Answer:
it is two answers (A and d)
Explanation:
If we keep the same theory of light today we wouldn't be advanced as we are now so yes the old theory had to get updated or plain or replaced with a newer one, D is also correct because if you repeat something you will find out new things from the first time you tried it out.
Answer:
D.repeated experimentation introduced new discoveries
Explanation:
The theory of light began in antiquity with the Greek philosophers who believed that light was formed by tiny particles that spread in the ambience at high speed, today we know that this is not true, through the realization of innumerable experiments. This theory was believed for years, until through several experiments that took place through the session, it was allowed to make increasingly accurate discoveries about who were able to change this theory several times over time. In fact, through more controlled experiments, this change in light may change again.
Which animal is one of only two mammals that lay eggs?
three-toed sloth
duck-billed platypus
wombat
chicken
Answer:
Duck-billed platypus
Answer:
duck-billed platypus, and echidna
Explanation:
stay woke, folk
Explain how the water cycle removes pollutants from earth’s water
Answer:
During the water cycle, the water on the earth's surface gets evaporated leaving the impurities behind and enters into the atmosphere as water vapor. Thus, the water cycle removes pollutants from earth’s water.
Explanation:
Water cycle is the continuous movement of water on the earth's surface and the atmosphere. Some of the water from the oceans, lakes, rivers etc gets evaporated by sunlight and enters into the atmosphere as water vapor. Also from the processes like sublimation (ice and snow) and evapotranspiration (plants), water vapor reaches the atmosphere. This vapor is then condensed into clouds and later falls back from the sky on to the earth's surface as precipitations like rain, snow etc. During the evaporation, the pollutants (impurities) in the water sources are left behind. Thus, the water cycle removes pollutants from earth’s water.
Which of the following statements is false?
A.
There is more salt water than fresh water on Earth.
B.
There is more water being stored in the water cycle than is moving through the cycle.
C.
Water can be stored as a gas, solid or liquid.
D.
Stored water represents only a small portion of the water in the water cycle at any given time.
Answer:
b is wrong, the rest are correct
Explanation:
If the velocity of a sound wave remains constant and its frequency increases, which characteristics of the wave will decrease?
A. energy
B. speed
C. amplitude
D. wavelength
Answer:
Option C is correct
Explanation:
Wavelength of the sound waves varies inversely with respect to frequency which means that if frequency increases wavelength will decrease and if frequency decreases wavelength increase.
Mathematically this relation can be represented as -
[tex]W \alpha \frac{1}{f}[/tex]
Where W represents the wavelength and f represents the frequency
When frequency is constant, wavelength exhibit direct proportionality relationship with speed.
Answer:
the answer to this question is the letter C
Explanation:
During the winter, many fish eat very little.
Some students thought this might be because
less oxygen is dissolved in the cold winter water
than in the same water during the warm sum-
mer months. The students tested the water and
found that cold water holds more dissolved
oxygen than warm water. They also discovered
that the fish have nearly as much food available
during the winter as in the summer.
Explain why the fish eat very little during the
winter. [1]
Fishes eat very little during the winter as their metabolism slows down as their metabolism slows down.
Explanation:
Fishes are cold blooded animals and their body temperature is regulated with the change in the water temperature. When the water temperature becomes cold the fishes slow down in feeding. Fishes during winter undergoes certain changes in their body which slows down their metabolism rate.
When their metabolism slows down they will not stop feeding completely but lessen their feeding habit. During winter they also become less active. They seek pocket holes and go to that particular place and stay still. This helps them conserve energy.
Fish eat less during winter as they enter a state of reduced physiological activity, or torpor, to conserve energy due to the cold temperatures. This slows down their metabolism and digestion rate, hence the diminished need for food.
Explanation:Fish eat very little during winter due to a biological process known as torpor. In cold temperatures, fish, being cold-blooded animals, enter a state of reduced physiological activity to conserve energy. This process slows down their metabolism, including the rate of digestion, making them eat less because they don't need as much energy to maintain body functions. Despite the higher amount of dissolved oxygen and availability of food, fish don't feel the same need to eat as they do during warmer seasons because their bodies are not as active.
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All the different plant populations make up the plant ___________ in this swamp. The plants are part of the bigger __________, that contains many biotic and abiotic factors.
Answer:
All the different plant populations make up the plant community in this swamp. The plants are part of the bigger ecosystem, that contains many biotic and abiotic factors.
