answer correctly 50 POINTS!!
50 POINTSSS!!!!!!!!!!

3. A pedigree can be used to
a. determine whether a trait is inherited.
b. show how a trait is passed from one generation to the next.
c. determine whether an allele is dominant or recessive
d. all of the above

4. Blood typing is an example of __________________. This is where there is one gene but that one gene can have several different characteristics
a. multiple alleles
b. dihybrid trait
c. homozygous dominance
d. incomplete dominance

Answer:

Human glucocebrosidase is used as a therapeutic drug which is used to treat Gaucher's disease.

The farming of this substances in crops is very helpful for the population. The genetic engineering to insert genes in plants would result in GMOs.

It is more beneficial to use plants for this process as compared to that of animals because it is easily available and easily extracted.

It is more economical and easily accessible by people. It would not harm animals by incorporating the gene in them in laboratory conditions.  

Producing biotherapeutics in plant cells rather than animal cells is advantageous because it reduces the risk of contamination by human pathogens, allows for easy and efficient large-scale production, and avoids ethical issues and regulations related to using animal cells.

The production of biotherapeutics using plant cells, such as carrot cells, has a few significant advantages over animal cells. A major advantage is the risk of contamination. Animal cells can potentially host human pathogens, including viruses, which can contaminate the drug, making it unsafe. In contrast, plant cells don't share the same pathogens with humans, thereby reducing the risk of contamination. Furthermore, plant cells can be grown in large quantities relatively easily, making the production feasible and efficient. They also don't require the same ethical considerations and regulations as using animal cells.

A major advantage of producing biotherapeutics in plant cells compared to animal cells is the ability to produce large quantities of the desired protein at a lower cost. Plant cells have the ability to grow rapidly and can be easily scaled up for production purposes. Additionally, plant cells are less likely to be contaminated by human pathogens, reducing the risk of product contamination.

For example, the production of human glucocebrosidase in carrot cells allows for a more cost-effective and safer treatment for Gaucher's disease.

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Answer: The true statement is: Autocrine signals are produced by and act upon the same cell

Explanation:

Autocrine signals are made by cells producing hormones or molecules that acts on the same cell that produces it.

Usually, these autocrine hormones bind to receptors positioned in the cells producing them and thereby signal/exert changes in the cell.

Other options contains false statements

- Steroid hormones are produced ONLY when needed, not produced in advance and then stored

- Neurohormones do not help in the transmission of nerve impulses; So, they ARE NOT neurotransmitters

- Paracrine signals exert their effects on nearby cells; thus, they are not for long distance communication.

The ONLY true statement is that 'Autocrine signals are produced by and act upon the same cell.'

Answer:

The nerves

Explanation:

Our body has nerves that sends signs to our brain. It helps us feel things when we touch it. The nerves sends different signals depending on the object.

Final answer:

Jimmy's foot withdrawal from the campfire was a reflex action controlled by the spinal cord, bypassing the brain for an immediate response to the sensation of heat.

Explanation:

Jimmy's quick reaction to stepping in the campfire was produced by the direct operation of the spinal cord. This automatic response is known as a reflex action, where sensory messages meet certain parameters that trigger an instantaneous reaction without needing input from the brain. In such scenarios, the signal is passed from a sensory nerve to an interneuron in the spinal cord, which then relays a command to the muscles through a motor nerve causing the muscle to contract and recoil the foot away from the heat.

These reflex actions are part of the body's survival mechanisms, allowing for reactions that are extraordinarily fast. For instance, when a sensory receptor responds to a sensation like heat, it sends an impulse along a sensory nerve to the spinal cord. The spinal cord then instantly sends a message through motor nerves to withdraw the affected body part. This rapid motor response bypasses the brain entirely, illustrating the speed and efficiency of spinal reflexes.

Answer:

is it pneumonia

Explanation:

i think it is this but am not sure

Answer:

The correct option is A) Stratified epithelium.

