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The reason the valence electron is important is because the element has a propensity to become stable by having the same amount of outer electrons as Helium. It does this by readily donating its outer-most electron to other elements. Commonly, the halogens.
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The Lewis structure for ethylene, C2H4, is shown. How many valence electrons do the two carbon atoms in the molecule share with each other in the double bond?
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The Lewis structure for ethylene is two carbons double-bonded to each other, and two hydrogens single-bonded to each carbon atom.
Each bond symbolizes two shared valence electrons. Since the carbon atoms are double-bonded, they share four (4) valence electrons (the other electrons are in lower energy levels and do not appear because they typically don't react when higher energy-level electrons are on top of them).
the correct answer is 2
Classify these atomic orbitals as sp, or d according to their shape.
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s and p orbitals do not have sp or d designations, while d orbitals are classified as d based on their shape and angular momentum quantum number. sp orbitals are formed by hybridization and are not based solely on the shape of individual atomic orbitals.
Atomic orbitals are regions in space where electrons are likely to be found around an atomic nucleus. They have specific shapes associated with their quantum numbers, which describe their size, shape, and orientation. The classification of atomic orbitals as sp or d depends on their shape and the angular momentum quantum number, l.
s Orbitals: These are spherical in shape and have l = 0. They are associated with the azimuthal quantum number (angular momentum) and are not divided into subshells. In terms of classification, s orbitals are not denoted as sp or d.
p Orbitals: These are -shaped and come in sets of three, oriented along the x, y, and z axes. They have l = 1. P orbitals are not denoted as sp or d; they are simply labeled as px, py, and pz.
d Orbitals: These have complex, multi-lobed shapes with five different orientations. They have l = 2 and are further divided into subshells, which can be labeled as dxy, dxz, dyz, dx²-y², and dz².
sp Orbitals: These are hybrid orbitals formed by mixing one s orbital and one p orbital. They have a linear shape and are typically found in molecules with sp hybridization, such as linear molecules like BeH2 or CO2.
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When a soda is poured into a glass and the soda bubbles, is it the result of a chemical change? explain your answer?
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You have a stock solution of 15.8 m nh3. how many milliliters of this solution should you dilute to make 1000.0 ml of 0.250 m nh3?
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M1 * V1 = M2 * V2
From the givens we have:
M1 = 15.8 m
V1 is unknown
M2 = 0.25 m
V2 = 1000 ml
Substitute with these givens in the above equation to get V1 as follows:
15.8*V1 = 0.25*1000
V1 = 15.82278 ml
A sample of br2(g) takes 48.0 min to effuse through a membrane. how long would it take the same number of moles of ar(g) to effuse through the same membrane?
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mass of Br = 79.9 grams
mass of Ar = 39.9 grams
Therefore,
molar mass of Ar = 39.9 grams
molar mass of Br2 = 2(79.9) = 159.8 grams
Now,
time for Ar / time for Br2 = sqrt(molar mass of Ar / molar mass of Br2)
time for Ar = 48 * sqrt(39.9 / 158.9)
time for Ar = 24.0528 minutes
Using Graham's law of effusion, it can be calculated that it would take 24.0 minutes for the same number of moles of Argon gas to effuse through the same membrane as compared to Bromine gas.
Explanation:The question is asking how long it would take for an equal amount of argon gas to effuse compared to bromine gas. This is related to Graham's law of effusion, which says that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass.
Thus, in accordance with this law, the effusion rate of a gas is given by the formula: Rate = √(M2/M1), where M1 and M2 are the molar masses of the two gases involved. For Argon (Ar) and Bromine (Br2), their molar masses are 39.95 g/mol and approximately 159.8 g/mol respectively. Plugging these values into Graham's equation, the rate at which Argon effuses as compared to Bromine would be √(159.8 g/mol / 39.95 g/mol) = √(4) = 2. Given that Bromine takes 48.0 minutes to effuse, Argon, effusing at twice the rate, would take half the time - 48.0 minutes / 2 = 24.0 minutes to effuse through the same membrane.Learn more about Graham's Law of Effusion here:https://brainly.com/question/34146005
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Describe the preparation of 40 liters of 0.02 m phosphate buffer, ph 6.9
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By following these steps, you can prepare 40 liters of 0.02 M phosphate buffer with a pH of 6.9 using solid Na3PO4 and 1M HCl:
Step 1: Calculate the amount of Na3PO4 required
Step 2: Prepare the Na3PO4 solution
Step 3: Calculate the amount of HCl required
Step 4: Adjust the pH
To prepare 40 liters of 0.02 M phosphate buffer solution with a pH of 6.9, starting from solid Na3PO4 and 1M HCl, we can follow these steps:
Step 1: Calculate the amount of Na3PO4 required
The phosphate buffer will be prepared using the following equilibrium reaction:
Na3PO4 + 3HCl → 3NaCl + H3PO4
We need to calculate the amount of Na3PO4 required to make a 0.02 M solution in 40 liters.
