which process is the first step of making a protein from DNA instructions?
a)transcription
b)termination
c)translation
d)transfer

Savanna: Grasslands near the equator.

Steppe: Semiarid, grass and scattered trees.

Monsoon: Moist wind from the ocean.

Permafrost: Frozen ground.

Alpine: Climate changes with altitude.

Desert: Hot, dry, sparse vegetation.

Deciduous forest: Moist continental.

Tundra: Cold, high latitudes.

Jungle: A type of rainforest vegetation.

Tropical Rain Forest: Hot and wet all year long.

Mediterranean: Dry summers and cool wet winters.

Hope this helped!

The various climates of the world are associated with particular geographical areas. Near the equator, savannas flourish because of the hot temperatures and regular rains they experience. Steppes are regions with little precipitation and are semi-arid landscapes with sporadic trees. The climate in particular locations is impacted by the monsoons, which bring moist breezes from the ocean. Permanently frozen ground is referred to as  perma frost and can be found in cold, high latitudes. Alpine climates have different temperature patterns depending on altitude. While deciduous forests endure a moist continental climate, deserts have  dry weather with scant vegetation. Tundras are common in colder climates and are distinguished by frozen ground. Tropical rainforests are hot and humid, while jungles have rainforest vegetation. Summers are dry and winters are chilly and rainy in Mediterranean climates.

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Stem cells are the primal cells which develop from adult body tissues and embryos. These are present in the adult body through out their life. These are also called tissue specific or somatic stem cells. These are more specialised than embryonic stem cells. These stem cells are found in bone marrow, brain, blood and blood vessels, skeletal muscles, skin and the liver. Differentiation is the process where an unspecialised cell acquire cellular character which allows it to perform specialised functions. During embryonic stage, the cells of embryo make a number of cell fate decision that result in the decreasing capability eventually producing the specialised cells. Stem cells can divide and produce new cells, Hence they have the potential to be transplanted to the patient to treat medical conditions and disease. They are removed form the embryo where they exist as unspecialised stem cells and they will differentiate into any cell type. Specialised cells include many cells like nerve cells, blood cells, ovum cells etc. These specialised cells help in reproduction, energy metabolism, regeneration, information transfer etc.

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. They divide to increase their numbers and differentiate into specific cell types. Specialized cells have specific functions and collectively contribute to the functioning of complex organisms like humans.

Stem Cells:

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to differentiate into specialized cell types. They can be found in various tissues and organs of the body.

Stem Cell Division and Differentiation:

Stem cell division is the process through which stem cells reproduce and increase their numbers. During differentiation, stem cells give rise to specialized cells with specific functions.

Role of Specialized Cells in Complex Organisms:

Specialized cells play crucial roles in complex organisms like humans. They perform specific functions and work together in tissues and organs to maintain overall body functions.

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Answer: Fermentation

In the process of fermentation the 2 pyruvate molecules are converted into two carbon dioxide molecules. In the process of two NADPH molecules are converted into two NAD+ molecules. These NADPH are the result of breakdown of a glucose molecule(glycolysis) which includes release of two ATPs.

There are three fate of pyruvate molecule that is a product of glycolysis reaction.

1- aerobic( krebs cycle)

2-anaerobic microbes( fermentation)

3- anaerobic vertebrates ( lactate formation)

The conversion of pyruvate molecules in to two carbon dioxide is anaerobic process( occurs in microorganisms).

Answer:

B Fermantation

Explanation:

The correct answer is - isobar.

On this map, the lines represent isobars. The isobars are lines that closed and circular, connecting the dots of places that have the same air pressure. On this map, as we can see, is represented the air pressure in the United States.

From what can be seen on this map, the air pressure in the western part of the country is high air pressure, throughout all of that half of the country. The eastern half is more mixed, with the isobar marked with 1016 being the areas with high pressure, while all the others are low air pressure zones.

Answer:

The correct answer is "run-on sentence".

Explanation:

Run-out sentence is a sentence-construction error that occurs when two or more than two independent sentences are not properly connected. In the example, the independent sentences "a phone rang in the concert hall" and "the orchestra stopped playing" were not properly connected, because no connector was used between them. Therefore, the question states an example of a run-out sentence.

Answer:

Run-On-Sentence.