Explanation:

Stratified epithelium is characterized by being formed by more than one layer of epithelial cells. According to the morphology of the cells of the outermost layer, they are classified as keratinized stratified flat epithelium when it has several layers and the outermost are flattened cells and with keratin. The most prominent location of this epithelium is in the skin, forming the epidermis. Its function is to protect and cover surfaces that are in direct contact with the outside or with irritating or traumatic substances.

Answer: 1) Thermal energy to electrical energy

2) Heat energy to electrical energy

3) Mechanical energy to electrical energy

Explanation: according to the law of conservation of energy, energy changes from one form to another.

The three forms of energy conversions are Chemical energy to heat energy,  Heat energy to mechanical energy, and  Mechanical energy to electrical energy.

The process of generating electricity from fossil fuel undergoes the following energy conversions;

(i) Chemical energy to heat energy:

The natural form of fossil fuel stores chemical energy in it. when it is burned, the chemical energy is converted into heat energy.

(ii) Heat energy to mechanical energy:

The heat energy produced by burning the fuel is used to either directly rotate the blades of the electricity generator, or through producing high-energy steam by heating water which pushes the blades. Thus, heat energy is converted into mechanical energy.

(iii) Mechanical energy to electrical energy:

The rotating blades of the electricity generator are placed in a magnetic field. As the blades rotate, the magnetic flux changes, and as a result, electricity is produced.

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Answer:

Convergent Evolution

Explanation:

This is a form of independent evolution where similar features are developed by two species,which are not closely, living in different periods but the same biome.

Due to developing analogous structures they may appear to be similar. Most of these structures were not present in the last common ancestor of both groups. An example is the nature of wings in birds, bats and insects which serves the same purpose which is flight.

Final answer:

To mitigate the impact of energy production on freshwater pH, individuals can plant more trees, burn less fossil fuels, and use energy more efficiently. Chemical neutralization and biological treatments with bacteria can also be applied to pollutants before they enter water bodies.

Explanation:

To lessen the effect of energy production on the pH of freshwater sources, people can engage in several practices. Among them, planting more trees helps to absorb CO₂, a contributor to acidic rain. Burning less fossil fuels reduces the emissions of SOx and NOx, which are primary causes of acid rain and can lower the pH of water bodies. In areas affected by acidic water due to energy production and other sources, measures such as chemical neutralization can be applied to effluents before they are released into the environment. Biological approaches, like using bacteria to neutralize pH and detoxify compounds, are another eco-friendly solution. Additionally, individuals can help by using energy more efficiently, for example, by changing to low-flush toilets and reducing the use of air conditioning.

Answer:

The correct answer is c. Bacteremia

Explanation:

Nosocomial infection is a hospital-acquired infection. Intravenous catheterization is majorly used in hospitals for therapeutic purposes like drug administration, blood sampling, etc.  

These catheters are one of the major causes of nosocomial bacteremia in patients. Bacteremia is the condition in which bacteria is present in the blood.

So these catheter can be contaminated with bacteria which came from a patient and when they are used in another patient without proper sterilization they can transfer these bacteria to other patients blood which then cause nosocomial bacteremia.  

Answer:

4. A large and isolated population of squirrels in a relatively stable environment in which no genetic mutations are occurring and mating between males and females is random.

Explanation:

1. A small and isolated population of seals living in a stable environment with no genetic mutations.❌

1. false

Hardy-Weinberg assumption is not violated for a small population as seen in this case.

2. A large population of fish where females mate with males based on size.❌

false

Hardy-Weinberg assumption is not violated for an instance where mating is not random as seen in this scenario.

3. A population of birds with no genetic mutations that often mate with members of neighboring bird populations.❌

False

Hardy-Weinberg assumption is not violated for where gene flow is seen among population in this scenario.

4. A large and isolated population of squirrels in a relatively stable environment in which no genetic mutations are occurring and mating between males and females is random.✔

True

Hardy-Weinberg assumption is violated for in this situation due to large population size.

