Why are the atomic masses for most elements not whole numbers?

The hydrogen bonds are completely destroyed and their number reduces in a particular volume of water as water molecules are heated up.

The interactions between neighbouring molecules of water containing one hydrogen and two oxygen atoms are the hydrogen bonds of water.

In all its 3 states, water has totally different chemical characteristics. This is due to hydrogen bonding between molecules of water. In a liquid state, hydrogen bonds are constantly formed and broken due to high kinetic energy. The kinetic energy is high due to the moderately high temperature of liquid water.

When the temperature of the water is raised further, the kinetic energy of the molecules of water will also increase. At a high value of kinetic energy, the speed of motion of water molecules will also be extremely high resulting in the breaking of hydrogen bonds.

At a particular increase in the temperature, all the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules will be broken and water will turn to steam. This temperature is called the boiling point of water.

Therefore, the hydrogen bonds are broken and their amount is reduced when the temperature of the water is increased.

Read more about hydrogen bonds, here

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1 liter of 0.1 M sucrose solution means that there is 34.2 g of sucrose dissolved in water to make a 1 liter solution. This also means that there are 6.022 × 10²² molecules of sucrose in this solution.  

Molarity is a unit of concentration which describes the number of moles of solute dissolved per liter of a solution. It is calculated using the equation below:

[tex]molarity = \frac{moles \ of \ solute}{volume \ of \ solution}[/tex]

Molarity is expressed with the unit mol/L or M (read as “molar”).  It is a very useful unit of concentration because many quantitative information about the solution can be obtained from this value.

Mass of Solute from Molarity

From the molarity of a solution, the equivalent mass of the solute used to prepare the solution may be obtained with the use of the formula mass (or molecular mass) through the equation:

[tex]molarity = \frac{\frac{mass\ of \ solute}{formula \ mass}}{volume \ of \ solution}\\\\mass \ of \ solute \ = molarity \times \ volume \ of \ solution \times formula \ mass[/tex]

Number of Representative Particles from Molarity

Moreover, the number of molecules of solute present in the solution may also be obtained using the molarity and Avogadro's number.

[tex]molarity = \frac{moles \ of \ solute}{volume \ of \ solution}\\\\no. \ of \ representative \ particles \ = molarity \times volume \times 6.022 \times 10^{23} \ representative \ particles[/tex]

For this problem, the mass of the solute dissolved in the solution and the number of sucrose molecules may be obtained from the molarity of the solution.

Mass of Sucrose

[tex]mass \ of \ sucrose \ = 0.1 \ \frac{mol}{L} \times 1 \ L \times \frac{342 \ g \ sucrose}{1 \ mol}\\\\\boxed {\boxed {mass \ of \ sucrose = 34.2 \ g \ sucrose}}[/tex]

Number of Sucrose Molecules

[tex]no. \ of \ sucrose \ molecules \ = 0.1 \frac{mol}{L} \times 1 \ L \times \frac{6.022 \times 10^{23} \ sucrose \ molecules}{1 \ mol}\\\\\boxed {\boxed {no. \ of \ sucrose \ molecules \ = 6.022 \times 10^{22} \ molecules}}[/tex]

Keywords: molarity, molar concentration

One litre of a freshly prepared 0.1 M sucrose solution means that 34.2 g of sucrose is dissolved in water to get final 1 L solution.

Further Explanation:

Concentration

It is a term that is used to relatedifferent components of solution with each other. A variety of concentration terms are employed to attain this. Some of the concentration terms are mentioned below.

1. Molarity (M)

2. Mole fraction (X)

3. Molality (m)

4. Parts per million (ppm)

5. Mass percent ((w/w) %)

6. Volume percent ((v/v) %)

7. Parts per billion (ppb)

Molarity is defined as moles of solute present in one litre of solution. It is represented by M and its unit is mol/L. The expression for molarity of solution is as follows:

[tex]{\text{Molarity of solution}} = \dfrac{{{\text{Moles }}\left( {{\text{mol}}} \right){\text{of solute}}}}{{{\text{Volume }}\left( {\text{L}} \right){\text{ of solution}}}}[/tex]

We are provided with 0.1 M sucrose solution. According to the definition of molarity, this indicates that 0.1 moles of sucrose are dissolved in 1 L of the solution.  

The formula to calculate the moles of sucrose is as follows:

[tex]{\text{Moles of sucrose}} = \dfrac{{{\text{Mass of sucrose}}}}{{{\text{Molar mass of sucrose}}}}[/tex]                                            …… (1)

Rearrange equation (1) for mass of sucrose.

[tex]{\text{Mass of sucrose}} = \left( {{\text{Moles of sucrose}}} \right)\left( {{\text{Molar mass of sucrose}}} \right)[/tex]                  …… (2)

Substitute 0.1 mol for moles of sucrose and 342 g/mol for molar mass of sucrose in equation (2).

[tex]\begin{aligned}{\text{Mass of sucrose}} &= \left( {{\text{0}}{\text{.1 mol}}} \right)\left( {{\text{342 g/mol}}} \right) \\&= {\text{34}}{\text{.2 g}} \\\end{aligned}[/tex]  

Therefore 34.2 g of sucrose is dissolved in water to get final 1 L solution.

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Answer details:

Grade: Senior School

Subject: Chemistry

Chapter: Concentration terms

Keywords: concentration, concentration terms, solutions, molarity, molality, sucrose, moles, mass, molar mass, 342 g/mol, 34.2 g, 0.1 M, mass of sucrose.

Answer:

Electron.

Explanation:

According to modern atomic theory, the electron position is not considered to be discrete  or fix. We say that there is probability of finding electron in particular area around the nucleus. so this we call as that atom is a diffuse cloud of electrons surrounding a small dense nucleus.

The electron density is maximum in shells.

The modern atomic theory states that the atom is a diffuse cloud of electrons surrounding a small, dense nucleus.

The correct answer is (A) electron.

Modern atomic theory states that the atom is a diffuse cloud of electrons surrounding a small, dense nucleus. The electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus in specific energy levels or shells. This model of the atom was proposed by Niels Bohr in 1913 and is known as the Bohr model.

For example, in a hydrogen atom, there is one electron orbiting the nucleus. In oxygen, there are eight electrons arranged in two energy levels, with two in the first level and six in the second level.

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An atom of magnesium-26 has 12 protons and 14 neutrons. The number of protons is determined by the atomic number of magnesium (12). The number of neutrons is calculated by subtracting the atomic number from the mass number (26 - 12 = 14).

For an atom of magnesium-26 (26Mg), you need to understand its atomic structure. The atomic number of magnesium is 12, which states that a magnesium atom always contains 12 protons in its nucleus. This number defines the identity of an element and is always constant.

Magnesium-26 refers to an isotope of magnesium, where 26 represents the mass number. The mass number is the addition of the protons (p) and the neutrons (n) in an atom. In the case of magnesium-26, we already know there are 12 protons. Subtract the atomic number (number of protons) from the mass number to get the number of neutrons. That is, 26 - 12 = 14 neutrons.

So, an atom of magnesium-26 (26Mg) has 12 protons and 14 neutrons.

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