Explanation:

Just Took it on Edg

In the given case, one may suspect for an orbital fracture.  

An orbital fracture refers to a traumatic injury to the eye socket bone. These injuries are generally the outcome of blunt force trauma to the eye. There are three prime kinds of orbital fractures, which can take place:  

1. Orbital rim fractures take place in the eye socket's bony outer edges.  

2. The blowout fractures take place when the rim remains intact, however, a crack produces in the wafer-thin bone, which forms the eye socket floor.  

3. Direct orbital fractures refer to the rim fractures, which have elongated into the floor.  

The units used in the household measurement system are the foot, pound, and second. These units are part of the English system of measurement and are not as convenient for conversion or calculations as the metric system.

The units used in the household measurement system are derived from the English system of measurement. The fundamental units of length, weight, and time in the household measurement system are the foot, pound, and second, respectively. Additionally, there are larger and smaller units such as the ton, mile, yard, and inch. These units are quite inconvenient for conversion or calculations.

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1.GMO's have both pros and cons.

Pros like 1) GM crops have more nutrients, are resistant to pesticides and grow quickly. 2) Artificially bringing change by manipulating the DNA will save many years of research as observed with traditional breeding methods.

Cons like 1) Some cases of health risk like liver and kidney problem has been observed with the use of GM crops. GMOs can also affect those with allergies. Enough research is not done on health effects. 2) Higher levels of toxins could be produced with the insertion of a foreign plant gene.

2. According to my opinion, GMOs should be used to solve human problems but it should be brought after proper research being done. The most important role of GM crops is to ensure that there is enough to eat. Since the global population is expected to reach more than nine billion by 2050, there will be increasing demand for food. Although agricultural productivity has improved drastically, production might not be sufficient to meet demand unless we start using significantly more land, fertilizer, and water. Further the change in climate will make the situation worse. So under such conditions if we can use GM crops which are more tolerant to such harsh conditions and use less fertilizers then it's a boon definitely.

Answer:

Pros as 1) GM crops have more proteins and stuff, are resistant to pesticides and grow quickly. 2) Artificially bringing a change by manipulating the DNA will save many years of research as observed with traditional breeding methods. Cons as 1) Some cases of health risk like liver and kidney problem has been observed with the use of GM crops. GMOs can also affect those with allergies. Enough research is not done on health effects. 2) Higher levels of toxins could be produced with the insertion of a foreign plant gene.

Is it ethical to genetically modify an organism?

According to my opinion, GMOs should be used to solve human problems but it should be brought after research being done. The most important stuff of GM crops is to make sure that there is enough to eat. Since the population is expected to reach more than nine billion by 2050, There will have to be more food for more people.

Explanation:

Convection currents in the mantle

Our current laws of Physics recognize that heat is transferred by one of ...

Radiation is a mechanism for transferring heat through space. That mechanism doesn't really apply inside the "solid" Earth. While a certain amount of heat is transferred by conduction, the rock making up the bulk of the Earth is a poor conductor of heat.

The majority of the heat is transferred by the hot rock physically moving from the center of the earth toward the surface in the process called convection.

Convention currents in mantle.

Answer:

Chemical bonding

Explanation:

Outer most shell's electrons are called valence electrons and they are responsible for the formation of chemical bonds either ionic or covalent when atoms react with each other.

Outer most electrons hold immense importance in the type of chemical bonding an atom will go through in the formation of a molecule.

For example, sodium has only one electron in outermost shell so it is very hard for sodium to share electrons and become stable. Therefore, it never goes for covalent bonding but only goes for ionic bonding where it gives off one electron to another atom (say chlorine who has 7 electrons in outermost shell) and in this process sodium chloride is formed and both sodium and chlorine get stable electronic configuration.

Please see picture for better understanding. Therefore, we can say that  Electrons in the outermost energy level are usually involved in chemical reactions which are called chemical bonding or formation of chemical bonds.

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Sunspots are the areas of the sun where the magnetic field are 2500 times stronger than the other planets. They are not the areas of the sun that are burnt out. Thus, option a is false.

Sunspots are the phenomena that occur in the photosphere of the sun that looks like dark spot than the rest of the sun's surface. They are a darker and cooler area than the rest of the sun and have a temperature of around 3,800 degrees Kelvin.

