Which of these statements is true of the place of women in Mongol society? A. Women were expected to take care of children. B. Women could be warriors and even helped rule the civilization. C. Women had a very small role in Mongol society. D. Women were viewed as entirely equal to Mongol men.

The correct answer is B. The defeat of the British was the opposite of what other countries thought would happen.

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Answer: B

Explanation:

Final answer:

The Freedmen's Bureau helped African Americans post-Civil War by providing essentials, helping in labor contracts, reuniting families, and establishing education institutions, which were critical steps towards economic freedom and empowerment.

Explanation:

The Freedmen's Bureau, formally known as the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, was a significant agency established by Congress in March 1865 to aid displaced blacks and whites after the Civil War. Its primary goal was to help African Americans transition economically from slavery to freedom. The Bureau provided food, clothing, and fuel, facilitated labor contracts, helped reunite families, and played a crucial role in education by establishing public schools. This contributed to the creation of wage labor in the South and laid foundations for several respected institutions like Fisk University, Hampton University, and Dillard University.

The assistance for African Americans didn't stop with the Freedmen's Bureau. Noteworthy individuals like Bethune worked to create a 'Black Cabinet' to advise on racial issues, and Republicans in the South tried to transform the region into a free-labor economy akin to the North's. While struggles continued with issues like discrimination in New Deal programs and the employment challenges, The Freedmen's Bureau's impact was a significant step towards helping African Americans gain economic empowerment.

D is the correct answer.

The election of Rutherford B. Hayes led to the demise of reconstruction as power was returned to the state governments just 12 years after the Civil War. This led to the quick development of laws meant to disenfranchise recently empowered African-Americans throughout the South.

Answer:  D)Hayes ended Reconstruction, which negatively impacted the African American community by returning power to white southern politicians.

Explanation: The election of Rutherford B. Hayes to the presidency impacted African Americans in the South because Hayes ended Reconstruction, which negatively impacted the African American community by returning power to white southern politicians. In order to become president Hayes agreed to end Reconstruction. This meant the federal government withdrew troops from the South who had helped to protect the rights of African Americans living there.

(i just took the test trust me)

This is very true. When Jesus was fasting for 40 days and 40 nights, the devil tempted him but Jesus resisted and quoted scripture to him. If you would like to know the exact verse in which this happened, let me know. Hope I helped!

The statement that Jesus spoke to the devil and quoted scripture is true, as recorded in the accounts of Jesus' temptation in the wilderness found in the gospels of Matthew and Luke.

The statement that Jesus spoke to the devil and quoted scripture to him is true. This incident is notably recorded in the Bible during what is known as the temptation of Christ, where Jesus, after fasting for forty days and nights in the wilderness, was tempted by the devil. Each time, Jesus responded to the temptation by quoting scripture, demonstrating His knowledge of the Word and using it as a defense.

For example, when the devil tempted Jesus to turn stones into bread, Jesus replied by quoting Deuteronomy 8:3, saying, “Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceeds out of the mouth of God.” This and the following interactions between Jesus and the devil are found in the gospels of Matthew (4:1-11) and Luke (4:1-13).

The encounters highlight the importance of scripture and faith, showing that even in the face of direct temptation, reliance on God's Word can provide strength and guidance.

Dangerous enough. The Catholic Church didn't exactly appreciate things that Luther was saying. He questioned a serious source of income. But indulgences went far deeper.

They led Luther to proclaim 2 very important teachings as the central core of the protestant movement. The first was that Faith and Never works was the way to salvation. He saw the limitations of works and wanted faith to be the cornerstone of living a righteous life.

The second thing the protestant movement took up was that the Bible was the most important document in Christianity. This sounds like a given, but it really isn't. St. Augustine, for example and St. Jerome were held in high regard by the Catholic Church. Luther abandoned all of that by saying all a man needs is a faith in God and a direct communication with God to be righteous. [I'm interpreting a little here.] Righteous is not the word he would use. Whatever you call an individual, the centrality of the Bible let out confession.