5. A small population of spiders living in an environment that strongly favors larger individuals.❌

false

Hardy-Weinberg assumption is violated for a small population and natural selection occurring as its obvious in this case.

There are five primary Hardy-Weinberg assumptions:

A. no mutation,

B. random mating,

C. No gene flow,

D. infinite population size,

E. No selection.

If the assumptions are exempted in a gene, the population of that gene might undergo evolution causing a resultant change in the gene's allele frequencies.

For each population description, the Hardy-Weinberg assumption is violated -

1. A small and isolated population of seals living in a stable environment with no genetic mutations. - According to Hardy-Weinberg population should be a large population size.

2. A large population of fish where females mate with males based on size. - mating should be random mating for the Hardy-Weinberg population.

3. A population of birds with no genetic mutations that often mate with members of neighboring bird populations. - No gene flow is shown here that violates the Hardy-Weinberg population

4. A large population of squirrels in a stable environment in which mating is random and the mutation rate is very low but constant. - No mutation.

5. A population of spiders living in an environment that strongly favors larger individuals. - No selection is due to favor large individuals.

Thus,

For each population description, the Hardy-Weinberg assumption is violated -

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Answer:

The CORRECT ANSWER IS B.

B. Unlike the other countercurrent systems, a countercurrent multiplier system expends energy in active transport.

Explanation:

The countercurrent multiplier system involving the loop of Henle uses up energy in the form of ATP to actively conduct NaCl out of the filtrate in the upper region of the ascending limb of the loop. This energy in the form of ATP that is being used uniquely differentiates a countercurrent multiplier system from the different forms of countercurrent systems.

Answer:

SENSATION refers to the basic processes by which sensory organs and the nervous system respond to stimuli in the environment, and Perception refers to the meaningful interpretations extracted from it.

Explanation:

The receptors present in the body at different locations sense the changes in inner and outer conditions. A particular receptor is activated by specific stimuli such as thermoreceptors sense the change in the temperatures. This process of detecting the stimuli is followed by the transduction of the stimuli and generation of nerve impulses to send the information to the central nervous system. The whole process is called sensation.

The sensory information sent to the central nervous system is processed and interpreted mainly in the cerebral cortex. This is called perception.

Answer:

Option (a), (c), and (d).

Explanation:

The DNA is the genetic material of almost all the living organisms but in case of some viruses RNA acts as the genetic material. The DNA requires the binding of proteins and factors for the proper functioning of the cellular system.

The DNA and protein interaction is bounded by non covalent interactions as these interactions are not permanent in nature. The non covalent interaction include the hydrogen bonding, vander walls and ionic interaction. The covalent interaction is the strongest interaction present in nature.

Thus, the correct answer is option (f).

Answer:

Option A - Iconic

Option C - van der Waals forces

and option D- Hydrogen

Explanation:

The interactions between DNA and protein can be specific and non-specific based sequence of nucleotides and binding interactions. The functional groups in proteins and the backbone of DNA made up of sugar and phosphate forms different types of bond. These proteins –DNA interactions are strong and are primarily of three types –  

a) Hydrogen bond , generally mediated by water molecule

b) Ionic bonds producing salt bridges and

c) Other minor forces such as van der Waals force etc.

Answer:

Restriction enzymes and genome sequencing.

Explanation:

Microbes include all the microscopic organisms that cannot be seen by the naked eye. The microbes can be harmful or beneficial for the living organisms and can be used in medication as well.

The microbes has provided molecular tools and different techniques have been designed to study them. The restriction enzymes also known as molecular scissors used to cut the DNA and further modification of the DNA. The genome sequencing is done to sequence the genomic DNA of the organisms and there used in the medicine.

Thus, the answer is restriction enzymes and genome sequencing.

Answer:

d. inadequate oxygen to the tissues and cells.