They are the patches that are visible as dark spots because of the low temperature the rest of the photosphere. It occurs around once in eleven years and is a cyclic phenomenon.

Therefore, the sunspots are not the burnt area.

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The right option is; unsecured loan

Zachary's student loans are an example of unsecured loan.

An unsecured loan is a type of loan that is given and supported only by the borrower’s reliability without being protected by any collateral. If an individual is unable to pay the loan, the lender cannot take his or her property. Types of unsecured loan include student loans, credit cards and personal loans.

In financial accounting, Zachary's student loans are an example of an: B. unsecured loan.

A loan can be defined as an amount of money that is typically being borrowed by a borrower from a bank or other financial institutions (lender), and it is generally expected to be paid back by a borrower to the lender at a specific period of time with an agreed interest.

Generally, there are different types of loans and these include the following:

In this scenario, Zachary's student loans are an example of an unsecured loan because they do not require a collateral and it has a higher risk.

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The Answer is B) support and protection because your bones protect and support your organs.

the answer is (.support and protection )

lowering or eliminating barriers that slow down trade between countries

The correct answer is the last one

Many Preserved both hard and soft body parts

The Burgess Shale fossils are unique because they preserved both hard and soft body parts, providing a rare and detailed insight into life during the Cambrian Period.

The Burgess Shale fossils are unusual because many preserved both hard and soft body parts. Most fossils only represent the hard parts of an organism, such as shells or bones, because soft parts decompose quickly and are rarely preserved. However, the unique conditions at the time of burial in the Burgess Shale allowed for the preservation of soft body parts, providing a detailed picture of early life forms. The fossils' exceptional preservation has indeed revealed a great deal about the diversity and complexity of life in the Cambrian Period.

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So, since the trait is eye color, let's use E to represent the dominant allele (brown) and e to represent the recessive allele (blue).

I've attached a Punnett square, but let me real quick explain how I set it up. We know that both parents are heterozygous, which means that they have one of each allele. So that gave us the two sides. Then I filled in the boxes (I assume you've leaned how to do this, if message me and I can explain it).

Looking at the results we can see that 1/4 of the offspring are EE, 1/2 are Ee, and 1/4 are ee. Since the blue allele (e) is recessive, it'll only be expressed if no dominant brown alleles (E) are present. Therefore, only the ee genotype will exhibit blue eyes. So, 1/4 or 25% of the offspring will have blue eyes.

Hope that helps! If you need clarification or anything feel free to message me :)

When both parents are heterozyjous for brown eyes (Bb), there is a 25% chance their offspring will have blue eyes (bb). The chance of a green-eyed child from brown-eyed heterozygous parents is due to both carrying the green trait recessive to brown but dominant to blue.

For eye color, the brown allele (B) is dominant over the blue allele (b). If both parents are heterozygous for eye color (Bb), the expected percentage of their offspring with blue eyes can be calculated using a Punnett Square. The Punnett Square for this scenario would look like this:

After filling out the Punnett Square, the genotype ratio is:

Therefore, the percentage of offspring with blue eyes would be
25% (the one bb out of four possible outcomes).

Regarding the scenario with the green-eyed child, the correct statement among the given options is that both parents are heterozygous, having the green trait on the green-blue eye gene. This means the parents have the genotype Gg, where 'G' might represent the green allele, which is recessive to the brown eye allele but dominant over the blue eye allele.

There could be a change in the environment or there could be a change in what they are eating

Natural selection took place, causing that rats that were too small to survive in the environment to die off. This means the rats’ genes changed causing their average height to grow to better suit their environment.

Natural selection is the process by which individuals with different phenotypes survive and reproduce differently. The evolution of a population's heritable traits over generations is a key mechanism of evolution.

One of the mechanisms of evolution is natural selection. It is more likely that organisms will survive and pass on the genes that contributed to their success if they are better adapted to their environment.

It's called 'regular choice' since it's an approach to choosing creatures with specific characteristics that is driven totally naturally, contrasted with 'counterfeit determination, for example, when people breed sheep to turn out to be more wooly.

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Answer:

Option (D)

Explanation:

Scoria is an igneous rock that is dark in color. When volcanic eruptions take place, the magma comes out to the surface forming lavas and releasing various gases. These lavas due to their reducing temperature start to get solidified. During this process, the air bubbles trapping these dissolved gases get solidified and forms a rock which is commonly known as scoria. They are easily marked by their vesicular structure. They are formed at or near the surface of the earth and they are comprised of basaltic rock types.