Luther himself was not that adamant about his teachings in the beginning. He tried to distance himself from the reformation. In the beginning he was a mild scholar asking scholarly questions but in later life, he became a bit of an outrage. What made the reformation dangerous is that it divided religious thought.

The ideas propagated by Martin Luther and the Protestants openly challenged the teachings and authority of the Catholic Church, leading to the Protestant Reformation. The Church deemed these ideas dangerous as they led to religious wars, establishment of new Christian denominations, and rejection of Catholic practices.

Martin Luther and the Protestants' ideas challenged the fundamental teachings of the Roman Catholic Church, including the sale of indulgences, the need for good works in addition to faith for salvation, and the role of the clergy. Luther preached that faith alone was sufficient for salvation, known as the doctrine of justification by faith, which opposed the Church's stance and thus was seen as dangerous by the Church.

This radical difference, combined with the use of the printing press to distribute these ideas, led to the widespread dissemination of his views, forming the basis of what later became the Protestant faith. The wide reception of these views led to the Protestant Reformation, disrupting the status quo and sparking religious wars across Europe. This resistance to Catholic doctrine constituted a significant challenge to the immense authority and influence of the Catholic church across Europe.

Despite efforts by authorities to silence Luther, including excommunication, the ideas continued to spread, leading to the establishment of new denominations and rejection of Catholic practices, like clerical celibacy, by many. As such, these ideas were considered highly dangerous by the Catholic Church and those in power affiliated with it.

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the answer is Reprimand & censure

hope it helps! (quizlet helped me alot with criminal justice!)

orld War One pitted England, France and Russia against Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It was difficult, at the beginning of the war, to determine who was the worst of the warring paries, and Americans faced the conflict with divided loyalties. For many Americans of English descent, England seemed like our natural ally. Many American political leaders, most prominently Woodrow Wilson, felt a strong sense of "anglophilia," or love of England. But Germans and Irish were the two largest immigrant groups to the United States in 1917. Irish immigrants carried bitter memories of English oppression, while German Americans, not surprisingly, tended to favor their homeland, or at least not to regard it as an enemy.

Wilson worried about this division and regarded it as dangerous. Regarding Italian-Americans, German-American, Irish-Americans as suspect, he once declared "Any man who caries a hyphen around with him carries a dagger that he is ready to plunge into the vitals of the republic." Once he was committed to America's entry on the side of England and France, he began an unprecedented propaganda campaign to rally support for World War I. He hired a publicist, George Creel, to head the "Committee on Public Information" (CPI), a propaganda ministry designed to "sell the war" to the American people. The CPI produced films, pamphlets, curriculum guides and other instruments designed to "paint Germany in a bad light." It encouraged businesses to spy on their employees, parents to spy on their children, and neighbors to spy on neighbors, and to report "disloyal," pro-German sentiments. In the most ridiculous moments of the campaign, Americans banned the teaching of German in schools, tore German folksongs like "Oh Tannenbaum" from children's songbooks, changed German street names, and renamed saurkraut "victory cabbage." On the more serious side, those regarded as pro-German were hounded from their jobs, pressured to change their German names, and in a few cases beaten or lynched.

Along with this anti German hysteria, Congress passed several measures designed to supress any criticism of the war The Espionage Act, passed in June 1917, specified a fine of $10,000 or twenty years in prison for, among other things, "whoever, when the United States is at war, shall willfully obstruct the recruiting or enlistment service of the United States, and whoever, when the United States is at war, shall willfully utter, print, write, or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the form of government of the United States, or the military or naval forces of the United States, or the flag." The act also targeted anyone who shall "urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of the production in this country of any thing or things necessary or essential to the conduct of the war." Nor, under the act, was it legal to teach, suggest, defend, or advocate any of the criticisms or positions described above. This remarkable act made it virtually illegal to criticize the war or the government in any way.

This act quickly came under fire as unconstitutional. But the Supreme Court supported it, arguing the government had the right to repress free speech in time of "national emergency."