First, calculate the moles of phosphate ions required:
Moles of phosphate ions = Molarity × Volume
Moles of phosphate ions = 0.02 mol/L × 40 L = 0.8 moles
Since Na3PO4 dissociates into three moles of phosphate ions, the moles of Na3PO4 needed will be one-third of the moles of phosphate ions:
Moles of Na3PO4 = 0.8 moles / 3 = 0.2667 moles
Step 2: Prepare the Na3PO4 solution
Weigh out the calculated amount of Na3PO4 and dissolve it in water to make up the 40 liters of solution.
Step 3: Calculate the amount of HCl required
The pH of the buffer is adjusted using HCl. To achieve a pH of 6.9, we need to calculate the amount of 1M HCl needed.
Step 4: Adjust the pH
Add the calculated amount of 1M HCl to the Na3PO4 solution while monitoring the pH using a pH meter or pH paper. The pH should be adjusted to 6.9 by adding small amounts of HCl at a time and then checking the pH until the desired pH is reached.
By following these steps, you can prepare 40 liters of 0.02 M phosphate buffer with a pH of 6.9 using solid Na3PO4 and 1M HCl.
The probable question may be:
Describe the preparation of 40 liters of 0.02 M phosphate buffer, pH 6.9, starting from solid Na3PO4 and 1M HCl.
Retry: 1.Examine Record A. Use the three basic rules to figure out the ages of the layers. In Chart A, list the layers from youngest to oldest with the youngest layer in the first row.
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Answer:
C, E, H, A, B, F, K, D, L, G, J, I.
Explanation:
Hello,
In this case we are dating each layer based on its deepness as the deeper the layer is, the farther back in time it is (older). In such a way, the youngest layer is C and henceforth by going down, we find older and older layers no matter if the layer is horizontal or diagonal, we just go down by straight line, therefore, from youngest to oldest, the order turn out into:
C, E, H, A, B, F, K, D, L, G, J, I.
Best regards.
What is the molecular formula of a compound with the empirical formula C13H19O2 and molar mass of 414.64 g?
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The molecular formula of a compound with the empirical formula C13H19O2 and molar mass of 414.64 g/mol is C26H38O4.
Explanation:To find the molecular formula of a compound with the empirical formula C13H19O2 and a molar mass of 414.64 g/mol, we first need to calculate the empirical formula mass. The empirical formula mass of C13H19O2 is (13 × 12.01 g/mol for carbon) + (19 × 1.01 g/mol for hydrogen) + (2 × 16.00 g/mol for oxygen), which equals 205.32 g/mol. Then, we divide the given molar mass by the empirical formula mass to determine how many times the empirical formula fits into the molar mass.
414.64 g/mol ÷ 205.32 g/mol ≈ 2
Since the result is approximately 2, we multiply the subscripts in the empirical formula by 2 to obtain the molecular formula, resulting in C26H38O4 as the molecular formula of the compound.
What is the de Broglie wavelength (in meters) of a 45-g golf ball traveling at 72 m/s?
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mass = 45 g = 0.045 kg
velocity = 72 m/s
Formula:
wavelength = Planck constant / (mass * velocity)
Solution:
Planck constant is 6.63 * 10^ -34 J*s
=> wavelength = 6.63 * 10 ^ -34 J*s / (0.045 kg * 72 m/s)
wavelength = 2.05 * 10^ - 34 m
Answer: 2.05 * 10 ^ -34 m
which has prokaryotic cells
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Prokaryotic cells are found in bacteria and archaea.