Explanation:
In ecological studies a community can be described as a different population of species that live in an area at a specific time. For example, different kinds of plants and animals living in an area at a particular time.
In ecological studies, an ecosystem can be described as a community possessing both its biotic and abiotic factors. For example, all the animals, plants, decomposers of a community along with abiotic factors like water, soil sunlight etc.
Final answer:
All the different plant populations within a certain area constitute the plant community, which is part of a larger ecosystem that includes both biotic and abiotic components. This ecosystem contributes to the Earth's biosphere.
Explanation:
All the different plant populations make up the plant community in this swamp. The plants are part of the bigger ecosystem, that contains many biotic and abiotic factors. In biology, all the individuals of a species living within a specific area are collectively called a population. For example, a forest may contain many pine trees, which represent the population of pine trees in that forest.
Different populations, such as those of flowering plants, insects, and microbial populations, may live in the same specific area. When these populations come together, they form a community. The community, combined with the abiotic, or non-living, parts of the environment (like nitrogen in the soil or rainwater), constitutes an ecosystem. This ecosystem is part of the broader biosphere, which includes all the ecosystems on Earth, encompassing land, water, and portions of the atmosphere.
It is important for us to keep our water supply clean and chemically balanced, so that it is potable and we can drink it. Having the right pH level is a part of this. What pH level should drinking water have
Answer:
The pH level of drinking water must fall within the range, 6.5-8.5 because is neither acidic nor alkaline enough to be dangerous in the human body.
Explanation:
The pH level is an indicator of acid-base equilibrium, and shows whether a substance is acidic or alkaline. The pH scale ranges from 0-14, where a pH value of 7 means the substance is neutral. The levels less than 7 is considered as acidic and the levels greater than 7 is considered as alkaline.
The pure water has a pH value of 7. The normal pH range of surface water systems is 6.5 to 8.5, and that of groundwater systems is 6 to 8.5. According to EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) standards, the pH value of drinking water must fall within the range, 6.5-8.5 .This water is safe to drink as it is neither acidic nor alkaline enough to be dangerous in the human body.
Water having a pH value less than 6.5 is considered as soft and acidic, and it can be corrosive and filled with toxic metals while water with a pH value higher than 8.5 is hard and alkaline, and poses less of a health risk than acidic water but can taste bad and leave scale deposits on dishes, sinks etc.
Water droplets sticking to spider webs is caused by the same property that caused a water droplet to stick to your finger in your lab. What property of water is responsible?
Question 15 options:
capillary action
surface tension
cohesion
adhesion
Answer:
adhesion
Explanation:
Its just like Water drops on a pine needle or on anything else, Cohesion is when water is attracted to water. Therefor its Adhesion, because that's when water is attracted to other things or substances.
Answer:
Its adhesion
Explanation:
Its just like Water drops on a pine needle or on anything else, Cohesion is when water is attracted to water. Therefor its Adhesion, because that's when water is attracted to other things or substances.
The continued rise of the himalayan montain range is due to A) isostatic uplift and plate convergence B) isostactic uplift only C) plate convergence D) isostatic uplift fault block formation
Answer:
isostatic uplift fault block formation
Answer:
the answer is: A.) isostatic uplift and plate convergence
Explanation:
Do some research online to determine what seafood in your state might not be safe to eat and explain what problems are common in your region that arise from eating that particular seafood.
Answer:
In India, in West Bengal, the shrimp found in a particular river were not deemed healthy to be eaten.
Explanation:
All water bodies have their own food chains and ecosystems. So basically in aquatic ecosystems, lot of marine animals are considered edible. The examples are fish, shrimp, prawn, lobster, crabs , etc are cooked and eaten.
Larger fish have a tendency to eat smaller fish. Anything that the smaller fish eats goes into the stomach of the larger fish and gets accumulated. Due to large industries not dumping their waste properly, lot of it falls into the water bodies. The waste contains toxic minerals like lead and mercury which when eaten by humans can cause poisoning.
Lead poisoning can cause loose motions, vomiting, cramps and infection in the abdomen etc.
Consider this animal cell.
Which organelles are labeled G?
Answer:
In the animal cell the organelles that is labelled G is mitochondria.
Explanation:
Mitochondria are the membrane bound organelles with inner membranes folded inside which can form finger like structures called cristae. There numbers are more in the cell. They are basically responsible for the production of the energy, hence called as the power house of the cell. They also perform the cellular respiration, which means it takes the nutrients from the cell breaks it and makes energy from it. This energy is used by the cell to carry out various life processes.
