slow and steady precipitation occurring at the front with warmer temperatures after the front passes
PLEASE HELP!!!!
Which action is a reflex action?
A. asking for coffee in a cold climate
B. blinking when light is flashed in the eyes
C. drinking water when thirsty
D. swallowing food
E. taking an exam
Answer:
B blinking when light is flashed in eyes
What is the benefit to a plant of short, open flowers?
What is the benefit to a bird of a long narrow beak?
I'm not sure about the flower, but I know the narrow beak makes it easier to get certain foods like worms.
Subject: Science
Where are Quasars located?
Answer: Astronomers think that quasars are located in galaxies which have black holes at their centers. The black holes may provide quasars with their energy. Quasars are so bright that they drown out the light from all other stars in the same galaxy.
Explanation: from N.A.S.As website
in an investigation to determine a factor that affects the growth of rats a student exposed 100 rats of the same age and species to identical conditions except for the amount of living space and the amount food each rat received. Each day the student measured and recorded the weight of each rat. State one major error that student made in performing this investigation.
Answer:
he amount of living space for the rats and the amount of food are two different variable that will make a mistake the student changed. If you're doing an experiment, you need to control the conditions and the only change ONE variable at a time of each one . If you want to know if the food and the living space affect weight, you should do two different experiments.
i hope this helps you out
have a great morning
In the described investigation, two major errors are the lack of control group and altering two variables simultaneously. A control group is essential for comparing results, while keeping all but one variable constant helps in asserting a cause-effect relationship.
Explanation:A major error in this investigation is the lack of control group. A control group is a group of subjects that are kept under normal conditions and not exposed to the experimental variable, in this case, changes in living space and food amounts. Without a control group, it’s difficult to determine whether changes in the rats' weight are due to the manipulated variables or to some other, uncontrolled factors.
Another potential error is the simultaneous manipulation of two variables - living space and food amount. Scientific investigations typically require a single variable to be altered at a time while keeping all others constant. This helps to assert a cause-effect relationship between the one changing variable and the observed effect. If two variables are altered simultaneously, it cannot be definitively concluded which one is causing the change in the rats' weight.
Learn more about Scientific investigations here:https://brainly.com/question/36314822
#SPJ2
7. What part of the cell does 9 represent?
A. Ribosome
B. Centrosome
C. Lysosome
D. Cytoplasm
Answer: The correct answer is -
C. Lysosome.
Explanation:
Lysosomes are the specialised membrane bound organelles that contain digestive enzymes and help in the degradation of foreign particles ( such as bacteria or virus) as well as waste products. They help in the removal of waste products from the body.
Option C) Lysosome is depicted in the given label 9 of the figure.
Fossils of tropical plants and animals can be found buried in limestone rock in the North Texas area. These plants and animals are no longer found in this region. What is the most likely cause of the disappearance of these tropical plants and animals?
Question 3 options:
Air pollution and acid rain killed off all the tropical plants and animals.
Earthquakes and volcanoes destroyed all the tropical plants and animals.
The climate in that area is different today than when tropical plants and animals lived there.
Tropical animals ate all the tropical plants and everything died out.
Answer:
The climate in that area is different today then when tropical plants and animals lived there
Explanation:
The climate on Earth is constantly changing, and there's numerous factors that contribute to it. The climate can shift from being warm and wet, to cold and dry relatively quickly, thus changing the flora, fauna, and the landscape as a whole. It is no wonder that tropical plants and animals are found in the fossil records in the northern part of Texas, as in the past this region has been dominated by warm and wet climate. That enabled the development of a biome that supported tropical plants and animals. That didn't lasted forever of course, and the climate changed, so Texas became a place with more temperate climate with relatively small amount of precipitation, resulting in changes of what types of animals and plants live there.
Answer is option c) The climate in that area is different today than when tropical plants and animals lived there.
The most likely cause for the disappearance of tropical plants and animals in North Texas is significant changes in the climate over time.
Fossils of tropical plants and animals found in limestone rock in North Texas indicate that the climate in this area was once much warmer and more tropical. The most likely cause of the disappearance of these plants and animals is that the climate in that area is different today than when tropical plants and animals lived there. Over geological time scales, changes in the Earth's climate have transformed regions, leading species that could not adapt to new conditions to either migrate or go extinct.