Explanation:

Hypoxia is a pathological state in which the body is impoverished with adequate oxygen supply to the tissues and cells. At that state, oxygen is significantly insufficient which can pose a threat or associated with diffusion of oxygen in the lungs to carry out respiratory activities, malfunctioning of the Brain, headaches, nausea,anxiety etc.

Hypoxemia is a decrease in arterial oxygen levels.

Hypoxia, defined as inadequate oxygen supply to the tissues and cells, can occur due to diseases affecting red blood cells or due to abnormal levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide interaction with hemoglobin in blood. The resulting oxygenation level, referred to as 'percent sat', is a key measure in assessing oxygen supply to tissues.

Hypoxia is most accurately defined as d. inadequate oxygen to the tissues and cells. It can occur in various contexts, such as diseases that result in the sickle-shape of red blood cells, reducing oxygen perfusion into the blood. Hemoglobin, the molecule in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen, plays a crucial role in oxygenation of tissues. The percentage of hemoglobin sites occupied by oxygen in a patient's blood, commonly referred to as 'percent sat', becomes highly significant in cases of hypoxia.

In general, blood in the aorta is oxygenated and ready to be delivered to the tissues. However, if there is insufficient hemoglobin, or if the hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen decreases due to high levels of CO2 (hypercapnia), the tissues may not receive enough oxygen, leading to hypoxia. Conversely, as the percent saturation of hemoglobin decreases (low oxygen levels), its affinity for oxygen increases, driving it to bind more oxygen and potentially correct the hypoxic state.

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Answer:

A is correct

Explanation:

Mendel's law of independent assortment states that alleles of a gene get separated or sorted into gametes independently of the alleles of

the other gene. In this case, two genes are involved, one coding for seed color (A) and the other for seed shape (B). Alleles A and B are dominant over alleles a and b respectively. Hence, a pea plant heterozygous for both genes will have a genotype AaBb.

According to Mendel's law of independent assortment, alleles A and a will randomly sort into gametes independently of alleles B and b. This will result in the production of four equally likely gametes with genotypes: AB, Ab, aB and ab. This shows that the gamete that receives the A allele will equally be likely to contain either B or b allele. The same applies for a allele as well.

Options B and D are wrong because it is not a must it occurs, it is just a possibility or likelihood that it does.

Option C is wrong because four equally likely combination of gametes are possible not two.

Option E is wrong because it does not conform to the law of independent assortment, in which both genes must be represented in each gamete.

Final answer:

According to Mendel's principle of independent assortment, a gamete that contains the dominant allele for seed color is equally likely to contain the dominant or the recessive allele for seed shape. Possible gamete genotypes are AB or ab, and each is equally likely to occur.

Explanation:

According to Mendel's principle of independent assortment, the correct statements are:

a. A gamete that contains the dominant allele for seed color is
equally likely to contain the dominant or the recessive allele for seed shape.

c. Possible gamete genotypes are AB or ab; each is equally likely to occur.

The principle of independent assortment states that genes do not influence each other with regard to the sorting of alleles into gametes. Therefore, the alleles associated with different traits, such as seed color and seed shape in this case, will sort independently of each other during gamete formation.

Answer:

Small nonpolar molecules, such as O2 and CO2, are soluble in the lipid bilayer and therefore can readily cross cell membranes. Small uncharged polar molecules, such as H2O, also can diffuse through membranes, but Ions, such as hydrogen ions, and hydrophilic molecules, such as water and glucose, cannot rapidly pass directly through the phospholipids of the membrane. To move rapidly through the membrane, they must pass through membrane transport proteins.

Small, nonpolar molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide can rapidly pass directly through the phospholipids of the plasma membrane without the help of a transport protein.

The molecules that can rapidly pass directly through the phospholipids of the plasma membrane without the help of a transport protein are small, nonpolar molecules such as oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and small hydrophobic molecules like steroid hormones. These molecules can easily diffuse across the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane due to their nonpolar nature.

