The Marquis de Lafayette is best known for his involvement in which event?
A) giving away secrets to the Germans in World War II.
B) his role in the XYZ Affair with the French government.
C) fighting for the United States in the American Revolution.
D) leading the French Resistance to aid American pilots in World War II.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

C) fighting for the United States in the American Revolution

Explanation:

He was the leader of the Continental Army during that war.

Answer 2

Answer: C) fighting for the United States in the American Revolution.

Explanation: The aristocratic, young (19 years old!) French soldier not only trained colonial troops but was also fighting for the United States in the American Revolution. After the war, Lafayette returned to France where, eventually, he was a leader in that country’s revolution.


Related Questions

A small pyramid would use an estimated 1 million blocks of limestone. A large one would need 3 million. Both would require a lot of builders. A small pyramid would need 10,000 builders, and a large one would need 30,000. You will need to pay these workers. You will also need to buy water. A small pyramid will need at least 400,000 gallons of water to make. A large pyramid could use over 900,000 gallons.

What are the economic costs of building a small pyramid? Check all that apply.

1 million blocks of limestone
30,000 builders
3 million blocks of limestone
400,000 gallons of water
10,000 builders

Answers

Answer:

it would cost 1/3 of the amount as a large pyramid

Answer:

1 million blocks of limestone

400,000 gallons of water

10,000 builders

Explanation:

Just did it :)

What circumstances contribute to the household's impoverished situation?

Answers

Answer:

hi!

Explanation:

Four factors that contribute to poor living conditions are unequal wealth distribution, disease, colonization and past inequalities as well as bad governance and corruption.

NEED HELP ASAP

Describe the relations between the unions and industry management during this time.

Answers

Answer: Negotiations between employers and trade unions govern relations.

Explanation:

Contemporary trade unions in the US are legitimate workers' representatives in many industries. The main task of these organizations is to negotiate the rights of workers, the higher wages and other benefits that workers claim in modern capitalist society.

The most organized union is the one in the public sector. The relationship between employers and trade unions in modern society is based on negotiation.

The partners in these negotiations are, in fact, rivals, as they represent different interests.

Acceptance or rejection of a union request depends on the relative cost-effectiveness of the consent as opposed. In this case, mathematical calculations will be made, which will show the account if the union's request is accepted or rejected.

Answer:

Workers in industries worked long hours in dangerous conditions for little pay, their wages were so low that even children had to work. To better their conditions they began to organize into unions. In 1866 The National Labor Union was formed, they tried to push for 8 hours a day and equal pay for women, and the AFL won higher wages and shorter weeks for its skilled workers. Other Unions were formed to organize unskilled workers, and some other unions included women and African Americans and out West Japanese and Mexican workers also formed unions. The Unions had a few setbacks, a strike in 1877 stopped the nation's railroads for a week, and in some cities rioting occurred, strikes continued but eventually they had to give in. A strike at Pullman's railcar factory in 1894 resulted in violence and federal troops being brought in and the workers all lost their jobs. British leaders used many tactics to prevent workers from organizing. They banned union meetings or fired union workers.

Explanation:

Which shape could you use to describe the structure of social classes in early civilizations
A.circle
B.Square
C.triangle
D.pyramid
Any help will be nice :)
Btw this is for history

Answers

Answer:

The pyramid is the best to shape to show the class system. Because from tip of pyramid to end of it we can sort the classes in early civilization.

Option: (D)

Explanation:

The social class in early civilization is divided into three major class:

The elites

These are those who are having money and reputation among society. They usually are kings, earls, dukes, and prince. Or in India, there are kshatriyas(kings and princes).

The middle class

These include traders, nobles, etc. In India, there are Brahmins who were for giving knowledge.

The lower class

Slaves, peasants, untouchables all poor people come under this class. They had no rights and no freedom. They got all the works of elite people. They don’t had their own land for farming. They worked as land slave.

WILL MARK BRAINLIEST
Why did Hamilton, who authored Federalist no. 84, argue that including a Bill of Rights would pose a danger to the new nation?

In what way did the author of "Brutus II" disagree with Hamilton?

Considering the historical context of the debate, which arguments were the strongest?