For example, scientists have observed major climatic shifts in regions like the Olorgesailie region in Kenya. These shifts have caused some species to go extinct and allowed new, more adaptable species to thrive.
Explain how fertilization produces a new individual
Answer:
Explanation:
Egg and sperm join together and the resulting fertilized egg contains all the information needed to grow into a new individual.
By fussion of gametes into the ovum of the female (meiosis)
Delta T means ____ in temperature
Answer: B) Change
Explanation: Put the answer choices next time!!!! If you’re using usa test prep that’s the answer!!
Answer:
Change
Explanation:
Embryology provides evidence for evolution because
A. studying organisms during their early development provides clues as to how the adult functions.
B. during their development, embryos experience genetic mutations, some of which allow the embryo a better chance of survival.
C. during their development, many organisms look similar, suggesting that very different organisms may have a common ancestor.
D. studying organisms during their early development gives insights as to the organism's diet and how it has changed over many generations.
Answer:
C
Explanation:
During their development, many organisms look similar, suggesting that very different organisms may have a common ancestor. - Think of the human fetal neural / spine development which mirrors other species.
Answer:
C. during their development, many organisms look similar, suggesting that very different organisms may have a common ancestor.
Explanation:
During embryological development, the intermediate stages of one group of organisms exhibit stages of evolution in form of features of other groups. This suggests that the given group must have a common ancestor with the other group. It is called "ontogeny repeats phylogeny".
Example: Human embryo has a tail which otherwise is the feature of reptiles.
5. What molecule is essential to regenerate at the end of the Krebs cycle to start the process again?
A. Water
B. Pyruvate
C. Oxaloacetate
D. Ammonia
Answer: Oxaloacetate
Explanation: The krebs cycle starts with the pyruvic acid that is obtained after glycolysis. The Kreb's cycle begins when the Acetyl coA combines with a four molecule oxaloacetate.
The main product formed is citric acid thats why the cycle is also called as citric acid cycle. After the citric acid is formed it goes through a series of reactions to form NADH, FADH2 and ATP.
The carbon dioxide is also released during this process. The oxaloacetate formed is used to start the cycle so its is regenerated again and again.
Oxaloacetate is the molecule that is essential to regenerate at the end of the Kreb's cycle to start the process again.
Further Explanation;Cellular respiration;Cellular respiration is the process by which living organisms use nutrients or food substances to generate energy in the form of ATP that is required to drive cellular processes.Cellular respiration takes place in three stages; glycolysis, Kreb's cycle and electron transport.GlycolysisIt is the first stage of aerobic respiration where an organic molecule such as glucose is broken down to form 2 molecules of Acetyl-CoA and net production of 2 ATP molecules.Each glucose molecule yields two molecules of ATP and two molecules of Acetyl-CoA.During the process of glycolysis 2 molecules of energy carrier, NADH which are then taken to energy transport chain to produce more ATP.Kreb's cycleIt is the second phase of aerobic respiration that involves a series of reactions catalyzed by various enzymes.Acetyl-CoA from glycolysis undergoes a series of reaction to produce six molecules of NADH, two molecules of FADH2, together with carbon dioxide and two molecules of ATP.During Kreb's cycle Acetyl-CoA is converted to Citrate to Isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate to Succinyl-CoA to Succinate to Fumarate to malate and lastly to Oxaloacetate.Oxaloacetate is the final molecule formed during the TCA cycle and is essential to enhance the start of Kreb's cycle once more.Electron transport chainIt is the final stage of Aerobic respiration, where the six molecules of NADH and two molecules of FADH2 from Kreb's cycle and 2 NADH molecules from glycolysis are used to generate more energy in the form of ATP.This stage generates 34 molecules of ATP. Keywords: Cellular respiration, energy carriers, energy in the form of ATP, use of energy carriers from glycolysis and citric acid cycle to generate more ATP.Learn more about: Cellular respiration: https://brainly.com/question/9413077Stages of cellular respiration: https://brainly.com/question/9413077Kreb's cycle: https://brainly.com/question/9413077Electron transport chain: https://brainly.com/question/9413077Level: High school
Subject: Biology
Topic: Cellular respiration
Sub-topic: Kreb's cycle
what is the difference between a producer an a consumer where do producers belong in a food chain
Answer:
Consumers, on the other hand, consume materials generated by the producers and hence they use the food, nutrients and oxygen. ... Animals, man, etc. are good examples of consumers. Producers are capable of photosynthesis, a process by which they covert light energy into chemical energy, while consumers use respiration.