DNA is made up of a series of subunits bonded together. These subunits are
made of three separate parts: a base, a sugar, and a phosphate group. What
are the subunits called?
O
A. Nucleotides
O
B. Cytosine
O
O
C. Nucleic acids
D. Deoxyribose
Answer:
is nucleotides this is answer
Answer:
the answer is a nucleotides
Why is genetics different from the other health factors?
Answer:
Other health factors include the social and economic factors, health behaviour and clinical care. These factors are distinct from the genetics of a disease.
A disease can be eliminated and cured if it is not a genetic disease. But most of the genetic diseases cannot be cured and their occurrence cannot be eliminated.
Genetic information is different from other information present on the health charts. Genetic factors involve genes for various health circumstances whereas other diseases may not have a specific concern with genes.
examples of independent variable
Answer:
A variable can be described as anything which we are trying to measure. In an experiment, there are two variables:
Independent Variable: Independent variable is a variable which changes on its own or changed by us during an experiment.
Dependent variable: Dependent variable is the variable which is under observation.
Two common examples of independent variable are time and age. Time and age keep changing and they are not influenced by any other factor.
What are 3 main things a plant needs to grow
Answer: Water Oxygen sunlight hope that helps
Explanation: :)
Plants need sunlight, water, and nutrients to grow.
Explanation:A plant needs three main things to grow: sunlight, water, and nutrients.
Sunlight: Plants require sunlight for photosynthesis, a process in which they convert sunlight into energy. This energy is used to grow and develop.Water: Water is essential for a plant's survival as it is involved in various functions such as transporting nutrients, maintaining cell turgidity, and facilitating photosynthesis.Nutrients: Plants need essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which are obtained from the soil or through fertilizers. These nutrients help in the plant's growth and development.Learn more about plant growth here:https://brainly.com/question/33308692
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what is a renewable resource and a non renewable resource?
Answer:
Renewable and Non-renewable resources are discussed below:
Renewable energy: are those energy that can be used again and again and it re-new after a short period of time. it is generally defined as that kind of energy resources that can be renewed naturally.
Renewable sources of energy can replace conventional sources of energy which produce harmful gasses which is harmful as well as costly.
Non-renewable: resources are those resources which can not be re-use or re-produce it is one-time use only and it takes a long period of time get re-produce,
Non-renewable sources of energy are also not good for the environment burning fossil fuels harm our environment.
Final answer:
Renewable resources, like sunlight and wind, are replenished naturally and are in endless supply, while nonrenewable resources, like fossil fuels and minerals, exist in fixed amounts and can be used up.
Explanation:
Renewable resources are those that can be replenished by natural processes at the same rate as they are consumed by humans. Examples of renewable resources include sunlight, wind, and the rising and falling of ocean tides. These resources are essentially in endless supply and can also be considered sustainable when used in a manner that doesn't prevent future generations from meeting their needs. Sustainable examples include sustainably harvested wood, cork, bamboo, and certain agricultural crops.
Conversely, nonrenewable resources exist in fixed amounts and can be depleted. These resources, such as fossil fuels (petroleum, coal, and natural gas), are formed over millions of years and therefore cannot be replaced as quickly as they are used. Other nonrenewable resources include precious metals and minerals. With the current rate of consumption, resources like petroleum and coal could be exhausted within a few decades or a few hundred years, respectively. Nuclear power is also considered nonrenewable due to the finite nature of uranium and the production of harmful wastes.
Understanding the difference between renewable and nonrenewable resources is essential for sustainable management and the development of alternative energy sources, which often utilize renewable resources to replace fossil fuel use.
What could happen if the average temperature increased in an ecosystem?
Some organisms would not be well-adapted to the higher temperatures.
Populations of all organisms would increase because of the higher temperatures.
Organisms would quickly adapt to the change.
All organisms would die because of the change.
Answer:
Some organism would not be well-adapted to the higher temperature.
Explanation:
Answer:
Some organisms would not be well-adapted to the higher temperatures.
Which of these are healthy dating norms? Select the two correct answers.
D
A. One person on a date shouldn't let the other person talk.
O
B. Each person should be respectful of the other.
O
C. A group of boys and girls can go out together.
O
D. Only a boy can ask a girl out.
The healthy dating norms are :
B. Each person should be respectful of the other.
C. A group of boys and girl can go out together.
Explain the term relationship?Being in a relationship should not be a mandatory requirement for you to feel complete.