Answers

Answer:

Hamilton argued that the constitution was not and should not be a document protecting the rights of individuals. Hamilton claims that if the bill of rights is included, the constitution could be misinterpreted as the only rights that individuals posed. Hamilton also suggests that a bill of rights would give the government more power and not less, after all, why forbid the government from undertaking a certain action unless that government has the power to do so? This sentiment is expressed in the following excerpt, were Hamilton lays out some of the dangerous he believes may arise from the inclusion of a bill of rights in the constitution: "They (The Bill of Rights) would contain various exceptions to powers which are not granted; and on this very account, would afford a colorable pretext to claim more than were granted. For why declare that things shall not be done which there is no power to do? Why for instance, should it be said, that the liberty of the press shall not be restrained, when no power is given by which restrictions may be imposed?". Hamilton also argues that the entire constitution is itself a bill of rights, and so the addition of a bill of rights is unnecessary, as seen here; "... the constitution is itself in every rational sense, and to every useful purpose, A BILL OF RIGHTS. The several bills of rights, in Great-Britain, form its constitution, and conversely, the constitution of each state is its bill of rights. And the proposed constitution, if adopted, will be the bill of rights of the union." The author of Brutus II disagrees with Hamilton, believing that the foundation of the United States should protect and guarantee the rights of its citizens. The author believed that enshrining civil rights in the constitution was vital for the success of the nation. Considering historical context, including the outcome of the debate, the argument presented in Brutus II appears stronger, as it garnered more supported and made its way into the constitution, most definitely impacting the course of US history and the lives of US citizens today.

2. Which of the following represents the judicial philosophy of deciding cases based upon
precedent and the original intent of the Constitution?
judicial activism
judicial power
judicial restraint
judicial review

Answers

judicial activism. .

Final answer:

Judicial restraint is the philosophy that focuses on deciding cases based on precedent and the original intent of the Constitution, accompanied by a strict constructionist approach.

Explanation:

The judicial philosophy that involves deciding cases based upon precedent and the intention of the Constitution as it was originally understood is known as judicial restraint. This approach emphasizes adhering to prior decisions (precedent) and refraining from making policy decisions that are not clearly supported by the text of the Constitution. Proponents of judicial restraint argue for a literal interpretation of the Constitution and often pair this approach with the concept of strict constructionism, where they apply the Constitution according to its original meaning at the time it was written.

PLEASE HELP AND BE RIGHT
Which of these would accurately complete the chart on the Amendment Process?
A) The President Suggests
Eliminate
B)
2
3
of Congress Proposes
C) The People Request
D) States Propose

Answers

Answer: D) 3/4 of States State Legislatures Approve

Explanation:

Step 1: A proposal to amend the Constitution must be made

Step 2: Congress votes

Step 3: 2/3 of both houses must vote yes

Step 4: Then the amendment proposal goes to the states for a vote

Step 5: If 3/4 of the states' legislatures or conventions vote yes, the amendment becomes part of the Constitution

One way that an amendment can be ratified and added to the Constitution is that 3/4 of States State Legislatures Approve. This has been used all but one time in the process of adding amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The 21st Amendment was ratified by 3/4 of states ratifying convention.

How did interactions among the people’s and societies of the world during the age of discovery affect European technology

Answers

Answer:

Led to the technological growth

Explanation:

The interactions among the people and societies of the world during the age of discovery helped Europeans to get advance technologies and navigational tools. The exploration (navigation) was possible because of advanced technologies including, a magnetic compass, an astrolabe and sextant. Gerardus Mercator's projection maps encourage sailors to explore carefully. Ships like caravel and carrack support in a journey for long-distance and to sail fast and safer in seas.  

The Land Ordinance of 1785 established a three-step process for admitting new states. What did the first step involve?
Congress appointing a governor, secretary, and three judges
the people electing a territorial governor and three judges
Congress appointing a governor and two acting senators
the people electing a territorial legislature

Answers

Answer:

The people electing a territorial governor and three judges.

Explanation:

Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union between the states of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Bay Rhode Island, and Providence Plantations Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia.