Producers in a food chain make their own food using sunlight, while consumers obtain energy by consuming other organisms.
Explanation:In a food chain, producers are organisms that make their own food using sunlight in a process called photosynthesis. They are usually plants or algae. Producers belong to the first trophic level, as they convert sunlight into usable energy for other organisms in the food chain.
On the other hand, consumers are organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms. They cannot produce their own food and rely on producers or other consumers for energy. Consumers belong to higher trophic levels in the food chain.
In summary, the difference between a producer and a consumer is that producers make their own food, while consumers obtain energy by consuming other organisms.
Learn more about Food chain here:https://brainly.com/question/31647677
#SPJ6
The density of a white dwarf is _____.
Far greater than any known material on earth.
Due to electrons orbiting at increased speed.
Far less than material found on earth.
Hello There!
Your answer is the first one.
Far greater than any known material on Earth.
Answer:
Option (1)
Explanation:
The white dwarf stars are defined as objects that are almost similar to the size of the Earth and their mass is equivalent to the sun. The materials that are present within the massive white dwarf cannot undergo any process of fusion reactions due to which they have an absence of energy source.
The density of these white dwarfs is roughly [tex]10^{9}[/tex] kg/m³, which is significantly very high. These are probably the most dense materials that are present in the universe. In order to study the white dwarf stars, the UV astronomy is generally used.
Thus, the correct answer is option (1).
a woman with type O blood has children with a man who is homoozygous for type B blood. if she were to need a blood transfusion, what is the predicted percentage of her children she could receive blood from
Answer:
There is a 0% chance that a child can donate blood
Explanation:
Since the O gene is recessive, if the mother is type O then she can only give the O gene.
If the father is homozygous for gene B, then he can only give that gene B which is the only one that has
Since gene B is dominant and your children will have an OB combination, then all your children will have type B blood.
To donate blood to a person O, you need to have blood type O. So none of your children can donate blood
Chargaff discovered that in DNA extracted from organisms, the amounts of guanine and cytosine are roughly the same, and the amounts of adenine and thymine are roughly the same. Why was this discovery important?
A. The amounts of each nitrogenous base in DNA proved that DNA is copied before cells divide. B. The base pairing of adenine to thymine and of guanine to cytosine was a key piece of information in elucidating the structure of DNA. C. The amount of thymine can't be more than the amount of cytosine in a given strand of DNA. D. The amounts of each nitrogenous base in DNA determines the function of the DNA
Answer:
The answer is the second choice
Explanation:
Answer:
B. The base pairing of adenine to thymine and of guanine to cytosine was a key piece of information in elucidating the structure of DNA.
Explanation:
Erwin Chargaff, a biochemist proposed a rule called Chargaff’s rule that states that s that the amounts of the purine bases are equal to pyrimidine bases. Thus, the amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of cytosine is equal to the amount of guanine. Further, he states that the pairing of bases is fixed. Adenine always pairs with thymine and guanine is always pairs with cytosine.
The surface temperature of four stars is shown in the table below. Surface Temperature Star Temperature (Degree Celsius) A 3,600 B 6,000 C 2,000 D 15,000 If one of these stars happens to be blue, which star is most likely to be that color? A B C D
Answer: I think D
Explanation: Blue stars are the hottest stars so therefore ít 15,000
Blue stars are the hottest stars so therefore ít 15,000.
What is Surface temperature?The "surface" of the Earth would feel warm to the touch at a given point based on its land surface temperature.
The "surface" is anything a satellite observes when it peers through the atmosphere to the earth. It might be ice and snow, grass on a lawn, a building's roof, or the leaves in a forest canopy.
The maps displayed here were created using information gathered during the day by NASA's Terra satellite's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The range of temperatures ranges from -25 (deep blue) to 45 (hot).
Therefore, Blue stars are the hottest stars so therefore ít 15,000.