But for a relationship to be worthwhile, it needs to bring things that complement you, allowing you to be an even better version of yourself. In short, this relationship needs to be healthy.
Thus, option "B and C " are correct.
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Defenetions of pedical,thalamus,calyx,epicalyx,corolla/petals, stigma,anther, filament,style and ovary.these are parts of a flower.
Answer:
pedical. a small stalklike structure connecting an organ
thalamus. is a small structure within the brain
calyx. sepal of a flower
epicalyx. is a group of bract resembling calyx
petals. they sorround the reproductive parts of flower
stigma is a part of the female reproductive system
anther the part of a stamen that contains the pollen
filament. support anther where pollination takes place
ovary where fertilisation takes place
Answer:
All are the part of a flower- Pedicel, calyx,thalamus, corolla, epicalyx, stigma,style, anther, filament, ovary.
Explanation:
PEDICEL- Pedicel is small stalk through which flower attached to the plant or to the inflorescence.
THALAMUS- It is the swollen axis on which flowers attached. It is oval n swollen. All the 4 whorls of flower embedded on thalamus.
CALYX- Calyx is green colored small leaf like structure attached to the base of the flower. Usually calyx detached from flower . Some calyx are persistent. They remain attached with fruits. Example- Tomato, chilies, capsicum, brinjal and lady's finger.
EPICALYX- It is similar to calyx. It forms another whorl down to the calyx. It is leaf like structure smaller than calyx.
COROLLA- Corolla is the colored part of the flower. It is also known as petal( singular). It can be big to small depending on flower. It is brightly colored to attract insects for pollination. Its different color is due to presence of chromoplast.
STIGMA- Stigma is the part of reproductive structure in flower. For fertilization pollen should reach in ovary to fuse. Through stigma pollen reach to the ovary. This is the surface pollen set to get entry inside ovary.
STYLE- Style is the passage to transfer pollen from stigma to ovary. It is a tube like structure connecting stigma with ovary.
OVARY-Stigma, style with ovary are female reproductive organ of a flower.Ovary contains ovules. It is the place of fertilization of ovule with pollen.
ANTHER-Stamen is the male part of flower. Stamen has two parts - filaments and ANTHER. Anther is oval shaped structure. In anther pollens are filled.
FILAMENT-The slender stalk connecting anther to the base is filament. Filament provides support to anther.
After injecting the mice with both bacteria, what question did Griffith ask him self
Answer:
Griffith performed an experiment on the mice to test two different strains of bacteria. One of them was virulent and the other was non virulent. The result depicted that the non virulent strain transformed into virulent strain through the process of transformation.
Explanation:
Different mice were injected with different combination of strains. One of the strain was a virulent one, III-S and the other one was II-R which was non virulent. Both the strains were taken from Streptococcus pneumoniae. The following observations were made:
1. In the first mice only simple III-S was introduced. The mouse died.
2. In the second one, heat killed III-S was injected. The mouse survived as the virulent portion was killed.
3. In this one II-R was introduced. Since it was an non virulent strain, the mice did not die.
4. In this he added both heat killed III-S and II-R. The mouse died and this perplexed Griffith. He wondered what had happened since the non virulent form and heat killed virulent form should have not harmed the mice.
Later he found out that the DNA of the Heat killed III-S was imbibed by the II-R form. The bacteria had 'transformed' and as a result the mice died.
Plz help I will give brainliest
Answer:
Proteins: used in facilitate transport across membrane
Carbohydrates: used to drive cellular respiration
Lipid: composes the cell membrane
Nucleic acid: used to create identical daughter cells in mitosis
Explanation:
A. In the cell membrane, transport proteins or channels are present which selectively allow the transfer of molecules. This is why the cell membrane is also known as a selectively permeable membrane.
B. In cellular respiration, which takes place in mitochondria, glucose (carbohydrate) is used to generate ATP molecules.
C. The cell membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer that contains protein channels. This makes the membrane insoluble in water and maintains the integrity of the cell.
D. The nucleic acid is the hereditary material that can replicate and transfer genetic information to the next generation.
Scientific name for Euglena
Answer:
Euglenophyceae is theScientific name for Euglena
Explanation:
They are the commonly known flagellates, that can easily excavate eukaryotes of the phylum Euglenophyta. There cell structure are found to be typical in this phylum. They can be seen in the freshwater, only where there is abundant organic matter with few or absence of marine and endosymbiotic members. It has 54 genera and atleast 800 species. They can be both autotroph as well as heterotroph. Chloroplast present in it, captures the sunlight which is further used for the process of photosynthesis. There are numerous rod like structures found throughout the cell.
what are alleles I a and I b
Answer:
The alleles I a and I b are the alleles that works for identifying unique antigen.