The climate of repression continued after the war ended: this time, government interest focused not on Germans but on communists, Bolsheviks and "reds" generally. The climactic phase of this anti communist crusade occurred during the "Palmer Raids" of 1918-1921. A. Mitchell Palmer, Wilson's Attorney General, believed communism was "eating its way into the homes of the American workman." In his essay "The Case Against the Reds," Palmer charged that "tongues of revolutionary heat were licking the alters of the churches, leaping into the belfry of the school bell, crawling into the sacred corners of American homes, seeking to replace marri

World War One pitted England, France and Russia against Germany and the ... began an unprecedented propaganda campaign to rally support for World War I. He hired ... incite, or advocate any curtailment of the production in this country of any ... act made it virtually illegal to criticize the war or the government in any way.

1 To create the city of  Tenochtitlan, the Aztecs dug up the lakes and placed the mud and lake material on top. This way they created islands, canals, and drained fields called chinampas. This was an extremely fertile land and may their plantations extremely fertile.  

2. The Empire was settled on a land of many resources. People there was able to farm (cocoa, vanilla, bananas, squash, pumpkin, beans, chili, tobacco, onions, red tomatoes, green tomatoes, sweet potatoes, jicama, huautli and maize) and fish widely, there was nature’s abundance that reached from the Pacific Ocean but could also be found on land: rabbits, snakes, deers, and turkeys.  These resources were extremely valued  

3. Tatars are the Turkic-speaking people, they lived in west-central Russia, closed to the Volga River, western Siberia and Kazakhstan.

4. They are nomadic societies mostly organized on clans. Women play an important role they have lots of responsibilities in regard livestock, household and land. They also share their knowledge on natural resources. On the other hand they are considered vulnerable and don't take part on decisions.  

6. Men held the role of power, herding livestock, trade development, some of them had religious titles. Women were in charged of children, milking the cattle, household maintenance and food production. Children learn from their parents according to their sex.

7. Benefits: human begun farming and settled down into cities. The worked on specialization of labor and with it new technologies came through. On the other hand when they settled down social class structure emerged strongly. Environmental implications would also be a outcome.

8. The Han dynasty crumble away after 4 centuries of leading their Dynasty to great progress on several areas such as: technology, philosophy, religion, and trade. This occurred mainly because internal corruption and an external rebellion (like the frontier war). Also the government was always short of money due to the decrease of the tax revenue.  

9. After the fall of the Han China started an era of civil war and warlordism. On the other hand the weather conditions worsened and that made everything tougher. A period of Three Kingdoms started, China was divided: North territory was Wei´s, on the south area Shu and center and east was for Wu.  

10. Confusio places special emphasis on family and social harmony. Ensures that moral virtue is a priority to organize the world. He established 5 key not to lose your path: benevolence or human compassion, moral disposition to do good, a system of ritual norms and property to act everyday, the ability to see whats thing right and fair.

Answer:

Yes, my perspective has changed on how I evaluate music. I definitely have a higher appreciation for all genres now. I used to be very interested in playing an instrument. I am not so interested now, but if I was going to I would be most interested in the guitar or piano. Personally, I would never consider or have thought of writing music.

Explanation:

This music course has led to a trans formative effect on perspective and appreciation of music and performances. It encourages reflection, evaluation, understanding, and analysis in engaging with music. Maintaining a portfolio of work has also proven beneficial in assessing growth and change in perspectives.

This course indeed offers a transformative effect on the perception and appreciation of music and performances. Over time, the learning outcomes such as being able to reflect on and write about the development of composing processes and understanding myriad musical genres have led to a change in perspective. A similar transformation is visible in the learnings from playing an instrument like the piano, where the progression is palpable from the struggle of reading music at five years old to a more nuanced appreciation and understanding of the process of music creation now.

The practice of analysis in evaluating music and performances aids in developing a fresh perspective and understanding meanings beyond the surface. The intellect demanded by this course differs from typical classes as it instigates deep and critical reflection, evaluation, and understanding. This form of active engagement is akin to that in philosophical thought, both contributing to a richer sense of identity.

Further, maintaining a portfolio of compositions provides a unique opportunity to assess growth and evolving perspectives. Revisiting earlier work can highlight the difference in maturity and polish of the work over time, promulgating an insightful reflection of the learning journey.

