Answer:
True
Explanation: As mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell it produces ATPs which are responsible for muscle cell functioning
A scientist successfully creates a bacterium with a recombinant plasmid for producing Insulin; however, one bacterium can only create a tiny amount of Insulin. What process should be used next?
A. Putting the bacterium into a fermenter.
B. Putting the bacterium through a mass spectrometer.
C. Culturing the bacterium in a petri dish.
D. Injection of viral DNA by a bacteriophage.
Answer:
B. Putting the bacterium through a mass spectrometer.
Explanation:
FOR OBSERVATION AND TO CHECK THE RECOMBINANT DNA PROCESS WE HAVE TO THE OBSERVE THE REPLICATION PROCESS OF BACTERIA.
The process that should be used next, putting the bacterium through a mass spectrometer. The correct option is B.
What is a bacterium?A bacterium is a single form of bacteria. Bacteria is a prokaryotic organism. It is a unicellular and a microorganism. Bacteria are currently used in growing specific genes by growing them in and the genes are then transferred to the needed place.
A mass spectrometer is an instrument used to measure the mass to charge of the samples.
Thus, the correct option is B. Putting the bacterium through a mass spectrometer.
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Tigers living in warm climates have thinner coats of fur than tigers living in cool climates.This is a result of
When you have tigers which in warmer climates are observed to have thinner coats and in colder climates are observed to have thicker coats this shows us the mechanism of adaptation and natural selection in play. Because they have a warmer climate around them they can hae a thinner coat and vice versa.
Which unhealthy behaviors should you avoid?
Answer:
Explanation:
Missing breakfast because:
breakfast is the most important meal of the day.
Not exercising:
If you don't exercise, you will become fat and a couch potato
Not drinking enough water:
You will become dehydrated
Eating late at night:
you will become really fat.
A karyotype is an image of an organism's genes. An example is shown below.
Human karyotype
5
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10
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12
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Y
X
By grouping images of a fetus' homologous pairs together and arranging them by shape and size, scientists can easily see whether
the baby has
Answer:
Down syndrome, which results from having the wrong number of chromosomes
Explanation:
Down's syndrome is a specific type of genetic defect in which a person has three copies of the twenty-first chromosome. Scientists can now determine whether a fetus has the extra chromosome—and thus Down's Syndrome—by creating a karyotype like the one pictured here.
Screening for genetic diseases that involve mutations in the construction of the genes instead of the number of genes may not be as straightforward.
i NEED HELP ASAP with my science analysis questions !
Answer:
A. a = 25 N
B. b = 20 N
C. c = 5 Kg
D. d = 5 [tex]m/s^{2}[/tex]
E. e = 4 Kg
F. f = 25 [tex]m/s^{2}[/tex]
Explanation:
Second Law of Motion : It states that force is directly proportional to rate of change of momentum in the absence of any external unbalanced force .
Force is equal to product of mass and acceleration.
[tex]Force = mass\times acceleration[/tex]
[tex]F(N) = M(Kg)\times a(m/s^{s})[/tex]
A.
Use [tex]F = mass\times a[/tex], here m= 5.0 Kg and a = 5.0[tex]m/s^{2}[/tex]
[tex]F = 5.0\times 5.0[/tex]
F = 25 N
B.Use [tex]F = mass\times a[/tex], here m =2.0 Kg and a = 10[tex]m/s^{2}[/tex]
[tex]F = 2.0\times 10.0[/tex]
F = 20 N
C.
Use [tex]m =\frac{F}{a}[/tex] , here F = 10.0 N and a = 2.0[tex]m/s^{2}[/tex]
[tex]m =\frac{10}{5}[/tex]
m = 5 Kg
D.
Use [tex]a =\frac{F}{m}[/tex] , here F = 50.0 N and m = 10.0 Kg
[tex]a =\frac{50}{10}[/tex]
a = 5[tex]m/s^{2}[/tex]
E.
Use [tex]m =\frac{F}{a}[/tex] , here F = 100.0 N and a = 25[tex]m/s^{2}[/tex]
[tex]m =\frac{100}{25}[/tex]
m = 4 Kg
F.