Explanation:
These alleles are generally found as deposition on the surface of the red blood cells. Again, these antigens are different form made from one protein. The Ia and I b alleles are found to be co-dominant and allele i is recessive. In human beings three different alleles are there, Ia, I b and I. The alleles are nothing, but a form of gene. Many genes are there having different function but are present in the same position. Humans are diploid, hence have two allele, each from one parent it has been inherited.
Mitosis is divided into phases.
A phase of mitosis is shown. The chromatids separate from each other and are being pulled to the opposite ends of the cell.
Which phase of mitosis is shown in the diagram?
anaphase
metaphase
telophase
prophase
The phase of mitosis shown in the diagram where chromatids separate from each other and are being pulled to the opposite ends of the cell is **anaphase.** The correct option is 1.
During anaphase, the centromere that holds sister chromatids together splits, allowing the chromatids to become individual chromosomes. These chromosomes are then pulled apart toward opposite ends (poles) of the cell by the contraction of spindle fibers. The movement of chromatids is facilitated by the shortening of microtubules within the spindle apparatus.
The key events of anaphase include:
1. **Separation of Sister Chromatids:** The chromatids, which are identical copies of each other, are separated as the centromere divides.
2. **Movement Towards Poles:** The separated chromatids, now individual chromosomes, are pulled towards the opposite poles of the cell by the spindle fibers. This ensures that each daughter cell will receive a complete set of chromosomes.
**Other Phases:**
- **Prophase:** This phase involves the condensation of chromatin into visible chromosomes, the breakdown of the nuclear envelope, and the formation of the mitotic spindle.
- **Metaphase:** During metaphase, the chromosomes align along the center of the cell, known as the metaphase plate. The spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of each chromosome.
- **Telophase:** In telophase, the separated chromatids (now chromosomes) arrive at the opposite poles and begin to decondense back into chromatin. The nuclear envelope starts to reform around each set of chromosomes, creating two distinct nuclei.
**Cytokinesis** follows mitosis and involves the division of the cell's cytoplasm and other organelles, ultimately producing two daughter cells.
In the diagram where chromatids are being pulled apart and moving towards the cell's opposite ends, it's indicative of **anaphase** of mitosis. This phase is crucial for ensuring that each daughter cell receives an identical set of genetic material.
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Answler:
label A = c
label B = B
label C = A
label D= DExplanation:
How does the sporophyte obtain nutrients in the lycophyte life cycle
Answer:
The sporophyte is nutritionally dependent on gametophyte.
Answer:
The sporophyte is nutritionally dependent on gametophyte.
Explanation:
About three billion years ago, single-celled organisms called cyanobacteria lived in Earth’s oceans. They thrived on the ocean’s abundance of _____ , which they used during the process of photosynthesis. Much later, this process allowed organisms, such as fish, to survive by extracting dissolved _______ from ocean waters.
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Nitrogen
both blanks need to be filled.
About three billion years ago, single-celled organisms called cyanobacteria lived in Earth’s oceans. They thrived on the ocean’s abundance of carbon-di-oxide , which they used during the process of photosynthesis. Much later, this process allowed organisms, such as fish, to survive by extracting dissolved oxygen from ocean waters.
Explanation:
Cyanobacteria is the bacteria that is primitive form of bacteria that used to be first organisms even before the present day bacteria came into existence. They were able to do photosynthesis.
Cyanobacteria used the huge concentration of carbon dioxide that was mixed with the sea water. This carbon dioxide was picked up by millions of cyanobacteria that converted the carbon dioxide into useful glucose and other products and valuable oxygen. Thus oxygen came in earth and that was used by future organisms for respiration.
Cyanobacteria thrived on carbon dioxide in the oceans and through photosynthesis, they released oxygen, which later life forms needed for survival. Therefore, the first blank in the statement should be filled with 'carbon dioxide', and the second one with 'oxygen'.
Explanation:About three billion years ago, single-celled organisms called cyanobacteria lived in Earth's oceans. These cyanobacteria thrived on the ocean's abundance of carbon dioxide, which they used during the process of photosynthesis. Through photosynthesis, cyanobacteria were able to convert carbon dioxide and sunlight into glucose, a form of energy, and oxygen. This release of oxygen into the oceans made it possible for other life forms, like fish, to survive by extracting dissolved oxygen from ocean waters. Thus, the first blank in your statement should be filled with 'carbon dioxide', and the second one with 'oxygen'.