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Answer:

Option B

Explanation:

Microbiology is related to the study of microorganisms that are not visible through naked eyes. While virology is the study of viruses. Hence, both option c and d are incorrect. Immunohematology is associated with the study of antigens and antibodies of RBCs in case of blood transfusion.  

However, in immunology, the entire immune system is studied inclusive of antigen and antibody interaction, infectious diseases, transplant issues, hypersensitivity etc.  

Hence, option B is correct

Answer:

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Explanation:

EEG is an electrophysiological monitoring or an inferential measurement of brain activity.

It involves placing electrodes along the scalp and measures the voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current within the neurons in the brain.

It is mostly used for the diagnosis of Epilepsy which is causes abnormal readings on the Electroencephalography. It can also be used to diagnose sleep disorders, coma, stroke and brain dead.  

Answer:

(C) Enzyme does not need to contact with substrate to assume its active form.

Explanation:

a) The activity of an enzyme can be increased upto certain temperature known as optimum temperature after that tepmerature will damage the enzyme.

b) The number of substrate molecule converted by one molecule of enzyme in one second is called its turn over rate, which may varry from 0.5-600000.

C)  Enzymes does not need to contact with substrate to assume its active form. They just accelerate the reaction by lowering the activation energy. Enzyme binds to substrate through active stite and both changes structures slightly to best fit.(Induce fit  model)

D) Some enzymes are inactive known as apoenzyme and they need a non-protein part such as coenzyme or cofactor to become active which is known as holoenzyme.

The false statement about enzymes is that they require contact with substrate to assume their active form. Actually, enzymes are already in their active form before they encounter a substrate.

Among the statements provided, the false statement about enzymes is: 'Enzymes require contact with substrate in order to assume their active form'. In fact, enzymes are already in their active form before they encounter a substrate. When a substrate makes contact with the enzyme's active site, the enzyme undergoes a slight change in shape to achieve a perfect fit, also referred to as 'induced fit'. However, the enzyme was already in its active form prior to the substrate encounter. For instance, if we look at the disease phenylketonuria, the enzyme suited for phenylalanine degradation doesn't lack the active form; it malfunctions or is not present, leading to health complications due to phenylalanine build-up.

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Answer:

Two arm Experiment

Explanation:

They will make two arms or groups. In one group they will introduce the fungus and in another they wont and will observe both group to see if the group that was introduced with fungus get infected or not

Answer:

Human males much more likely than human females to inherit the recessive condition hemophilia because it follows X-linked recessive pattern.

Explanation:

Actually hemophilia is an X-linked recessive disorder i-e the defective genes are located on the X chromosome (sex chromosome) and are transmitted through it. As males have only one X chromosome (inherited from mother), one altered copy of the gene in every cell cause this disease.On the other hand females have 2 X chromosomes thus this disease is rare in females.

Hormones are biological chemical substances that are produced in the body, transported via the bloodstream, and that stimulate physiological responses in cells of other tissues or organs. This statement is factually correct.

The statement in the question - 'Hormones are chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ' is True.

Hormones are, in fact, chemical substances produced in the body that control and regulate the activity of certain cells or organs. They are part of the endocrine system of the human body. They travel through the bloodstream to different parts of the body in order to send signals and orchestrate longer-term processes, such as growth and development, metabolism, sexual function, and mood regulation.

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Hormones are chemical messengers produced by the endocrine system that, when released into the bloodstream, stimulate responses in specific target cells throughout the body. These responses influence a variety of physiological processes such as growth, metabolism, and fluid balance. An example detailed is insulin, which reduces blood glucose levels.

The statement provided is true. Hormones are indeed chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ. The endocrine system produces hormones that influence wide-ranging physiological processes such as growth, development, metabolism, fluid and electrolyte balance, and sleep. Hormones act on their respective target cells, which have specific receptors for those particular hormones.