Articles of Confederation, drafted by John Dickinson in 1776, to actually become the law of the land all 13 states had to approve, well it took a while, but 12 of the 13 states finally approved. Maryland being the only state to hold out at this point. Maryland basically said there's no way, we are going to sign off on this until the western lands are dealt with.

Thomas Jefferson serving in congress as a delegate of Virginia proposed the land ordinance of 1785 which would have provided such a solution.

Under the Articles of Confederation or first constitution very little got done because it was very hard to pass laws you need a 9 out of 13 of Congress one vote per state in order to pass a law so there's not a lot of laws to study, but in New York State they asked this question a lot  of one of the successes of the Articles was the passage of this piece of legislation known as the Northwest Ordinance, passed July 13 1787,  so basically what this law does is it is a process for new states joining the union territories to become states so in a sense it is like the legs of manifest destiny so you know if you think of manifest destiny is moving forward. I can't move forward without the legs. The legs are the process by which I move forward so, therefore this law is a formula that allows territories to join as states. So, in a sense it's like the country is expanding, so to the concept is that the country in a sense is getting pregnant with new states. So, in order for a territory to qualify for a state there was a three step process called Northwest Territory was established.

Step 1: The people electing a territorial governor, a secretary and three judges.

Step 2: Five thousand people free adult males and electing a state legislature.

Step 3: Sixty Thousand free and having a constitution.

What is the main question I am trying to answer in the NHD project?

Answers

Answer:

Align your research with the main topic.

Explanation:

Your theme should have some connections with the main theme that the competition organizers determine. For example, if you are interested in the development of technology throughout history and the topic is the Industrial Revolution in America, you can write about the reflection of the British Industrial Revolution in the US.

Getting some connections with the main topic at the start will greatly facilitate your research. The topic of research is many, and information is available to us everywhere. Search the Internet, books will certainly serve you. After you have thought about what to write, take the plunge and start designing your project.

Which statement best describes an achivement of William Goyens in the Texas Republic?
A-He led a mass escape that freed several hundred slaves
B-He served as Vice President under Sam Houston
C-He gained wealth and bought large amount of land
D-He earned law degree and became a successful lawyers

Answers

D because it was In Texas where he went to university so that’s where he achieved his degree

♡ The Question ♡

-Which statement best describes an achievement of William Goyens in the Texas Republic?

*୨୧ ┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈ ୨୧*

♡ The Answer ♡

-C) He gained wealth and bought large amount of land.

*୨୧ ┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈ ୨୧*

♡ The Explanation/Step-By-Step ♡

By 1841, Goyens owned more than 4,000 acres of land near Nacogdoches.

*୨୧ ┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈ ୨୧*  

♡ Tips ♡

- No tips provided!

Which statement identifies the central idea of the text? for the death marches in the holocaust

Answers

The Death Marches were periods of time when prisoners were sent to march off to the next concentration camp they were assigned to

They were shot

How did the new idea of sinks changed the way people in Ancient Greece lived ?

Answers

The new idea of sinks changed the way people lived in Greece in the following manner:A new degree of cleanliness was introduced in the lives of the Greek people as the sinks made it easy to drain the used water in a desired manner.The invention of sinks helped develop a new sense of aesthetics in the lives of the people of Greek.Sinks became an indivisible part of the sanitation and cooking spaces. This added more convenience to the lives of the Greek people who already loved hygiene.

What is not a crop from the south

Answers

Answer:

Not enough details

Explanation:

there could be millions of crops that ARENT from the south, we need answer choices in order to answer this


The ___ Movement used radical forms of protest to remind people of the government's long history of unfair treatment of Native Americans.

Answers

Answer:

The American Indian Movement (AIM).

Explanation:

The American Indian Movement was founded in 1968. It was led by Dennis Banks, Clyde Bellecourt, Vernon Bellecourt and Russell Means. The movement advocated the civil rights of the indigenous people, particularly the Native Americans. Protests were held in order to address grievances of poverty and brutality of the police power.

With the help of the movement, the interest of the Native Americans started to be valued. These allowed them to move to the urban society in order to look for jobs. The police activities that were against the natives were also monitored in order to ensure that the natives won't be exploited. The movement also addressed several issues regarding the treaties and also helped preserve the culture and tradition of the natives.