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what is the importance of the mitosis
Answer: See explanation.
Explanation: It plays an important part in the development of embryos, and it is important for the growth and development of our bodies as well. Mitosis produces new cells, and replaces cells that are old, lost or damaged.
Order the events that occur during DNA replication
Answer:
Helicase unzips DNA to separate strands. Topoisomerase unwinds the coiled DNA. Primase lays down short RNA strands. Polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands. The new strands are glued using ligase.Explanation:
DNA replication is the process responsible for forming new DNA molecules, through the action of several enzymes and a DNA molecule that will serve as a template for the creation of two molecules.
DNA replication is extremely important and happens whenever the cells go through a cell division process, since each new cell must contain its own DNA molecule.
It is important to note that DNA replication is a process that follows a specific order of steps that are coordinated by the action of the enzymes responsible for replication. The steps occur in the following order:
Helicase unzips DNA to separate strands. Topoisomerase unwinds the coiled DNA. Primase lays down short RNA strands. Polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands. The new strands are glued using ligase.The events at the replication fork include helicase action, binding of single-strand binding proteins, primer synthesis, and synthesis of new strands. If the helicase gene is mutated, the unwinding process at the replication fork will be affected.
Explanation:Helicase action: Helicase unwinds the double-stranded DNA at the replication fork.Binding of single-strand binding proteins: These proteins coat the separated DNA strands to prevent them from reannealing.Primer synthesis: Primers, made of RNA, are synthesized to provide a starting point for DNA synthesis.Synthesis of new strands: DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to the template strands, resulting in the synthesis of new DNA strands.If the gene for helicase is mutated, it will disrupt the unwinding of the DNA at the replication fork, hindering the progression of replication.
please help!!!! very confused pt 2
Answer:
If the genotype of the parents are Iᵃi and Iᵇi, then four type of offspring will be produced.The genotype of the offspring are, IᵃIᵇ, Iᵃi,Iᵇi, and ii.
Explanation:
IᵃIᵇ = As the alleles are co-dominant in nature, so both type of alleles are expressed. The blood group will be AB. So, both A and B type of antigen will be found in plasma membrane of RBC.
Iᵃi= In this type of genotype only A type of antigen will be expressed in the membrane of RBC. The blood group will be A type.
Iᵇi= In this type of genotype only B type of antigen will be expressed in the membrane of RBC. The blood group will be B type.
ii= This is a recessive type of genotype. So, no antigen will be found on the membrane of the RBC. And the blood group will be O type.
The offspring's ratio will be 1:1:1:1.
1. DNA fragments from a gel are transferred to a nitrocellulose paper during the procedure called Southern blotting. What is the purpose of transferring the DNA from a gel to a nitrocellulose paper
After the previous processes, the DNA is blotted from the Agar Agar gel to nitrocellulose paper. This is done because in the next step, radioactive probe is added to the DNA fragments to make it visible in Xray film.
Explanation:DNA finger printing is a very important process in Forensic medicine as DNA finger printing is the only 100% proof of one's identity.
In DNA finger printing, first the DNAs are taken in Agar Agar gel on one side and restriction endonuclease enzymes are applied that will cut the DNA in particular sequences. These cut pieces are then separated using gel electrophoresis. After the gel electrophoresis, the gel is then blotted on a nitrocellulose paper so that they can be washed and treated with radioactive probes that will get attached with the cut pieces of the DNA and make them visible in Xray film. Then this paper is put onto xray film and the pattern is noted.
Southern blotting involves transferring separated DNA fragments from a gel to a membrane to detect specific DNA sequences with a complementary DNA probe.
Explanation:Purpose of Southern Blotting
The purpose of transferring DNA fragments from a gel to a nitrocellulose or nylon membrane during a Southern blot is to prepare the DNA for subsequent hybridization with a specific DNA probe. This technique enables the detection of specific DNA sequences within a complex DNA sample. The DNA fragments are first separated by size via gel electrophoresis. The transfer to a membrane makes the DNA accessible for hybridization, as the probe cannot effectively penetrate the gel and the gel itself is too fragile for handling during the hybridization steps.
The membrane-bound DNA is then denatured and incubated with a labeled probe that binds to the complementary sequence, if present. After washing away excess probe, the presence of the DNA sequence of interest is revealed by the probe's label, typically resulting in visible bands on the membrane.