For example, insulin is a hormone released by the pancreas in response to increased blood glucose levels. This hormone travels through the bloodstream to the body's cells, where it binds to insulin receptors and triggers a response that allows the cells to take in glucose, thereby reducing blood glucose levels.

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Answer:

Yes

Explanation:

Yes, Radioactive uranium-235 has a half-life of 704 million years. If it was incorporated into dinosaur bones, it could it be used to date the dinosaur fossils.

It is worthy to note that after 65.5 million years a little as a tenth of the Uranium-235 undergoes degradation with the remaining ninety percent or part is available for use to date the fossils.

Answer:

The correct answer is "Charles Lyell".

Explanation:

Charles Lyell was a notorious Scottish geologist that associated events of Earth's history with natural events taking place at the same time. In 1830, Charles Lyell published the book "Principles of Geology", associating the formation of the Earth's crust with different small and vast natural events. Charles Darwin's was largely influenced by Lyell's ideas and he took his book during the famous travel trough the Galapagos islands.

Answer:

Charles Lyell

Explanation:

Charles Lyell was a Scottish geologist who explained the former transformations in the Earth’s surface in his geology masterpiece. This book is considered as the most significant scientific book ever and has 3 volumes. Lyell expressed how the surface of the Earth was changing by the time and reinforced his argument for uniformitarianism through geology.

Uniformitarianism: It is the idea that the Earth’s natural processes behave the same way today as they were in the past and will keep on doing in the future as well.      

Answer:

D) Hydrogen bonding

Explanation:

A hydrogen bond is a kind of electrostatic force of attraction between the hydrogen atom and a more electronegative atom e.g. nitrogen, fluorine, and oxygen.

It is a weak force of attraction.

In size-exclusion chromatography, the attraction that exist between the proteins and dextran is hydrogen bonding.

The several hydroxyl groups thats seen in dextran accounts for why hydrogen bonding exists between dextran column material and the protein.

Answer:

C) They are part of a community

Explanation:

A community represents the sum total of populations of different species present together in an area or ecosystem. In a community, the organisms of these different species may benefit or harm each other and exhibit little or more interdependence. In the given example, beer, insects, ants, chipmunks represent the organisms of different species that are present together in a habitat. They interact with each other in various ways. For instance, the bear is a predator of insects.

After the addition of the first dye, the gram-positive bacteria will appear as purple.

Explanation:

The gram-positive bacteria has thecell wall made up of peptidoglycan. In Gram-positive bacteria the purple of crystal violet gram stains is retained by this thick peptidoglycan layer.

After the addition of the first dye (crystal violet) during a Gram stain, gram-positive bacteria would appear purple in color due to their thick peptidoglycan layer readily absorbing and retaining the dye.

In the process of performing a Gram stain on gram-positive bacteria, the cells would appear purple after the application of the first dye, which is crystal violet. This is because gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls. This layer readily absorbs the crystal violet dye and retains it, even after the decolorization stage (which was not yet performed in your query). Thus, after the first dye, your gram-positive bacteria would be a vibrant violet color.

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Answer:

Length.

Explanation:

The measurement may be defined as assigning of the particular number to the measured object. The infants height and weight are measured after the birth.

The measurement of any objects is generally done in terms of the length, weight and circumference as well.  The length can be measured in terms of meters, kilometers, feet and inches. The infants head to the heel measurement is done in terms of the length only.

Thus, the answer is length.

Answer: The answer is that the phenotypic ratio among phenotypes produced from an F1 X F1 dihybrid cross is 9:3:3:1.

Explanation:

Independent assortment of genes explains how alleles on different chromosomes arrange independently of one another during gamete formation.

So, a dihybrid cross involving TWO characters (e.g Seed color & seed shape) would have its respective alleles DISTRIBUTED whether dominant or recessive, for crossing to occur and yield varying proportion of offspring in the well spread ratio of 9:3:3:1; making it a consequence of independent assortment of genes