In this experiment you are directed to add a limited amount of naoh (aq) and then an excess amount. a similar strategy will be used with the addition of nh3(aq). why?

Answers

Answer 1

Adding a limited amount of  NaOH and then an excess amount is because initially, a metal hydroxide may form which gets soluble when more base will be added and then form a metal complex.

What is qualitative analysis?

Qualitative Analysis can be described as the determination of non-numerical information about a chemical species, a reaction, etc. Qualitative analysis is often easier, faster, and cheaper to perform.

In qualitative analysis, we commonly add the base in drops, and then in addition will be done in excess. When the base is added in drops, then metal hydroxide is formed and this metal hydroxide is often insoluble.

After the formation of metal hydroxide, the base can be added in excess so that the metal hydroxide which was formed first will dissolve in the excess base by forming a metal complex.

For example,

[tex]CuCl_2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) \longrightarrow Cu(OH)_2(s) + 2NaCl(aq)\\Cu(OH)_2(s) + 2OH^-(aq) \longrightarrow[Cu(OH)4]^{2+}(aq)[/tex]

This same strategy can be used with the addition of ammonia NH₃(aq).

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Answer 2

Adding limited and then an excess amount of NaOH and NH₃(aq) helps in selective titration and neutralization reactions when dealing with mixtures. It ensures accurate stoichiometry and the formation of desired products while maintaining appropriate conditions such as pH.

In the described experiment, adding a limited and then an excess amount of NaOH as well as NH₃ is a strategy used to perform selective titrations in the presence of multiple reactive species. The use of NaOH in limited amounts allows for the neutralization of specific components, such as acids in a mixture, while minimizing interference from other components. For NH₃, since it is a weak base and would react to form ammonium ions (NH₄⁺ ), adding NaOH in excess ensures that any conjugate acid forms of amines present are converted back to the free base, making it easier to extract due to its non-polar nature.

When dealing with a mixture containing NH₄⁺  ions, their titration with NaOH can be problematic due to a poorly-defined end point. This is because NH₄⁺ is a weak acid with a very low acid dissociation constant (Ka), resulting in an end point that is difficult to detect accurately. By adding NaOH in varying amounts, chemists are able to control the reactions and attain the correct stoichiometry needed for analytical purposes or product formation.

Moreover, buffers such as the HC₂H₃O₂/NaC₂H₃O₂ buffer help to maintain pH levels when strong bases are added, preventing significant pH changes by converting the OH⁻ ions into water instead of simply increasing the basicity of the solution.


Related Questions

What is the expected outcome of adding a catalyst to a chemical reaction?
a.the reaction will speed up.
b.chemical equilibrium will not be reached.
c.the reaction will slow down.
d.no change will occur?

Answers

the answer is A my dude

In which orbital does an electron in a copper atom experience the greatest effective nuclear charge?

Answers

Obviously the orbital which is closer to nucleus. The 1s orbital will experience more nuclear charge, both from nucleus and other electrons.

You are assembling cars, and your job is to put the wheels on the vehicles. You have 3520 wheels, 14040 nuts (4 nuts needed per wheel) and 1000 car bodies at the start of the day (you have time to do more than 1000, and there will be no deliveries of additional parts during the day).

How many possible cars can roll off the assembly line?
What is the limiting reagent in this case?
If you only get to put the wheels on 850 cars that day, what is your productivity?

Answers

14040/4=3510 wheels per 4 nuts
3510/4=877.5 cars per 4 wheels
877 possible cars.

actual yield 850/theortical yield 877=96.92%

Electrons move about the nucleus of an atom in regions called what?

Answers

called electron cloud or orbitals or in quantum mechanics it's called energy levels

Steel is an alloy of one or more elements combined with which metal

Answers

Hello There!

An alloy is when two or more metallic elements are combined for different purposes.
Steel is an alloy of one or more elements combined with Iron.

Hope This Helps You!
Good Luck :) 

- Hannah ❤

What are elements 90-103 called on the periodic table?

Answers

they're called actinoids
Final answer:

The elements 90 to 103 on the periodic table are called the Actinide series. They are part of the 'f-block' and are all radioactive. Some well-known actinides are Uranium and Plutonium.

Explanation:

The elements numbered 90 to 103 on the periodic table are known as the Actinide series. These elements, which include Th (Thorium, 90) to Lr (Lawrencium, 103), are part of the 'f-block' and are often shown separately from the main body of the periodic table.