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This position is called a party whip. He is a member of a parliament selected by his party. His role is as a team manager. He works in the Senate or the House of Representatives. He is responsible for making sure party members vote as a unified block.

His most challenging and unresolved problem was the takeover of the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, Iran in 1978 by Islamic fundamentalists and the taking of more than 40 American hostages. Carter was unable to secure their release during his presidency. The were released once Ronald Reagan took office.

Answer:  a hostage crisis in Iran

Auschwitz and Dachau

Answer:

Hitler built concentration camps in Auschwitz and Dachau.

Explanation:

Between 1933 and 1945, the Nazi regime concentration camps for the detention of persons who were considered to threaten the security of the kingdom or the purity of the German race. The camps were run by the SS under the leadership of Heinrich Himmler.

The first camp was set up during Hitler's takeover of power in 1933, when several thousand politically oppositionists were interned. Over the next four years, there were about six concentration camps with a total of between 4,000 and 7,750 prisoners. In 1937, the camp system grew and escalated during the last years of the war. The biggest change occurred in 1942 when the camps became part of the war economy and began to supply labor to the industry. At the same time, mass murders of Jews in the Dachau and Auschwitz camps began.

In January 1945, there were about 730 camps and more than 700,000 prisoners. The huge expansion of the camp system in terms of both the number of camps and the number of prisoners was a consequence of the Germans' need for labor for the war industry and the ideological goal of exterminating the Jews of Europe.

About 1,650,000 people were sent to concentration camps between 1933 and 1945, of whom more than a million died. [4] [5] To this number can be added the more than one million Jews who were brought and executed in the extermination facilities in the Majdanek and Auschwitz camps. (The victims in the extermination camps Sobibór, Bełżec, Treblinka and Chełmno are not included here.)

The term concentration camps (German: concentration camps) had been borrowed by the Germans from the concentration camps the English established in South Africa during the Boer War of 1879-1915. In Nazi Germany, only formally the camps belonging to the SS authority were the Inspectorate for Concentration Camps, which was designated Concentration Camps. There were also a number of other detention and labor camps, but they had other names.

The German word Concentration layer is abbreviated KZ or KL.

Religious individuals and minorities were targeted by the Nazis as part of their larger racial ideology, leading to the prosecution and imprisonment of homosexuals, Jews, and other groups deemed undesirable. The oppression stemmed from the Nazis' aim to blame these groups for Germany's problems and to establish an Aryan racial state through policies like the Nuremberg Laws and events like Kristallnacht and the establishment of ghettos.

Religious and Minority Persecution in Nazi Germany

The Nazi Party targeted religious individuals and various minorities as part of their wide-reaching persecution policies during the Holocaust. After Adolf Hitler's rise to power, many groups, including homosexuals, Jews, the disabled, Romanis (Gypsies), Slavs, political dissidents, and religious minorities like Jehovah's Witnesses, were subjected to systemic oppression and violence.

Institutional persecution began swiftly with the banning of gay organizations, the burning of scholarly books about homosexuality, and the elimination of homosexuals within the Nazi Party itself. Approximately 100,000 men were arrested on the basis of their homosexuality, and around 50,000 were sentenced to prison. An estimated 5,000 to 15,000 of these men were interned in concentration camps. The scapegoating of Jews for Germany's economic difficulties resulted in egregious laws and events such as the Nuremberg Laws, Kristallnacht, and the implementation of ghettos, leading to the eventual mass murder of two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population.

The Nazis also used a blend of incentives and threats to ensure compliance within Germany. The SS (Schutzstaffel) and Gestapo held sweeping police powers, enabling them to confine anyone in concentration camps without trial, adding to the atmosphere of fear. This widespread persecution and murder were all part of the Nazis' broader goal of establishing an Aryan racial state, and anyone deemed unfit or inferior according to their racial and social theories was targeted.

Three major reasons:

1.  Economic = wanted to dominate trade with L.A. countries

2.  Political = wanted America-style

democracies in L.A.

3.  Security = Wanted the Western Hemisphere to be US-dominated

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Stereoscope, like the first vr

Answer: He helped create wars with neighboring countries to increase national pride among the German people.