Use [tex]a =\frac{F}{m}[/tex] , here F = 1000.0 N and m = 40.0 Kg
[tex]a =\frac{1000}{40}[/tex]
a = 25[tex]m/s^{2}[/tex]
A homozygous recessive mom is crossed with a homozygous dominant dad. What is the probability that the offspring will have a recessive trait? What percentage of the offspring will be homozygous?
(there are no choice answers it's a written response. please help.)
Answer:
A dominant trait can be described as a trait that suppresses the effect of a recessive trait. A recessive trait gets masked by a dominant trait.
In the scenario depicted in the question, there will be no chance that the offspring produced will carry the recessive trait of the mother. And there will be no chance that any of the offspring born will be homozygous for the trait. All of the offsprings produced from this cross will be heterozygous dominant.
If an isotope of some element has a half-life of 300 years, about how much of the isotope atoms will be in a sample after 300 years?
Answer:
The isotope atom in the sample after 300 years will be half.
Explanation:
If the half life of the isotope of an element is 300 years, after 300 years, in this case the mass of the sample provided will become half of the previous initial mass of the substance. As we know the half life is the time that is required for the element to change or decay. The radioactive isotopes have their own half life which are found to be independent of various factors i.e. temperature, concentration and other chemical changes.
I need some help in this area
Answer:
The correct option is B) Nutrients
Explanation:
The availability of nutrients is very essential for a producer to survive. If nutrients will not be available, then the plant will not be able to carry out the essential processes which are required for its healthy living. The primary producers like plants take up nutrients from the soil.
Although, temperature and altitude also have an effect on the primary productivity but they can maintain homeostasis and hence these features will not affect that plant as much as the availability of nutrients.
What is the scientific name of Seri Silk worm?
Bombyx mori is the name
Answer:
Bombyx mori
Explanation:
Listed in the Item Bank are some key terms and expressions associated with the categories seen in the Venn Diagram. To find out more information about items, some have more details available when you click on them. Drag and drop each item onto the proper area of the diagram. If an item describes more than one category, be sure to place it in the overlapping space.
ITEM BANK: Move to Bottom
CO2 + H2O reactantsChemical reactionConverts glucose to ATPDoes not require oxygenEnergy involvedFermentationGlucose produced by
autotrophsLight energy converted to
usable chemical energyMaximum ATP productionOxygen is a reactantUses oxygen to produce ATP
Photosynthesis
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Photosynthesis & Aerobic respiration
Photosynthesis & Anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration & Anaerobic respiration
All
Explanation:
Photosynthesis - CO2 + H2O reactants, Glucose produced by autotrophs, Light energy converted to usable chemical energyAll- Chemical reactionAerobic respiration- Maximum ATP production, Oxygen is a reactant, Uses oxygen to produce ATP Photosynthesis & Aerobic respiration- Does not require oxygen, Energy involvedAnaerobic respiration- FermentationAerobic respiration & Anaerobic respiration- Converts glucose to ATPPhotosynthesis produces glucose and O2 from inorganic CO2, light energy and water.
6CO2 + 6H20 + (energy) → C6H12O6 + 6O2
These end products, namely O2 and glucose are then used in respiration...
C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ≈38 ATP
The CO2 and H2O produced as waste in respiration can then be incorporated at the beginning of photosynthesis. Thus the reactions are cyclic- they feed into each other.
Further Explanation:
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a chemical pathway that’s integral to producing energy in plants and other primary producers. Energy in the form of molecules of glucose is produced from light, water and carbon dioxide while oxygen is released. This occurs in several complex steps, photosynthesis is a rate limited reaction, depends on several factors including carbon dioxide concentration, ambient temperature and light intensity; the energy is retrieved from photons, I.e. particles of light, and water is used as a reducing agent. This occurs in the thykaloids, where pigment molecules like chlorophyll reside.
Occuring in several complex steps, photosynthesis is a rate limited reaction, depends on several factors including carbon dioxide concentration, ambient temperature and light intensity; the energy is retrieved from photons, I.e. particles of light, and water is used as a reducing agent. Water supplies the chlorophyll in plant cell with replacement electrons for the ones removed from photosystem II.