It is important to note that all of the actinides are radioactive, and some are not naturally occurring but synthesized in laboratories. The most well-known of these is probably U (Uranium, 92) and Pu (Plutonium, 94), commonly used in nuclear reactors and weapons.

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What is the relationship between the number of protons and the number of electrons in an atom?

Answers

in a neutral atom they are both equal, and their even quantities makes the atom neutral...

The electron configuration of the element chlorine ends in.
A. 3s2.
B. 3p6.
C. 3s23p5.
D. 3s23p7.

Answers

My answer would be c
i would say b.3p6
i hoped this helped

Which noble gas has the greatest atomic number?

Rn

Ar

Xe

Kr

Answers

The answer is Rn with Atomic #86 

Hope this helps

hey help me please :)
What is a possible pH of acid rain?

7.0
6.9
4.3
10.5

Answers

the answer is 4.3.... that acid rain can range from 3-4 on a pH scale

the answer is 4.3.....

Saturated fats are typically liquid at room temperature. saturated fats are typically liquid at room temperature.
a. True
b. False

Answers

false, saturated fats like butter or coconut oil are typically solid at room temperature.

Which element in Group 1 has the greatest tendency to lose an electron?

Answers

The answer is Fr, or Francium. Francium only has one valence electron, so it is super easy to make them lose it. But when Fr loses it, it is very hard to get it back.

Electrons have almost no mass. True False

Answers

The answer for this is true 

TRUE is the perfect answer


An atom of aluminum with a mass number of 24 and an atomic number of 13 has a total of

Answers

13 protons and 13 electrons 
14 neutrons.
You have wrote incorrect mass . The correct mass of aluminum is 27 and its atomic number is 13.

An atom of aluminum with a mass number of 26 and an atomic number of 13 has a total of 13 protons and electrons  and 13 neutrons.

What is an atom?

An atom is defined as the smallest unit of matter which forms an element. Every form of matter whether solid,liquid , gas consists of atoms . Each atom has a nucleus which is composed of protons and neutrons and shells in which the electrons revolve.

The protons are positively charged and neutrons are neutral and hence the nucleus is positively charged. The electrons which revolve around the nucleus are negatively charged and hence the atom as a whole is neutral and stable due to presence of oppositely charged particles.

Atoms of the same element are similar as they have number of sub- atomic particles which on combination do not alter the chemical properties of the substances.

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What is the identity of a sample that has a mass of 25.0 g and a volume of 2.38 cm3?

Answers

One of the defining features of an element is it's density. Calculate that and verify which substance this would be. 

p=m/v 
p=25g/2.38 cm^3 
p=10.50 g/cm^3 

Density of Silver is 10.5 g/cm^3 

Hope I helped :) 

Density of the given sample is 10.50 g /cm³ which is the density of silver.

What is density?

Density  of a substance is it's mass per unit volume.It is denoted by capital letter 'D'.It has SI unit of kg/m³.For a pure substance, density has numerical value which is same as it's mass.

Different materials have different densities  which is  found to be relevant to substance's purity and packaging.Osmium and Iridium are densest known elements.

Density is an intensive property because there is a narrow range of densities across the samples. It does not change with respect to the initial mass .It shows how much mass of substance is present in given amount of volume.

For the mentioned data, density is calculated as,mass/volume

which is 25/2.38=10.504 g/cm³

10.504 g/cm³ is the density of silver and hence the sample is of silver.

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It is thought that long-term memory never can get filled up. the term used to describe the capacity of long-term memory is ________.

Answers

Final answer:

The term used to describe the capacity of long-term memory is 'unlimited' or 'limitless' due to its potentially infinite capacity for storing information for extended periods.

Explanation:

The term used to describe the capacity of long-term memory is unlimited or limitless. Long-term memory (LTM) is a type of memory storage that can hold information for extended periods, ranging from days to years. Long-term memory differs from short-term memory in that it possesses a potentially infinite capacity; there is no known limit to what we can remember. Although the ability to retrieve information from LTM can be affected by various factors, such as consolidation and interference, the storage capacity itself is considered vast.

Sulfur has an atomic number of 16. What is the electron configuration for an electronically neutral atom of sulfur? 