To learn more about Temperature, refer to the link:
https://brainly.com/question/11464844
#SPJ3
_______ is the branch of biology that classifies living things in a hierarchical system. A. Phylogeny B. Taxonomy C. Molecular biology D. Anatomy
Answer: Taxonomy
Explanation:
It is the branch of science that deals with the classification of living things in a hierarchical system. The word taxis means arrangement so it deals with the proper arrangement of the organism based on their shared characters.
Linnaeus is known as the father of taxonomy who gave a proper method for classifying the living organism.
Taxonomy is the branch of biology that classifies living things in a hierarchical system. Therefore option B is correct.
Taxonomy is the branch of biology that deals with the classification, identification, and naming of living organisms. It involves organizing and categorizing organisms into hierarchical groups based on their shared characteristics and evolutionary relationships.
The primary goal of taxonomy is to create a systematic framework that reflects the diversity of life and allows scientists to study and understand the relationships between different organisms.
Taxonomists use a combination of morphological, anatomical, genetic, and ecological data to classify organisms into different taxonomic ranks, including species, genera, families, orders, classes, phyla, and kingdoms.
In summary, option B taxonomy is the branch of biology that classifies living things in a hierarchical system, providing a framework for understanding the diversity and relationships among organisms.
Know more about taxonomy:
https://brainly.com/question/30288224
#SPJ6
The flower below is from the Rafflesia plant found in some tropical rainforests of Asia. Because of its fleshy appearance and foul odor, similar to rotting meat, it has been called the "corpse flower".
How could this be a beneficial adaptation for reproduction?
A.
The appearance and smell attract decay insects, like flies, that help pollinate the plant.
B.
The appearance and smell attract honey bees and birds that pollinate the plant.
C.
The appearance and smell keep pollinating birds away from the plant.
D.
The appearance and smell keep pollinating insects away from the plant.
Answer:
A. The appearance and smell attract decay insects, like flies, that help pollinate the plant.
Explanation:
Rafflesia arnoldii is a plant member of the Rafflesia genus, whose flower can reach up to 1 meter in diameter and weigh up to 11 kg. Because of its exaggerated size, the plant became known as a “monster flower”. In addition, this flower exhales a very unpleasant smell and because of this smell it became known as "cadaver flower".
As we know the pleasant smell and the good appearance of the flowers end up attracting birds and some insects that help in pollination, allowing the species to survive through the ages. However, the Rafflesia flower has neither attractive smell nor color, this could be a problem for the reproduction of these plants. However, the smell and the unpleasant appearance managed to attract decomposing insects, such as flies, and these insects are able to help pollination.
Answer:
a
Explanation:
just did it
How can pollution be found in greater amounts at higher trophic levels compared to lower trophic levels
Pollution can be found in greater amounts at higher trophic levels compared to lower trophic levels by Biomagnification. It indicates the presence or increase in the concentration of toxic materials or pollutants in the tissues of living organisms in a trophic level of an eco system.
Answer:
Through the process of biomagnification. An example is what happens with mercury in marine species.
Explanation:
Mercury is a pollutant known as a problem for the environment and the oceans, which affects the marine fauna to varying degrees and therefore the health of human beings. Methylmercury is the most toxic form of mercury and accumulates in the tissues of organisms. It is capable of bioaccumulating up to about one million times along the marine trophic chain, from microorganisms to predatory fish and mammals. In view of the ability to accumulate in organisms through trophic levels, higher concentrations are expected to be found in predatory fish and marine mammals (higher trophic levels), through the process known as biomagnification.
This term refers to a species that is among the first to colonize bare land during primary succession. (Please provide reasoning to your answer)
A) indigenous species
B) first species
C) original species
D) pioneer species
after a plant is set on a windowsill for several days, it’s owner comes back to find its stem bent at a sharp angle toward the glass window. which of the following describes this movement of the plant in response to stimuli?
A. gravitropism
B. thigmotropism
C. negative phototropism
D. positive phototropism
Answer:
D. + phototropism
Explanation:
This is due to accumulation of harmone auxin on the tip of the stem.
This harmone accumulate on that part where light comes.
Answer: D. positive phototropism
Explanation:
Tropism is a response shown by the plant towards an external stimulus like gravity, light, touch and water. The phototropism can be define as a response shown by the plant towards the sunlight. The positive phototropism can be shown when a plant part bends towards the incident beam of sunlight. This is typically shown by aerial parts like stems and leaves. The negative phototropism is shown by the roots which grow underground they do not require sunlight.