What is Prokaryotic cellsProkaryotic cells are a type of cell that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They are found in bacteria and archaea, which are two domains of microorganisms.
Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler compared to eukaryotic cells, which are found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
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A sample of a chromium-containing alloy weighing 3.450 g was dissolved in acid, and all the chromium in the sample was oxidized to 2cro42–. it was then found that 3.18 g of na2so3 was required to reduce the 2cro42– to cro2– in a basic solution, with the so32– being oxidized to so42–. write a balanced equation for the reaction of 2cro42– with so32- in a basic solution.
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The balanced equation for the reaction of chromate ion (CrO4^2-) with sulfite ion (SO3^2-) in a basic solution where the sulfite is oxidized to sulfate and the chromate is reduced to chromite is 3SO3^2-(aq) + 2CrO4^2-(aq) + 2OH^-(aq) → 3SO4^2-(aq) + 2CrO2^-(aq) + H2O(l).
Explanation:The question asks for a balanced chemical reaction between chromate ion (CrO42-) and sulfite ion (SO32-) in basic solution. To balance this redox reaction, we must consider both the oxidation and reduction half-reactions and ensure that the number of electrons lost in oxidation equals the number gained in reduction, also making sure to balance other elements and charges, particularly in a basic solution.
In the basic solution, hydroxide ions (OH-) will participate in the balancing process. The sulfite ion (SO32-) is oxidized to sulfate ion (SO42-), and the chromate ion (CrO42-) is reduced to chromite ion (CrO2-).
The balanced equation for the reaction is:
3SO32-(aq) + 2CrO42-(aq) + 2OH-(aq) → 3SO42-(aq) + 2CrO2-(aq) + H2O(l).
If 32.0 g of MgSO4⋅7H2O is thoroughly heated, what mass of anhydrous magnesium sulfate will remain?
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molar mass = 246
so moles = 32 / 246 = 0.13 moles.
When heated, all 7 H2O from 1 molecule will be gone.
total moles of H2O present = 7 x 0.13 = 0.91
mass of those H2O = 0.91 x 18 = 16.38g
so mass of anyhydrous MgSO4 remain = 32 - 16.38 = 15.62 g
After heating, approximately 15.65 g of anhydrous magnesium sulfate will remain from the original 32.0 g of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate.
Identify the Molar Masses:
Molar mass of MgSO₄ = 24.31 (Mg) + 32.07 (S) + 4 × 16.00 (O) = 120.37 g/molMolar mass of 7H₂O = 7 × 18.02 (H₂O) = 126.14 g/molTherefore, the molar mass of MgSO₄·7H₂O = 120.37 g/mol + 126.14 g/mol = 246.51 g/molCalculate the Moles of MgSO₄·7H₂O:
Moles of MgSO₄·7H₂O =246.51 g/mol32.0 g≈0.129 mol
Determine the Moles of Anhydrous MgSO₄:
Upon heating, all the water is removed, leaving anhydrous MgSO₄.The moles of anhydrous MgSO₄ are equal to the moles of MgSO₄·7H₂O because heating just removes water.Calculate the Mass of Anhydrous MgSO₄:
Mass of MgSO₄ = Moles × Molar Mass=0.129 mol × 120.37 g/mol ≈ 15.65 g
If 78.5 mol of an ideal gas occupies 40.5 l at 83.00 °c, what is the pressure of the gas?
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The light emitted by an incandescent element produces:
~a unique continuous spectrum
~an emission line spectrum
~a spectrum identical to the hydrogen atom
~a spectrum of one unique wavelength
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Answer: an emission line spectrum
Explanation: An emission line spectrum is produced form the light emitted by the incandescent lamp.
Line Spectrum is produced when the electron that has been excited to the higher energy state levels moves between the molecular energy levels while returning to the ground state.
Incandescent lamp is the lam that generates electricity when electrical current runs through it.
Write orbital diagrams (boxes with arrows in them) to represent the electron configurations of carbon before and after sp hybridization.
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The electron configuration of carbon atom in its ground state is 1s² 2s² 2p². After sp hybridization, one 2s electron gets excited to the 2p orbital forming four unpaired electrons ready for bonding. These form two sp hybrid orbitals, leaving the remaining two 2p orbitals with single electrons.