Additionally,
water (H2O) split by light during photolysis into H+ and OH- acts as a source of oxygen along with functioning as a reducing agent; it reduces the molecule NADP to NADPH by providing H+ ions and produces molecules of the energy storage molecule ATP through an electron transport chain. This occurs in the thykaloids, where pigment molecules like chlorophyll reside. Later, in dark reactions, NADP and NADPH are used in the Calvin cycle where monosaccharides or sugars like glucose are produced after the modification of several molecules. These store energy in their bonds, which can be released in respiration in the mitochondria.Aerobic respiration
In respiration, energy is released when a phosphate group is removed from ATP; ATP is formed from the phosphorylation of ADP with an inorganic phosphate, Pi, which forms an unstable, high energy phosphate bond.
ADP + inorganic phosphate (Pi) + energy → ATP
Further Explanation:
In all eukaryotic cells mitochondria are small cellular organelles bound by membranes, these make most of the chemical energy required for powering the biochemical reactions within the cell. This chemical energy is stored within the molecule ATP which is produced. Respiration in the mitochondria utilizes oxygen for the production of ATP in the Krebs’ or Citric acid cycle via the oxidization of pyruvate through the process of glycolysis in the cytoplasm).
This forms a gradient where there is a differential in the number of protons on either side of the membrane the protons flow or re-enter the matrix through the enzyme ATP synthase, which makes the energy storage molecules of ATP from the reduction of ADP. At the end of the electron transport, three molecules of oxygen accept electrons and protons to form molecules of water in a process called chemiosmosis.
Anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration utilizes pyruvate from glycolysis in order to restore the NAD+ supply . Within cells, aerobic respiration may not occur due to several factors:
a lack of inorganic, final electron acceptors incomplete or lack of a complete electron transport system missing genes for enzymes within the Kreb's cycleThus, they utilize other means for the generation of energy in the form of ATP and to replenish NAD+ an oxidized form of NADH, the main electron carrier in glycolysis. Pyruvate is produced in the cytoplasm via glycolysis- it is also used as an electron acceptor in a process called fermentation.
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Answer: above is right awnser
Explanation:
What do you think is the evolutionary significance of DNA polymerase? What do you think would happen if there was a genetic mutation on the genes encoding for DNA polymerase?
Hi I was gonna say that I needed help in this too because eventhough i did the reading im still struggling to undestand this
DNA polymerase is crucial for accurate DNA replication and maintaining genetic stability in organisms. Mutations in the enzyme can increase mutation rates or be lethal, and the enzyme's proofreading ability is essential for DNA error correction and generating genetic variation necessary for evolution.
The evolutionary significance of DNA polymerase is profound, as it's a key enzyme responsible for replicating DNA during cell division, ensuring that genetic information is accurately passed on to daughter cells. Its ability to proofread and correct errors during DNA synthesis is critical for preventing mutations and maintaining genetic stability. DNA polymerase also contributes to genetic variation, which is the raw material for evolution by natural selection. Without this variation, evolutionary processes would stagnate, and species would be less adapted to change.
Mutations in the genes encoding for DNA polymerase could have serious implications for an organism. If the proofreading function is impaired, the mutation rate increases, potentially leading to diseases such as cancer. On the other hand, a complete lack of DNA polymerase activity would be lethal, as DNA replication is essential for cell division and survival.
Genetic variation is introduced during DNA replication through the occasional errors made by DNA polymerase, even with its proofreading ability. If DNA replication were error-free, this source of variation would be lost, severely limiting evolutionary potential. Moreover, changes such as mutations, deletions, duplications, and the subsequent repair can affect the genetic makeup of organisms.
Role of a Primer in DNA Replication
A primer is required to start DNA replication because DNA polymerases can only add nucleotides to an existing strand. Without a primer, DNA polymerases would have no starting point, making replication impossible, which would be evident in a DNA sequencing reaction that lacked a primer in its mix.
high frequency sound, you can see that the waves are _____________ together and the wavelength is ____________.
a. farther, longer
b. close, longer
c. close, short
d. farther, short
Answer:
The higher frequency sound, you can see that the waves are close together and the wavelength is short
Explanation:
This is because of the fact, the wavelength and the waves are inversely proportional to the frequency of sound. That's why, greater the frequency the more closer the waves and also the greater the frequency shorter the wavelength. Usually the speed of the sound may vary from medium to medium, but the frequency always remains constant as it is just like oscillation having frequency of original source. The frequency depends upon four factor like length, diameter, tension as well as density.