Thus, the correct answer is option (D).

There are various types of rocks. Scoria is a type of igneous rock that forms at or near the Earth's surface when volcanic lava cools rapidly while gas is still trapped inside, resulting in a vesicular or spongy appearance.

The rock that you refer to, which is sometimes called scoria and has a vesicular texture, is an igneous rock. It forms at or near the Earth’s surface when lava ejected from a volcano solidifies rapidly with gas still trapped inside, which gives it the vesicular or spongy appearance. Therefore, the correct choice is D) an igneous rock, at or near the Earth's surface.

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MECHANICAL WEATHERING:

Mechanical weathering is defined as a natural process. It occurs when big rocks are broken down into smaller rocks. Sometimes you will hear it referred to as “physical weathering.” There are lots of different things that can cause physical weathering. For example, temperature changes and rain can both cause weathering.

Mechanical weathering is the process of breaking down rocks into smaller particles through physical forces, which contributes to the formation of soil and clastic sedimentary rocks.

Definition of Mechanical Weathering

Mechanical weathering is one of the processes that break down rocks on Earth's surface into smaller particles. Unlike chemical weathering, it involves the physical disintegration of rocks without any change in their chemical composition. Mechanical weathering can occur due to temperature changes (which cause expansion and contraction in rocks), freeze-thaw cycles (where water in cracks freezes, expands, and then breaks apart the rock), or salt crystal growth. Formation of soil partly occurs as a result of mechanical weathering, where particles such as gravel, sand, and clay are produced from the disintegration of pre-existing rocks.

Over time, mechanical weathering contributes to the development of clastic sedimentary rocks through a process where broken down rock particles are transported and eventually settle in a new location. The understanding of mechanical weathering is essential for comprehending how landscapes and landforms evolve over time.

D) laboratory experiments because every experiment needs a control and a variable.

Answer:

laboratory experiments

Explanation:

yes.

(mark brainliest)

Answer : The correct answer is -

ATP.

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is considered as the energy currency of the cell.

It is used as a primary biomolecule by cell for carrying out the processes that require energy.

It carries large amount of energy in the phosphoanhydride bond (present between two phosphate molecules).

During hydrolysis of ATP, the energy is released and utilised by cell for various cellular processes.

PLATO ANSWER IS: ATP!!(A)

The destruction of sea turtle nesting sites on Georgia's coast is likely to compel them to seek other places to build nests (which corresponds to option B). If suitable habitats are not available, this could eventually lead to a decrease in the sea turtle population in Georgia.

The question relates to how the destruction of nesting sites on the coast of Georgia will most likely affect the sea turtles found in the area. Sea turtle conservation is critical to the survival of these species because they are long-lived, slow-growing, migratory animals that return to their natal beaches to lay eggs. Given this behavior, the destruction of nesting sites by coastal building is likely to have a significant negative impact on the local sea turtle populations.

Answer B) The turtles will build nests in other places, is the most likely immediate response to their nesting areas being destroyed since they still need a place to lay their eggs. However, finding and adapting to new nesting sites might not be easy or even possible depending on the extent of the coastal development and the available suitable habitat nearby. Over time, this could lead to a potential decrease in the turtle population if suitable nesting areas are not available, thus affecting the number of turtles that return to Georgia.

Ans.

Opiates are medications that can be used as painkillers. These are derived from the opium. Opiates reduce pain as they act as CNS (central nervous system) depressants. The CNS is also associated with regulation of heart beat and respiration. Thus, the opiates also slow down the respiration by slow down the CNS.

Hence, the correct answer is 'opiates.'

Forage is a plant material eaten by livestock while roughage is fibrous indigestible material in vegetable food stuff.

Forage are the vegetable material in fresh, dried state while roughage are bulky feeds with low weight that are high in fibers.

Example of forage are leaves, stems and stalks of plants and the example of roughage are peanut hulls, cottonseed hulls.

Forage are easily digestible while roughage are not easily digestible.

Forage has high nutrient value while roughage do not have high nutrirnt value.