Question 1 options:

1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 3

1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 4

1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 6

1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 5

Answers

it would be 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 5

The atomic number of sulfur is 16. The electron configuration for an electronically neutral atom of sulfur is 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 5. The correct option is d.

What is electronic configuration?

The electronic configuration of an atom is the position of the electrons present inside the atoms. This process identified the position of electrons inside the atoms.

The different shells have different energy levels, and these energy levels are also reflected in the energy of electrons.

So, as the atomic number of sulfur is 16. If its electronic configuration is done. There will be 1 electron is the s orbital, 22 in s2 and 22 in the p orbital. The last orbital has 5 electrons.

Therefore, the electron configuration for an electronically neutral atom of sulfur is 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 5. The correct option is d.

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How many protons are in Florine whose atomic number is 9 and atomic mass is 19? *

9

10

19

28

Answers

Florine have 9 proton 

What is a reasonable estimate for the radius of an atom?

Answers

Answer is: 1 × 10⁻¹⁰ meter or 0.0000000001 meter.


The atomic radius is a measure of the size of the atom.

It is distance from the center of the nucleus of atom to the boundary of electron cloud.

The radius of atoms is between 30 and 300 pm (10⁻¹² m)  or between 0.3 and 3 angstroms (10⁻¹⁰ m). 

The radius generally decrease along each period of the Periodic table.

What is the electronic configuration of a selenium atom (se)?

Answers

1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p4
or
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4

Answer:

[tex]1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6} 3s^{2} 3p^{6} 4s^{2} 3d^{10} 4p^{4}[/tex]

Explanation:

For this exercise is necessary to know the atomic number of Se, which is 34 and indicate the numbers of electrons that has this atom.

For the electronic configuration you just need to follow the direction of the arrow indicated in the attached image, which shows the distribution of the electrons in the atomic orbitals, until complete the 34 electrons that has the selenium atom. The super index indicates the number of electrons in a specific atomic orbital. Then the electron configuration of selenium atom is:

[tex]1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6} 3s^{2} 3p^{6} 4s^{2} 3d^{10} 4p^{4}[/tex]

Which two ions will MOST LIKELY bond? A. bromine ion and iodine ion B. lithium ion and chlorine ion C. sodium ion and potassium ion D. calcium ion and magnesium ion

Answers

It would be lithium and Chlorine because they are trying to get 8 valence electrons and 1 valence electron plus 7 valence electrons.

Final answer:

Sodium ion and potassium ion are the two ions that are most likely to bond due to their positive charges.

Explanation:

The two ions that are most likely to bond are sodium ion and potassium ion. Both sodium and potassium are alkali metals in Group 1 of the periodic table and have a single electron in their outermost energy level. When they lose this electron, they form positively charged ions (cations). Since sodium has a +1 charge and potassium has a +1 charge, these ions are attracted to each other through electrostatic forces, forming a bond.

The two jovian planets that contain the highest proportions of hydrogen compounds are ___________.

Answers

Final answer:

Jupiter and Saturn contain the highest proportions of hydrogen compounds. They are primarily composed of hydrogen and helium with hydrogen being the dominant element, and their atmospheres house several hydrogen-based gases and complex hydrocarbons.

Explanation:

The two Jovian planets that contain the highest proportions of hydrogen compounds are Jupiter and Saturn. These planets, known as the gas giants of our solar system, consist primarily of hydrogen and helium, with hydrogen being the more abundant element. Jupiter and Saturn's high gravitational force has compressed the gases in their interior until the hydrogen becomes a liquid, earning them the often misleading label of 'gas planets'.

However, the bulk of both planets consists of compressed, liquefied hydrogen, so they could more accurately be referred to as 'liquid planets'. This hydrogen-rich composition has influenced the chemistry of the outer solar system. Subsequently, the atmospheres of these planets are heavily populated with hydrogen-based gases such as methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3), or more complex hydrocarbons.

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Round the following answer correctly. 5.40m x 3.21m x 1.871m = 32.431914 m^3

Answers

The answer is 32.43 because when you round the number next to the hunthers place (witch in this problem would be the 1) has to be 5 or hight to raise the number to the left of it and if it is lower you just take the two number and that is your answer.

The raw result of 32.431914 m³ should be rounded to 3 significant figures. Therefore, it becomes 32.4 m³.

Identify Significant Figures:

5.40 m has 3 significant figures.3.21 m has 3 significant figures.1.871 m has 4 significant figures.