What is a gene?
A. A piece of DNA that controls a trait
B. A specific form of an allele
C. A Chromosome that determines gender
D. A group of chromosomes
Answer: A). A piece of DNA that controls a trait
Explanation: A gene is a functional unit of hereditary. A gene determines the characteristics of an offspring. Genes are said to be functional unit of hereditary because they are transferred from the parents to the offsprings.
A gene is a nucleotide sequence found on a chromosome which determines a trait in an individual.
Answer:
A.)
Explanation:
The osprey is a bird of prey that eats almost nothing but fish such as trout. Whirling disease is a deadly threat to many fish, especially certain kinds of trout. When whirling disease kills fish in an ecosystem, there is less energy available to ________ and more energy available to _______ than there was before. A. decomposers; ospreys B. trout; ospreys C. trout; decomposers D. ospreys; decomposers
Answer:
D
Explanation:
ospreys decomposers
Can someone tell how to do this?
Answer: See attachment
Explanation:
Temperature
As you increase the temperature, the rate of reaction increases. This is because particles move more quickly at a higher temperature, increasing their chances of colliding and engaging in a chemical reaction!
The reason it isn't a straight diagonal line is because a certain amount of energy is required before the reaction can begin (i.e. a minimum temperature). The peak represents the optimum condition for an enzyme to perform its functions in. However, if the reaction temperature is too high, the enzyme is denatured and destroyed, so the reaction rate drops.
pH
Enzymes tend to have an "optimum" pH at which they work best. At the optimum pH, the enzymes can successfully perform their functions, outside this range, their efficiency can drop, and at extremes could become denatured.
What is the scientific name of tiger?
It was originally Felis Tigris, but in 1929, a British taxonomist used Panthera tigris
the color of the fur is the genetic combination of alleles that determine the fur color is called the
Answer:
Phenotype
Explanation:
The physical trait which is the color of the fur is associated with its genotype
Answer:
The color of the fur is the ✔ phenotype
The genetic combination of alleles that determine the fur color is called the
✔ genotype
Suppose that a mouse with black fur has both an allele for black fur and an allele for white fur (Bb). Based on this information, you can conclude that the dominant allele must be for ✔ black fur and the recessive allele must be for
✔ white fur.
For this lab, assume that the allele for black fur is dominant. This allele’s symbol is ✔ B
The allele for white fur is recessive. This allele’s symbol is ✔ b
Explanation:
right on edg..
The appearance of banded iron layers in the rock record between 1.08 and 3.8 billion years ago reflect the alteration of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor conditions in the ocean at that time.
True or False
The appearance of banded iron layers in the rock record between 1.08 and 3.8 billion years ago reflect the alteration of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor conditions in the ocean at that time is True.
Explanation:
The banded iron formation of the rock is directly related with the atmospheric oxygen content of that time. The thorough study by the scientists revealed an interesting result. The study showed that about 3 billion years ago, in Canada, there were no oxygen in atmosphere or ocean as well.
This resulted in the increase of the photosynthesizing organisms. The chemicals released from the organisms reacted to the iron of the ocean to deposit iron oxide layer on rocks to form these layers.
A 2550 gram box is pushed across the floor with a net force of 18 .0 N.
What is the acceleration of the box across the floor?
Answer:
The acceleration of the box across the floor is 7.0588 [tex]m/s^2[/tex]
Explanation:
Given:
Mass of the box = 2550 gram
net force acting on the box = 18 .0 N.
To Find:
The acceleration of the box across the floor = ?
Solution:
Newton's 2nd Law of Motion states that the acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is "directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. "
Newton's Second Law formula is
F = m a
Where:
F = the magnitude of the net force, in N
m = the mass of the object, in Kilogram
a = the acceleration of the object, in [tex]m/s^2[/tex]
Now substituting the values, we get
18.0 = a (2.55) [since 2550 gram = 2.55 kg]
[tex]a = \frac{18.0}{2.55}[/tex]
a = 7.0588 [tex]m/s^2[/tex]
When sugar is "burned" inside a living organism, this requires what?
Answer:
Breaking down of sugar in living organism requires Oxygen gas.