The American Indian Movement (AIM), known for radical protests, sought to raise awareness of the government's unfair treatment of Native Americans and advocate for tribal sovereignty in the 1960s and 1970s.

The American Indian Movement (AIM) is the subject of the statement, which used radical forms of protest to highlight the government's history of unfair treatment of Native Americans. Founded in the 1960s, AIM was involved in numerous high-profile actions aimed at advocating for tribal sovereignty and bringing attention to the oppression of Native peoples by the federal government.

Some of the key protests included the 1971 occupation of Mount Rushmore, the occupation of Wounded Knee in 1973, and the Trail of Broken Treaties in 1972. These events were part of a wider civil rights movement that sought to address the injustices faced by various marginalized groups in the United States.

1. How did the conflict between the Americans and Creoles affect state
government?

Answers

Political factions were formed

Local governments are established by

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

                                                          Answer

                                                state governments

State government because I think those is right

Cultural elements such as music, sports, movies, clothing fashion, food and hobbies called

Answers

Answer:

Material cultural elements

Explanation:

Material cultural elements are cultural elements that can be created, seen and touched

2. Why was Oxford, Ohio, chosen by SNCC as the orientation location? Why did

SNCC want to make it clear that the volunteers didn't really have to go if they

didn't want to?

Answers

Answer and Explanation:

The SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) chose Oxford, Ohio, as the location for the volunteer orientation because the place that was initially chosen, Berea College, ended up turning down the request as a result of the opposition it faced from its alumni.

The SNCC made it clear that the volunteers didn’t the have to go if they didn’t want to because, based on past experiences, the knew the volunteers could face a lot of dangers from the racism that was prevalent in the South.

What part did religion play in court life

Answers

It influenced the way they live and how they did things . In that period of time everything was ran through the church.

So the church controlled many things and wielded power as well, and that made it very essential for any subject that was dealt with.

Which Native American cultural group built their homes from sundried brick or adobe?

Answers

Answer: Early Cultures of the Southwest, cont. Anasazi – named the “Ancient One” by the Navajo. – Built homes made from stone and sun-dried bricks called adobe. – They created these adobe houses that could shelter hundreds of people to create pueblos, or villages.

Explanation:

Answer:

the adobo indians

Explanation:

A system that ensures that no one person or group of people will have too much power

A. Seperation of Powers

B. Popular Sovereignty

C. Check and Balances

D. Federalism

Answers

Answer:

Answer is option C – checks and balances

Explanation:

In a three-way government (which has in existence, the Judicial, legislative and executive branches), the system of check and balances is needed.

The veto of legislation by the president of the nation (which may be overruled a two-third vote of the congress) and the impeachment of executive and judicial officers by the congress are forms of checks and balances.

Answer: C. Checks and Balances.

Explanation:

According to History.com "The system of checks and balances in government was developed to ensure that no one branch of government would become too powerful. The framers of the U.S. Constitution built a system that divides power between the three branches of the U.S. government—legislative, executive and judicial—and includes various limits and controls on the powers of each branch."

Good luck!


The investigation of the Old Testament canon came to a close at the Synod of Jamnia.


True or False?

Answers

Answer: true

Explanation:

The Council of Jamnia, presumably held in Yavneh in the Holy Land, was a hypothetical late 1st-century council at which the canon of the Hebrew Bible was formerly believed to have been finalized and which may also have been the occasion when the Jewish authorities decided to exclude believers in Jesus as the Messiah from synagogue attendance, as referenced by interpretations of John 9:22 in the New Testament.[1] The writing of the Birkat ha-Minim benediction is attributed to Shmuel ha-Katan at the supposed Council of Jamnia.

Answer:

this is true! have a great day!!

Explanation:

2.
Buyers are not willing to pay the price a seller is
charging for telephones. According to the rules
of supply and demand, which of the following is
most likely to happen?
A. Buyers will make their own telephones.
B. Buyers will attempt to barter for telephones.
C. The seller will lower the price of telephones.
D. The seller will increase the production of
telephones.

Answers

According to the rules of supply and demand, the seller will lower the price of telephones.