Explanation:The electron configuration for a carbon atom (C) in its ground state is 1s² 2s² 2p², represented by an orbital diagram with two arrows in the 1s box, two in the 2s, and two single arrows in two of the three 2p boxes, indicating paired and unpaired electrons respectively.
During sp hybridization, one of the 2s electrons gets excited and moves to the 2p orbital, leading to four unpaired electrons ready for bonding. These mix to form two sp orbitals. In the electron configuration diagram, the two sp hybrid orbitals would have a single electron each, leaving the remain two 2p orbitals also with single electrons. Remember, these are depicted as boxes, each with a single upward arrow.
The distinction between the carbon atom's electron configurations before and after sp hybridization is essential in understanding its bonding behaviour and the formation of diverse organic compounds.
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What are the benefits of stationary weather collection
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SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following statements about Charles's law are true?
A. Real gases may be expected to deviate from Charles's law at high pressures.
B. Ideal gases may be expected to deviate from Charles's law at high pressures.
C. Real gases may be expected to deviate from Charles's law near the liquefaction temperature.
D. Ideal gases may be expected to deviate from Charles's law near the liquefaction temperature.
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C. Real gases may be expected to deviate from Charles's law near the liquefaction temperature.
Answer is:
A. Real gases may be expected to deviate from Charles's law at high pressures.
C. Real gases may be expected to deviate from Charles's law near the liquefaction temperature.
At high pressure gas molecules are close to one another and near the liqueffaction temperature energy is very low.
Charles' Law (The Temperature-Volume Law) - the volume of a given amount of gas held at constant pressure is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature:
V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂.
When temperature goes down, the volume also goes down.
Household object that includes metal and why
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Charcoal is primarily carbon. what mass of co2 is produced if you burn enough carbon (in the form of charcoal) to produce 4.60kj×102kj of heat? the balanced chemical equation is as follows:c(s)+o2(g)→co2(g),δh∘rxn=−393.5kj
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C(s)+O2(g)→CO2(g), δh∘rxn=−393.5kj
2) Meaning: When burned 1 mol of C(s), this is solid pure charcoal, produces 1 mol of CO2 and liberates 393.5 kJ of heat
Ratio: 1 mol CO2 : 393.5 kJ
3) Proportion:
1 mol CO2 x
--------------- = -------------------
393.5 kJ 4.6 * 10^2 kJ
4) Solve for x:
x = 460 kJ * 1 mol CO2 / 393.5 kJ = 1.1690 mol CO2
5) convert moles to grams
mass in grams = number of moles * molar mass
mass in grams = 1.1690 mol * 44.01 g / mol = 51.4 g
Answer: 51.4 g
The combustion of carbon in forms like charcoal to release a specific amount of heat, based on the chemical reaction and heat change, allows us to calculate the resulting mass of carbon dioxide. To produce 4.60x102 kJ heat, approximately 51.4 g of carbon dioxide would be generated.
Explanation:In the provided chemical reaction, C(s) + O₂(g) CO₂(g), with the heat change (ΔH°) being -393.5 kJ, we interpret that the combustion of one mole of carbon (charcoal form) releases 393.5 kJ of heat. We know that the heat release comes from the formation of carbon dioxide (CO2). So, for 4.60x102 kJ, the moles of CO2 produced can be calculated by using the ratio rule for mole and energy. So, the number of moles of CO2 produced = 4.60x102 kJ * (1 mole CO2/-393.5kJ) = 1.17 moles. The
mass of CO2
is the number of moles * molecular weight of CO2 = 1.17 mol * 44 g/mol = 51.4 g. Hence, the combustion of sufficient carbon (charcoal form) to produce 4.60x102 kJ of heat generates 51.4 g of carbon dioxide.
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What is the process that changes the composition of rocks by dissolving them called?
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The instrument that is commonly used to measure the intensity of radioactivity is called a _____.
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When chromium chloride crcl2 is dissolved in water the temperature of the water decreases answers?
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The two types of reaction that are opposite to each other are endothermic and exothermic reaction. Endo means inside and Exo means outside and thermic refers to heat.