Explanation:
The gas oxygen is important to conduct different functions in living organism. For breaking sugar inside the living organisms oxygen is needed, this is the process of the cellular respiration. The body cell breaks sugar with the help of oxygen gas in this process. As a result of this process, energy is produced along with the carbon dioxide. This energy produced in this process is restored by the body for the future use of the cell.
"A single-celled organism extends its
cytoplasm around its desired particle and
brings the particle inside of itself.
Essentially, the cell is consuming this
particle."
Which term below means "cell eating"?
A. phagocytosis
B. pinocytosis
C. exocytosis
Answer:
A single cell organism extends its cytoplasm around its desired particle and bring the particle inside of itself. The cell consuming the particle this 'cell eating' is known as PHAGOCYTOSIS
Explanation:
Single celled organism amoeba don't have well developed digestion system as higher animals. They use their cytoplasm for these functions to perform.
PHAGOCYTOSIS- By this process some cells eat/engulf their food or required particle. When any food particle is present near the amoeba. amoeba extends its plasma membrane with cytoplasm around the particle and trap the particle in a new vacuole. For digestion lysosomes fused with the vacuole containing food particle and enzymes secreted to the vacuole and this way food particle digested.
PINOCYTOSIS-In pinocytosis cell wrap arround the liquid droplet instead of solid food particle. Cell extends its cytoplasm to engulf the liquid.
EXOCYTOSIS- This is the process to secrete the waste material out from the body after digestion. This is the excretion system of amoeba. In this process vesicles form containing waste of the cell and cytoplasm move in this way away from the vesicle and reached on the surface of membrane. In this way vesicles discharge on the outer membrane.
What was the main goal of the Human Genome Project
The purpose of the Human Genome Project was to map out the complete sequence of human DNA, leading to a greater understanding of our genetic makeup and the potential genetic basis of diseases for medical advancements.
Explanation:The main goal of the Human Genome Project was to determine and map out the complete sequence of DNA base pairs of the human genome. This refers to understanding the genetic makeup of the human species. By doing so, we could gain a better understanding of human evolution, genetics, and the potential for medical breakthroughs such as uncovering the genetic basis of diseases. Ultimately, the project aimed to boost our understanding and potential manipulation of human genetics to improve health and medicine.
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The main goal of the Human Genome Project was to sequence the entire human genome, gain a better understanding of human chromosomes, and use the data for applied research on genetically related diseases.
Explanation:The main goal of the Human Genome Project was to sequence the entire human genome, which is the complete collection of genes in an individual. By analyzing and mapping the DNA subunits and the location of each gene, researchers aimed to gain a better understanding of human chromosomes and genetic makeup. This project relied on basic research with both simple organisms and the human genome, with the ultimate goal of using the data for applied research like finding cures and early diagnoses for genetically related diseases.
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The combination of mitotic cyclin with CDK signals the __________.
Question 17 options:
beginning of cell mitosis.
completion of cytokinesis.
growth of a cancer cell.
start of the cell cycle.
Answer:
The correct answer is beginning of cell mitosis.
Explanation:
Cyclins are cell cycle regulatory protein which regulates the catalytic activity of cyclin dependent protein kinase or CDK.From the name cyclin dependent protein kinase it can be concluded that CDK helps in the phosphorylation of key proteins of cell cycle.
The combination of cyclin with CDK helps in the progression of cell from one phase to another.
Such as cyclin A CDK 2 helps also called G1 cyclin CDK helps in progression of cell from G1 to S phase whereas Cyclin B CDK 1 or M cyclin CDK helps in beginning of mitosis phase or M phase of the regulated cell.
in snapdragons, flower color is controlled by incomplete dominance. The two difeles are red
(R) and white (W). The heterozygous genotype is expressed as pink.
a) What is the phenotype of a plant with the genotype RR?
b) What is the phenotype of a plant with the genotype WW?
c) What is the phenotype of a plant with the genotype RW?
4. A pink-flowerad nlantis
Answer:
(a) Red coloured flowers
(b) White coloured flowers
(c) Pink coloured flowers
The phenotype of a plant with genotype RR will be red colored flower, the phenotype of a plant with the genotype WW will be white colored flower, and the phenotype of a plant with the genotype RW will be pink colored flower.