According to the given situation, the plant is showing the response towards the sunlight stimuli by bending therefore, it is an example of positive phototropism.
In terms of particles what is the mass number of 12
Answer: 4.0026? If you're referring to the periodic table
Mining is a factor that affects the shape of Florida. Which products contain materials that are mined in the state? Check all that apply.
A.pencils
B.cement
C.bricks
D.plastics
E.rock salt
F.paints
Answer:
they mine for hard materials in Florida so it would be, b,c,e.
Explanation:
Answer:
Option B and F
Explanation:
Florida is rich in deposition of sedimentary rocks and thus mostly it is the rocks like sandstone, calcite etc. which are mined in Florida. Florida is also rich in phosphorus and thus it is also mined.
Of all the given options, cement is made up of grinded calcite, paints consists of phosphorus thus the correct choice of answers is option B and F
A(n) is formed when groundwater that flows in an aquifer between two layers of
impermeable rock is forced to the surface by an increase in pressure,
O
A artesian well
O
B. aquifer
O
C. spring
O
D. man-made well
Answer:
A. artesian well
Explanation:
The artesian well represents a well that is pumping out water on the surface in a natural way, thus not needing any human assistance. The water is coming vertically or diagonally upward toward the surface from an aquifer that lies below it. This happens when there's an aquifer between two impermeable layers of rocks, so when there's new water flowing in it, it can not accumulate it, so the pressure rises and the water is pushed up on the surface where there are the cracks or softer rocks. The artesian wells are relatively common, and they usually are not large, but pump out smaller amounts of water, creating small streams.
What muscles can be found in a chinchilla?
Answer:
With short forelimbs and long, muscular hind legs,
Explanation:
Chinchillas have a complex muscular system that includes key muscles such as the temporalis and masseter for chewing, as well as various facial, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic girdle, and limb muscles. These muscles help in movement and vital functions.
Chinchillas, like most mammals, have a variety of muscles that serve different functions. Some of the key muscles in a chinchilla include:
Temporalis: This muscle is involved in moving the jaw and is essential for chewing.Masseter: Another jaw muscle crucial for mastication (chewing), working in tandem with the temporalis muscle.Facial Muscles: Chinchillas have facial muscles similar to other mammals, including the buccinator (cheek muscle), mentalis (chin muscle), orbicularis oris (lip muscle), and orbicularis oculi (eye muscle).Thoracic Muscles: These muscles are located in the chest area and help with breathing and movement of the forelimbs.Abdominal Muscles: These muscles support the abdominal organs and aid in movements such as bending and twisting.Pelvic Girdle Muscles: These muscles support the pelvis and are involved in movement of the hindlimbs.Upper and Lower Limb Muscles: These muscles are responsible for the movement of the chinchilla's arms and legs.In summary, chinchillas have a complex muscular system that includes jaw muscles like the temporalis and masseter, as well as facial, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic girdle, and limb muscles, all of which play crucial roles in their daily functions.
A yellow haired rat is mated with a black haired rat. Over time, the rats produce 45 black offspring and 52 yellow. From the results, determine the probable genotype of the parents and offspring. How could you determine what the dominant allele is?
Answer:
I just know that
A gene - distribution of yellow pigment
B gene- distribution of black pigment
The probable genotype of the yellow-haired rat parent is heterozygous (Yy) and the black-haired rat is likely homozygous recessive (yy). A Punnett square would predict a 1:1 ratio of yellow to black offspring, which is approximated by the actual offspring count. To determine the dominant allele, perform a testcross with a homozygous recessive individual.
The probable genotype of the parents can be inferred from the offspring's phenotype. Since we observe both yellow and black offspring, this suggests incomplete dominance or codominance, if we assume a case of simple Mendelian inheritance. From the given information, it appears yellow coat color is a dominant trait because it is expressed in the offspring. By using a Punnett square, we can see that for a ratio close to 1:1 (45 black to 52 yellow), one parent could be heterozygous yellow (Yy) and the other parent black (yy), assuming yellow is dominant. If yellow were recessive, we'd expect all black offspring if one parent was yy.