Supply and demand is the relationship between how many items providers want to sell at a given price and how many items consumers are willing to buy.

If buyers are not willing to pay the price the seller charges for the telephones, the demand decreases, because interest in the product decreases. If the demand is lower, the way to rebalance the provider-purchaser relationship is for the provider to lower the prices.

What are three ways the Treaty of Versailles failed and set the stage for a new world war?

Answers

If we interpret the terms of the Peace of Versailles carefully, we will see that it was built without taking into account the interests of at least two major powers in Europe: Germany and Russia. The borders of the new states began to draw. This will become the biggest problem that has been following us to this day. As declared, states were made on the basis of national and ethnographic principles. However, there was interest behind it. Constructions were made to curb the influence of Bolshevism in eastern Europe by creating a so-called sanitary cordon, the pillar of which was Polish-Romanian nationalism.

Explanation:

On June 28, 1919, a peace treaty was concluded at Versailles Castle near Paris. But despite that, Germany only signed the protest after the victors threatened to invade their troops. The Rhineland had already been occupied since the armistice established on November 11, 1918. Due to difficult conditions, the Treaty of Versailles was, in German perception, a "dictatorship of peace".

Learn more on Treaty of Versailles on

https://brainly.com/question/518077

https://brainly.com/question/1800157

https://brainly.com/question/1359438

#learnwithBrainly

Which statement about the Open Door Notes is true?

A. They were written by the Japanese ambassadors?

B. They were sent to European powers?

C. They were written by representatives of the European powers?

D. They were sent to the Qing Dynasty?

Answers

Open door notes were sent to the European powers.

Explanation:

Japan and other European powers had a great influence on china in all spheres and they dominated in Chinese economy. United states could not achieve its influence as it was late in establishing its superiority and imperialism and hence John  Hay advocated open door policy which removed all imperialistic dominance over china and it enhanced trading rights to all nations in china.

In a way, this open door policy also safeguarded the interests of china and their trade relations with other countries. It promoted the equality of all countries in foreign trade with China.

How do each of the
nonlegislative powers of Congress illustrate the
principle of checks and balances?

Answers

The Congress acts through a system of specialized standing committees in both Chambers. The Senate is the most powerful House of Congress, as its approval is required for important federal nominations and for ratification of international treaties. The president's political program needs congressional approval, with the president addressing Congress in January for an annual "state of the union" speech, as well as sending periodic "messages" and "recommendations". The success of a president in carrying out his grassroots program depends on the support of congressional voting, adjusting competencies and public support.

Use your knowledge of social studies and the chart above to answer the
following question:
What could account for the change in rural and urban populations during the time period
recorded?
A Farm prices slipped so low that land had to be sold.
B
A recession in the economy drove farmers out.
C
City life attracted the younger generation.
D
Industry and immigration steadily grew cities.

Answers

Answer is c city life attracted the younger generation

The change in rural and urban populations during the time period recorded can be accounted for by the growth of industries and immigration in cities. The correct answer is option D.

The change in rural and urban populations during the time period recorded can be accounted for by option D: Industry and immigration steadily grew cities. As industries expanded and job opportunities increased in urban areas, people migrated from rural areas to cities in search of better employment and quality of life. This led to a decline in the rural population and a significant increase in the urban population.

Learn more about change populations here:

https://brainly.com/question/32312771

#SPJ2

The Battle of Hastings was fought between

Answers

Answer:

The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of William, the Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman conquest of England.

Explanation:

Answer:

The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of William, the Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman conquest of England.

Explanation:

https://lmgtfy.com/?q=battle+of+hastings+&iie=1

Did you know search engines exist?

which is one theory about what caused the decline of the indus valley civilization

Answers

Answer:

Some scholars defend the theory that climate change led to the decline of the Indus Valley civilization around 1800 BCE. The drying of the Saraswati River was the main cause of climate change in the area; others believe that a great flood impacted it.

However, this is not the only explanation possible. Another theory that the demise of the Indus Valley civilization was caused by the invasion of the Indo-European, nomadic people of the Aryans, who conquered the region.