So, in Exothermic reaction, heat is released and the temperature increases and in endothermic reaction, heat is absorbed and and the temperature decreases. So, this reaction or process is endothermic because by adding CrCl2, the temperature decreases.
why is it important to know a tornados velocity and not just its speed
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Identify the statement that correctly describes light and how it travels? (2 points)
Select one:
a. Light waves can travel in a vacuum and travel at a constant speed even if the light source is moving.
b. Light waves can travel in a vacuum and will travel faster if the light source is moving forward.
c. Light waves need a medium to travel, and they travel faster if the light source is moving forward.
d. Light waves need a medium to travel, and they travel at the same speed even if the light source is moving.
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Light does not travel at a constant speed in a vacuum, compared to in air, because the light is being absorbed by atoms and molecules in the air. But light does travel at a constant speed in a vacuum.
So I agree with A
All that talk about moving forward is irrelevant (I think)
What are the major species in solution when solid ammonium bromate is dissolved in water?
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The major species when ammonium bromate is dissolved in water are ammonium ions, bromate ions, hydronium ions, and ammonia.
When solid ammonium bromate is dissolved in water, the major species in solution are ammonium ions (NH₄⁺) and bromate ions (BrO₃⁻). In an aqueous solution, the ammonium ion is a weak acid, which can donate a proton to water, forming hydronium ions (H₃O⁺) and ammonia (NH₃), hence making the solution slightly acidic. The bromate ion is a stable species that does not further react in water. Therefore, the major species in solution are NH₄⁺, BrO₃⁻, H₃O⁺, and some unreacted NH₃.
Assuming ideal gas behavior, what is the pressure in atm exerted by 1.57 mol Cl2(g) confined to a volume of 1.50 L at 273K?
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The formula for ideal gas law is:
P V = n R T
where
P is pressure = ?
V is volume = 1.50 L
n is number of moles = 1.57 mol
R is gas constant = 0.08205746 L atm / mol K
T is temperature = 273 K
P = 1.57 mol * 0.08205746 L atm / mol K * 273 K / 1.50 L
P = 23.45 atm
Each degree on the Kelvin scale equals:
1°C
10°C
no relationship (different scale)
100°C
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Answer is: 1°C.
A change of 1 Kelvin is the same as a change of 1 degree Celsius.
The temperature T in degrees Celsius (°C) is equal to the temperature T in Kelvin (K) minus 273,15: T(°C) = T(K) - 273.15.
For example:
T(He) = 4,2 K.
T(He) = 4,2 K - 273,15.
T(He) = -268,95°C.
The Celsius scale was based on 0°C for the freezing point of water and 100°C for the boiling point of water at 1 atm pressure.
Which forces involve nonpolar molecules?
hydrogen bonds and London dispersion forces
London dispersion forces and dipole-induced dipole forces
dipole-dipole forces and hydrogen bonds
dipole-induced dipole forces and dipole-dipole forces
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The London dispersion force is a temporary attractive force that results when the electrons in two adjacent atoms occupy positions that make the atoms form temporary dipoles. This force is sometimes called an induced dipole-induced dipole attraction. This force is found in any compound and is the weakest atraction force between atoms or molecules.
Those temporay dipoles are not like the dipoles that form the polar molecules, because the polar molecules are the result of permanent dipoles.
Calculate the formula mass for the compound tin(IV) sulfate.
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mass of sulfur S = 32.065
as there is 2 sulfur in tin (IV) sulfate = 32.065 x 2 = 64.13
mass of oxygen = 15.999 and there are 8 oxygen atoms in the formula;
8 x 15.999 = 127.992
mass of tin = 118.71
now add all the masses = 64.13 + 127.992 + 118.71 = 310.832
formula mass of tin(IV) sulfate is 310.832
How much water must be added to 12.0 mL of 1.65 M LiCl to dilute the solution to 0.495 M LiCl?
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To solve this problem, we use the formula:
M1 V1 = M2 V2
To calculate for the total final volume V2:
V2 = M1 V1 / M2
V2 = 1.65 M * 12 mL / 0.495 M
V2 = 40 mL
Since final volume is 40 mL so water needed is:
water volume = 40 mL – 12 mL
water volume = 28 mL