To confirm which allele is dominant, you could perform a testcross with a known homozygous recessive individual. If any offspring display the yellow phenotype, the yellow allele is dominant. Keep in mind that in this example, yellow and black coat colors do not strictly conform to complete dominance. In reality, the genetics of coat color can be complex, involving multiple genes and interactions. However, for the purposes of this question, we are assuming simple Mendelian inheritance.
The organelles that produce proteins used within the cell are the _____. mitochondria lysosomes ribosomes centrioles
Answer:
Ribosomes
Explanation:
Answer: Option C. "Ribosomes"
Explanation:
The organelles responsible for the production of proteins within the cell are the ribosomes.
A ribosome is known as the protein synthesis site in the cell. Ribosome contains a large and a small subunit, each of which consists of ribosomal proteins and rRNA (ribosomal RNA). During protein synthesis the messenger RNA or mRNA moves through the ribosome and amino acids attached to transfer RNA or tRNAs comes to the ribosome. As a result, the amino acids joined to produce the protein.
Thus, the correct option is Ribososmes.
Do fossils provide a complete record of all the extinct species that lived on Earth? Why or why not?
A. Yes, because all species left fossils behind.
B. Yes, because the traits of many species can be inferred from a single fossil.
C. No, because many species went extinct without leaving fossils behind.
D. No, because fossils break apart after about 65 million year
C no because many species went extinct without leaving fossils behind
Answer:
C. No because many species went extinct without leaving fossis behind.
Explanation:
Not all species will leave fossils and we can't infer things about other species from a fossil of a specific species.
How are elements that are heavier than hydrogen spread throughout the universe? A. When a star collapses into a neutron star B. When a star forms into a red giant C. When a star collapses as a black hole D. When a star explodes as a supernova
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Supernovae are an explosion of stars, during star death. During the life cycle of a star, it gravitation pull of its core squeezes lighter atoms such as hydrogen into heavier atoms like helium and carbon. When the stars explode in a supernova, these elements are jettisoned out forcefully into outer space even up to speeds of 25,000 miles/second.
Answer:
D. When a star explodes as a supernova elements that are heavier than hydrogen spread throughout the universe.
Explanation:
What is the difference between biotic and abiotic factors?
Answer:
Biotic factors can be described as all the living factors that are present in an environment or ecosystem. Abiotic factors can be described as all the non- living components that are present in an environment or ecosystem. Abiotic factors determine which organisms are capable of surviving in a particular environment. The biotic factors determine the interaction of an organism with other organisms of an ecosystem.
Examples of biotic factors include the plants, animals and humans. Examples for abiotic factors include the sun, water etc.
Final answer:
Biotic factors are the living components of an ecosystem, such as plants and animals, whereas abiotic factors are the nonliving environmental elements like sunlight and temperature. The interaction between these factors is crucial for ecosystem dynamics and the distribution of organisms.
Explanation:
The question addresses the difference between biotic and abiotic factors, which are fundamental concepts in ecology and biology. Biotic factors are the living components of an ecosystem, which include organisms such as plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, and any other living things. These factors interact with each other in various ways, such as predation, competition, and symbiosis. On the other hand, abiotic factors are the nonliving components that influence the living organisms within an ecosystem. These include sunlight, temperature, water, soil quality, and other physical and chemical aspects of the environment.
Abiotic factors often determine the kind of biotic factors that can exist in a particular environment. For example, the amount of rainfall and temperature in an area can influence the soil quality, which in turn affects the types of plants that can grow there. These plants then provide food and habitat for various animal species, illustrating the intricate interactions between biotic and abiotic factors. Such interactions play a crucial role in shaping ecosystems and determining the distribution of life forms across different biomes.
What is the effect of A mutation in the HBB gene, which codes for hemoglobin, produces red blood cells that are rigid and sickle-shaped.
Answer:
Presence of two copies of mutated alleles would cause sickle cell anemia in person.
Explanation:
The gene HBB codes for the beta globin protein of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein present in red blood cells and serve in oxygen transport. Mutation in HBB gene leads to production of abnormal hemoglobin molecules. These hemoglobin molecules stick to each other and impart stiffness and sickle shape to the red blood cells. Presence of two copies of mutated gene leads to sickle cell anemia characterized by reduced oxygen supply to the body cells and/or blocked blood vessels.