Explanation:

Other Questions
Help Now Please!!!!Which of the following is a public health agency?A. The WHOB. The American Red CrossC. The March of DimesD, All of the above 14 - (-21) + (-31) - (-25) - (-27) George Kyparisis owns a company that manufactures sailboats. Actual demand for Georges sailboats during each of the past four seasons was as follows: YEAR SEASON 1 2 3 4 Winter 1,400 1,200 1,000 900 Spring 1,500 1,400 1,600 1,500 Summer 1,000 2,100 2,000 1,900 Fall 600 750 650 500 George has forecasted that annual demand for his sailboats in year 5 will equal 5,600 sailboats. Based on this data and the multiplicative seasonal model, what will the demand level be for Georges sailboats in the spring of year 5? Sheri wants to get her husband, Carlos, to finish waxing the car before they go out for the evening. Being a student of Jeffery Gray's theory of personality Sheri knows that the best way get her impulsive husband to complete the task is to _________________. Kidane was the middle child in the family. According to Adler, Kidane would most likely be:_______ The width of the rectangular drawing is one third the length plus 3 inches. What is the perimeter of the drawing. Write and evaluate an expression to solve the problem The triceps muscle in the back of the upper arm is primarily used to extend the forearm. Suppose this muscle in a professional boxer exerts a force of 1.9 103 N with an effective perpendicular lever arm of 2.85 cm, producing an angular acceleration of the forearm of 150 rad/s2? Toyota and its suppliers have a relationship in which Toyota encourages suppliers to modernize their facilities and provides them with technical and financial assistance to do so. It also promotes longer-term contracts with suppliers and enables engineers in the supplier companies to have better communication with Toyota. This is an example of a(n): a. SBU multidivisional structure. b. worldwide product divisional structure. c. strategic network. d. functional structure. The Universal Containers customer support organization has implemented Knowledge Centered Support (KCS) in the call center. However, the call center management thinks that agents are not contributing new knowledge articles as often as they should. What should the company do to address this situation? ( Select 2 )A. Require agents to check a box on case when submitting a new suggested articleB. Create a dashboard for articles submitted by agents & approved for publicationC. Measure & reward agents based on the # of new articles submitted for approvalD. Measure & reward agents based on the # of new articles approved for publication Database about trees include a height field. What kind of sort would list the data from tallest to shortest?1) ascending sort2) descending sort 3) mixed sort4)random sort Why does a red apple appear to be the color red? Would the red apple appear to be the color red if blue light illuminated the apple? Blues music characteristically uses blue notes (altered 3rd, 5th, and 7th).A TrueB. False Nate plans to apply for an internship. He decides to use one of the templates in Word to write his letter. Which optionshould he click to access the Template gallery?O HomeInsertNewo Open a_____that tells you how you will be graded on an assignment or assessment is called a_____ Prime factorization of 1408 Compared to the physical and chemical properties of the compound NO2, the compound N2O has A. the same physical properties and the same chemical properties B. different physical properties and different chemical properties C. different physical properties and the same chemical properties D. the same physical properties and different chemical properties UCULI2 PointsWhen is a rhombus a square?OA. When its sides are parallelB. When its angles are right angles) C. When its angles are convex anglesOD. When its sides are congruentSUB Glenys dropped out of high school 40 years ago, found a job, and worked her way up in the company. She has been in her present position for over twenty years, and everyone in the company agrees that she is the one with the most "street smarts" about how to deal effectively with both customers and suppliers. According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, Glenys shows high in, according to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?a. analyticalb. practicalc. contextuald. creative I WILL GIVE YOU A CROWNHannah is working on a paragraph to include in a story she is writing about a girl learning to surf. She needs to write a final sentence for the paragraph.Which sentence best uses description to show how Paola was feeling as she waited for the next wave?Drag the sentence into the box.Final sentence A) despite having to wait for a good wave Paola easily road into shoreB)the waves were choppy and windblown so Paola decided to wait for just the right oneC)as Paola waited she was so exhausted that her arms felt like they,weight a ton Hy tng tng tng ch ci ca t Ton Ton hc c vit trn tng mnh giy v t trong mt ci ti. Bn nn chn mt ch ci ngu nhin t ti , xc sut bn chn mt nguyn m l g Steam Workshop Downloader