What is Incomplete Dominance?Incomplete dominance is a type of gene interaction in which both the alleles of a gene at a particular locus are partially expressed in the organism, which results in an intermediate or different phenotype from the parent phenotype. Incomplete dominance is also known as partial dominance.
An example of incomplete dominance is the flower color in Mirabilis jalapa. In this plant, the red flower is the dominant character and the white flower is recessive character. However, when both the alleles are present in an offspring this results into intermediate phenotype due to partial dominance. The genotype of the snapdragon plant with RR corresponds to red colored flower, the genotype WW corresponds to white colored flower, whereas the genotype RW corresponds to pink colored flower.
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Radioactive decay occurs when atoms:
A. lose mass
B. join with atoms of another element
C. break down the form atoms of another element
D. are exposed to another element
Answer:
I think it's A
Explanation:
What makes up an atom?
Answer:
Electrons, protons, and Neutrons
Explanation:
Neutrons-Neutral charge
Protons-Positive charge
Electrons-Negative charge
Keep in mind that Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus of the atom, while electrons are found in the electron cloud.
Both protons and neutrons have a mass of 1, while electrons have no mass.
Which statement describing the cells in a body system is correct?
Answer:
some cells in the system may be different from the other cells in the system but all cells are coordinated and work together
Explanation:
The initial structural and functional entity of an organism is called a cell. They are essential for survival as it acts as the core for various processes.
The correct statement about the cell is:
Some cells in the organism may vary from other cells in the body, but all cells are harmonized and operate together.
This can be explained as:
The organism is made up of many types of cells that differ in functions and processes.The cells in a system may differ in structure and function but together they work to attain the result. and accomplish the results.For example cells of the digestive system have various cells but function together to perform the process of digestion.Therefore, cells work coordinately to perform functions in the system.
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Griffith called the process he observed transformation because
Answer:
Griffith called the process transformation because the harmless bacteria had been transformed. So the answer is 'C'.
Explanation:
Griffith performed an experiment on the mouse in which he worked on two different strains of streptococcus. One of the strain was capable of causing disease (virulent) III-S and the other was a rough strain which was non virulent type II-R. He injected different combinations of the strains. The heat killed smooth strain became non virulent.
The most important discovery he made was that when heat killed smooth strain and rough strain were introduced together in the mice and the mice died. It happened because the rough strain of bacteria transformed into virulent form as the DNA from heat killed smooth strain was imbibed by the rough strain which converted into virulent form.
Which are examples of how technology has advanced scientific understanding? Check all that apply.
1. using hot water to sterilize medical equipment
2. transplanting a human organ into another individual
3. inserting genes from one sheep into another cell to make a clone
4. understanding the different structures that make up a cell
5. examining microorganisms from the deepest parts of the ocean
Answer:
2. transplanting a human organ into another individual
3. inserting genes from one sheep into another cell to make a clone
Explanation:
The advancement of technology has allowed several phenomena to be observed and tested, promoting a rapid advance of scientific knowledge and improving our lives in several different ways.
It would be impossible for scientific knowledge to reach that point that we know today without the advancement of technology allowing this.
Two great examples of how this happened are the possibility of transplanting a human organ into another individual and the possibility of inserting genes from a sheep into another cell to form a clone. The advanced technology allowed several equipments to be created allowing several studies to be carried out, making the two examples above a real fact in our universe.
B. Organisms most "it" for their environment will survive and e
26. Which of the following was most similar to the first living things on Earth?
A. Bacteria
B. Fish
C. Dinosaurs
D. Sponges
Option A. Bacteria.
Explanation:It is presumed that, over millions of years of evolution, abiotic molecules evolved into the self-replicating molecules by means of natural selection. Cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae is a bacteria which was one of the oldest fossils found on earth. These microbes conduct photosynthesis: using sun light, water and carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrates and oxygen.Cynobacteria played a major role in forming oxygenated atmosphere. The first living things on the planet Earths was single-celled micro-organisms which lack a well defined cell nucleus were known as prokaryotes, and bacteria belongs to prokaryotes ans hence among given options bacteria matches the most for the first life form on earth.Result: Among the given choices bacteria was most similar to first living things on earth.