Calculate the Raw Product:
The raw product of these measurements is 5.40 m x 3.21 m x 1.871 m = 32.431914 m³ (as given).

Determine Significant Figures for Final Answer:
When multiplying, the result should have the same number of significant figures as the measurement with the fewest significant figures. In this case, that is 3 significant figures (from 5.40 m and 3.21 m).

How does ph affect enzyme-catalyzed reactions?

Answers

Changes in pH may not only affect the shape of an enzyme but it may also change the shape or charge properties of the substrate so that either the substrate connot bind to the active site or it cannot undergo catalysis. In geneal enzyme have a pHoptimum. However the optimum is not the same for each enzyme

Each enzyme has an optimum pH level at which it shows its highest activity. Below or above this pH, the activity level probably decreases.

What are enzymes ?

Enzymes are biological catalysts in living bodies. There are thousands of individual enzymes present in human body itself. Each enzymes are having their specific functions.

Enzymes have a pocket like receptor structure on which the substrate can attach. Hence enzymes provide a perfect platform for a chemical reaction. Each enzymes has an optimum pH and temperature at which it can shows it highest activity.

For example, the enzyme pepsin functions in digestion in humans works at a pH of 2. Similarly the enzyme amylase will be active only at pH around 7. This way, enzymes activity is significantly dependent on the pH.

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Which of these is a mixture
A. salad
B. sugar
C. water
D. potassium

Answers

The answer to this question is A.) Salad
The Answer is A. salad. There are many things you add when you make a salad so it is a mixture. 

Write the electron configurations of cu2+ and ag+. is each electron configuration consistent with the color you observed for each cation? explain.

Answers

The electron configuration of copper cation:

₂₉Cu²⁺ 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁹ or [Ar] 3d⁹.

The electron configuration of copper cation:

₄₇Ag⁺ 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ or [Kr] 4d¹⁰.

Copper and silver lose their outer s-orbital electrons before they lose their outer d-orbital electrons.

Each electron configuration is consistent with the color, copper solution is blue, silver solution is colorless.

The electron configuration of Cu²⁺ is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁹. The electron configuration of Ag⁺ is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰.

The observed color of Cu²⁺ is typically blue, while the observed color of Ag⁺ is colorless. The electron configurations of these cations are consistent with their observed colors.

Electronic configuration refers to the arrangement of electrons in an atom, ion, or molecule. It describes the distribution of electrons among different energy levels, orbitals, and subshells within an atom or ion.

The electronic configuration is represented using a notation that indicates the energy levels (principle quantum numbers), subshells (s, p, d, f), and the number of electrons in each subshell. The Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund's rule are used to determine the order of filling the orbitals and the spin states of the electrons.

Cu²⁺ has an incomplete d-orbital with 9 electrons, which gives rise to a blue color due to the absorption of light in the visible spectrum. The absorption of light corresponds to the promotion of an electron from a lower energy d-orbital to a higher energy level.

On the other hand, Ag⁺ has a fully filled d-orbital with 10 electrons, which does not result in the absorption of visible light. As a result, Ag⁺ appears colorless.

The observed colors of Cu²⁺ and Ag⁺ ions are a result of the electronic configuration and the interaction of light with the d-electrons in the transition metals.

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When water vapor becomes liquid water due to cooling, it is called _____?

Answers

The process of condensation is the change in the state of water from vapor to liquid due to cooling.
On the other hand, evaporation is the change in the state of water from liquid to vapor due to heating.

Based on this,
When water vapor becomes liquid water due to cooling, it is called condensation.

How many liters of a 0.45% half-normal saline (m/v) solution for iv therapy can be prepared from 33 grams of sodium chloride?

Answers

The concentration 0.45% means that there is 0.45% weight of normal saline(sodium chloride) in the solution. In this question, there is 33 gram of sodium chloride in the solution. Assuming the solvent is water which has 1000gr/liter density, then the solution volume should be:

NaCl weight= 0.45% * water mass
NaCl weight= 0.45% * water density* water volume
33g= 0.45%* 1000g/l * water volume
water volume= 33g/ (0.45% * 1000g/l)
water volume= 7.33 liter

Which of the following elements is a gas at room temperature?

fluorine (F)

sulfur (S)

mercury (Hg)

iodine (I)

Answers

The answer is fluorine.

Which of the following statements best describes the Aufbau principle?

Answers

The answer is the choice A
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