most of the current will flow through one part of the circuit.
____________________________________________________________
The correct answer is
a. All parts of the circuit will begin to carry higher amounts of current than normal.
Explanation:
When two or more than two conductors of different phases touch each other in a power line, the part of the impedance is shunted out of the circuit due to which a large current flow in the un-faulted phases, such current is called the short circuit current. Short circuit current decreases the impedance in the circuit while the current in the circuit increases.
a. All parts of the circuit will begin to carry higher amounts of current than normal.
Which of the following accurately describes the role of energy in cellular respiration?
energy is a reactant
energy is not a part of cellular respiration
energy is a product
none of the above
Answer:
The correct answer is option energy is a product.
Explanation:
Cellular respiration is a process in which oxidation of food or glucose takes place to produce energy. This process proceeds in four processes: glycolysis, oxidative carboxylation, Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.
All of this process produces energy in the form of ATP or energy equivalents like NADH and FADH₂.
1. Glycolysis produces- 2 ATP, 2 NADH,
2. Oxidative carboxylation produces- 2 NADH,
3. Krebs cycle produces- 2 ATP, 6 NADH AND 2 FADH₂ and
4. Electron transport chain produces at last- 24 ATP from these reducing equivalents.
Thus, option energy is a product is a correct option.
which of the following are attributed to linnaeus?
Carl Linnaeus is celebrated for three main contributions: developing the taxonomic system for classifying organisms into related groups, establishing the binomial nomenclature for naming organisms, and systematically grouping together organisms sharing common traits.
Explanation:Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, zoologist, and physician, is significantly credited with several achievements in biology. Among his works, three attributes stand out:
He developed a taxonomic system for categorizing organisms into related groups. This hierarchical model featured classifications such as kingdom, class, order, family, genus, and species, and has since been expanded to include additional levels like domain, phylum, subclass, superorder, tribe etc.Linnaeus introduced the binomial nomenclature, a system of naming organisms using two unique Latin names – the genus name and the species name. This vastly reduced confusion caused by regional differences in common names of organisms.He grouped organisms that shared common traits creating categories like 'mammals' for animals with mammary glands, demonstrating his systematic approach to classification.These contributions of Linnaeus have laid the groundwork for modern taxonomy and biological nomenclature.
Learn more about Linnaeus' Contributions here:https://brainly.com/question/32224556
#SPJ3
Which organelle is responsible for manufacturing proteins?
Vacuoles
Lysosomes
Golgi apparatus
Ribosomes
Based on the food chain below, if a bald eagle acquires 50 kg of energy, how much energy did the herbivorous duck get from the aquatic vegetation?
Answer: 50,000 kg should be the correct answer.
which carbohydrate are used as structural support instead of energy storage
Carbohydrates are used as fuels and building material, organic molecules made of sugars and their polymers that is large molecules consisting of many identical or similar subunits connected together through polymerization. Carbohydrates has three categories that is according to the number of simple sugars: (1) Mono saccharides (2) Oligo saccharides and (3) Polysaccharides. Polysaccharides is formed by enzyme-meditated condensation reactions and is stored in the muscle and liver of vertebrates. These are macromolecules that are polymers of a few hundred or thousand monosaccharides. Starch and glycogen are examples of polysaccharide that is use as energy storage while cellulose and chitin are polysaccharides that is use as structural support. Cellulose is a liner unbranched polymer of glucose most abundant organic molecule on the planet, reinforces plant cell walls and cannot be digested by most animals because they lack the enzyme that can hydrolyze the linkage in BLANK. While Chitin is a structural polysaccharide that is a polymer of an amino sugar, forms the exoskeleton of arthropods (insects, crawfish) and found in the cell walls of some fungi.
What protein is often used in comparing biochemistry between species? Why is this protein used?
All of the following are nonspecific defense responses made by the human body except
A. the skin as a physical barrier to pathogens.
B. mucus produced in the nasal and oral passages to trap pathogens.
C. wax produced in the ear to trap pathogens.
D. T-cells target specific pathogens.
Answer:
The correct is the answer is option D.
Explanation:
Non-specific defense response is the immune system that provides defense against more than one type of antigen or pathogen. The non-specific defense provides responses include physical barriers, protein defenses, cellular defenses, inflammation, and fever. Mucus in respiratory tracts and nose traps microbes and pathogens from invading the body.
Wax also captured foreign bodies and other pathogens from entering our ears. Non-specific defenses are surface coverage defenses.
T-cells are the specific white cells that target specific antigens or pathogens that are a specific defense provided by the specific immune system.
Thus, the correct answer is option D.
Scientists are able to use DNA to produce an identical copy of an organism in this procedure.
Artificial selection
Gene manipulation
Cloning
Genetic engineering
How are conditions of early Earth similar to the deep sea vents today?
Select all that apply. Invertebrates have only nonspecific immunity, which means _____.
the body attacks anything foreign to the body
the body attacks particular foreign invaders
immunity is inborn or innate
immunity is adaptive