B. Four bonds

Carbon usually form covalent bond and can form ionic or other bonds sometimes. Carbon needs four electrons to be stable so the max of bonds a single carbon atom can form is four

Q1:1. Explain what epigenetics is

Answer:

There is a relatively new branch of genetics that is called epigenetics, which provides information that how can environmental factors or life style changes can affect the expression of genes without causing changes in the nucleotide sequences of the genes.

You can think about epigenetics as *Tags* which can switch genes on and off just like when we turn a lamp on it produces light and when we turn it off light donot shines.

So, how epigenetics regulates the expression of DNA is mainly through two mechanisms:

1:Covalent modifications of DNA through mechanisms like hydroxymethylation and cytosine methylation

2: Modification of histone proteins through lysine and arginine methylation, lysine acetylation and serine and threonine phosphorylation.

We won't go in detail of the mechanisms through which these modifications work but we will focus on the results of these mechanisms. These mechanisms turn different genes on and on and also differentiate one cell from another like skin cell is specified to perform its activity and brain cells are specified to perform their activity.

Similarly, some genes are expressed only upon the time of adolescence by promoting the expression of secondary sexual characteristics, like beard formation etc these genes are also an example of epigenetics.

Similarly, environmental factors affecting gene expression also come under epigenetics. For example, In some people of fair complexion, the production of melanin increases and causes freckles and pigmentation upon sun exposure. This is because genes of melanin production are turned on in those people under UV light. This is also epigenetics.

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Q2:Explain Michael Meany experiments on rat mamas and what he learned.

Answer:

Michael Meany was a specialist in the field of neurology, neuro psychaitry and  neurosurgery but he is famous for his work on epigenetics and regulation of stress responsive genes.

In one of his experimentation, he analysed the behavior of rat pups who were given maternal and not given maternal care. The purpose of his work was to find the relation between mother care and pups response to stress.

In his experiment he used two groups of rat pups,in  one group the mother rat was high licking and grooming (HHG) and in other group the mother was low licking and grooming (LLG).

This means that the mother of first group was more caring than the mother of second group.

Michael Meany observed that pups of HHG mothers had greater density of Glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) than the pups of LLG mothers.  GR binds to glucocorticoids, and regulate the expression of many stress responsive genes. GR has alot of importance in neurosciences by integrating the neuro endocrine glands and  alleviating the stress response.

By this research Michael Meany proved the causational relationship between mother care and stress response. It was also an example of epigenetics where mother's behavior cause modification of pups' genetics.

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3.What life style events can affect your biology?

Answer:

So, how our life events affect our biology are through several ways.Dr. Rudolph Tanzi is a professor at Harvard university who showed that factors like diet, sleep, behavior and other environmental circumstances can affect our biology by triggering specific genes on and off.

For example: the studies showed that only one week of insufficient sleep can alter the activity of almost 700 genes by triggering different processes like stress, anxiety, mood swings etc.

Similarly, if we have a life style where we feel positive about everything, feel gratitude about blessings then it has shown to positively regulate the activity of genes by causing mind freshness and calmness and more stability of moods.

Similarly, diet can also affect our biology in several ways. For example:  a diet that is excessively rich in carbohydrates can attack our genes and cause disbalance in blood glucose levels. While a diet rich in sulforaphane, resveratrol  and epigallocatechin gallate (green tea) can reverse the damage to DNA and promote a good health.

Hope it help!

Answer:

The correct answer option is: 'pollutants from a factory can be carried by the wind to far-off locations'.

Explanation:

Acid rain can fall in an area far away from its source. This can best be explained by the fact that 'pollutants from a factory can be carried by the wind to far-off locations'.

The rain sometimes falls many miles from the source of pollution as acid rain can be carried great distances in the atmosphere as the pollutants may be carried by the wind to quite distant areas.

But irrespective of wherever it falls, it may have the same effect on the soil, buildings, trees and water.

Answer:

B) pollutants from a factory can be carried by the wind to far-off locations.

Explanation:

Acid rain can fall in an area far away from its source because pollutants from a factory can be carried by the wind to far-off locations. The pollutants that cause acid rain, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, can be emitted into the air from industrial processes, vehicle emissions, and other sources. These pollutants can then be transported by the wind for long distances, where they can react with water and other substances in the atmosphere to form acid rain. This can happen even if the factory is located far away from the area where the acid rain is falling.