Otto von Bismarck was Minster President and Minister of Foreign Affairs for the Kingdom of Prussia.  He used Realpolitik (reality politics) methods to increase Prussian power and align other German states together with Prussia into the German Empire.  (He then became Chancellor of the German Empire.)  

The main wars that Bismarck provoked in increasing national pride and unity among the German people were the Austro-Prussian War (1866) and the  Franco-Prussian War (1870-71).

Otto von Bismarck used a clever mix of wars, diplomacy, and internal policies to unify Germany and foster nationalistic pride. His policy, known as 'Blood and Iron', involved both warfare and careful political maneuvers, leading to Germany's unification under Prussian leadership.

Otto von Bismarck is known as the architect of German unification. He employed a policy famously known as 'Blood and Iron' which involved wars with neighboring countries. This was a clever diplomatic strategy combined with the use of military force to create a sense of nationalistic pride and unity among the German people.

He manipulated political and diplomatic conditions to provoke wars with Denmark, Austria, and France thereby securing the unification of a loose confederation of German states under Prussian leadership. He then became the first Chancellor of the unified Germany. Furthering unity, he introduced a common currency, standardized weights, and measurements, and promoted a common sense of German nationalism.

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The executive agency that would most likely investigate cases of espionage is the Central Intelligence Agency.

The Central Intelligence Agency was formed in 1947 in the United States and its aim has always been to protect America's national security in a post-Cold War world. The CIA mainly uses human intelligence to gather and examine security data. However, the agency sometimes resorts to the use of high-technology for intelligence purposes. Nowadays, the CIA is also in charge of studying paramilitary operations and fighting against cyber-espionage.

I would suggest that George Washington's reaction to what's happening in our government today would be to speak against the partisanship that so strongly divides the country right now.

In his farewell address as president, in 1796, Washington said:  "The name of American, which belongs to you in your national capacity, must always exalt the just pride of patriotism more than any appellation derived from local discriminations. ... The independence and liberty you possess are the work of joint counsels, and joint efforts of common dangers, sufferings, and successes."   Washington would call on all citizens and politicians, rgardless of their political party or what part of the country they come from, to work toward common cause with one another, for the good of the country.  He would not be a fan of all the bickering with one another because each political faction or group thinks it and it alone has the right ideas for the country.

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This caused great anger among the colonies as now they would not be able to access the riches of the west. This had caused a great havoc and was later raised during the American revolution.

In the movie The Gnomist by director Sharon Liese, the owl takes a quasi-mythological role as he represented a little girl that passed away from cancer, such as animals represented human roles in mythology. The details in the film that serve to solidify this role is that the owl symbolizes hope as see by the mom of the little girl, and the craftsmen that constructed a little house inspired by the little girl story.

Answer:  The book dramatized the awful living conditions in New York City slums in the late 1800s.

Details:

Jacob Riis was a police reporter in New York.  In 1888, Riis took pictures of what life was like in city's slums.  Using his own photos as well as photos gathered from other photographers, Riis began to give lectures titled, "The Other Half: How It Lives and Dies in New York," in which he would show the pictures on a projection screen and describe for viewers what the situations were like.  He gave his lectures in New York City churches.  In 1989, a magazine article by Riis (based on his lectures) was published in Scribner's Magazine.  The book version was then published in 1890 as How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York.

Riis blamed the poor living conditions on greed and neglect from society's wealthier classes, and called on society to remedy the situation as a moral obligation.

Answer: D) Institute land reform and relax trade restrictions with Europeans.

Explanation:

In the early Ming, the Hongwu Emperor forced strict restrictions on trade, but by the late Ming, the state relaxed those policies and the Ming dynasty got involved in a flourishing trade with both Europe and Japan.

Since the start of the Ming dynasty, distribution of land to peasants was a key goal, developed through forced migration, public works projects, and the reduction of the demands for forced labor on the peasantry. Some lands were given to young farmers, and it was stated that those who brought unproductive land to cultivation could own it without taxes.

The forces of Westernization penetrated coastlines, national boundaries, geographic barriers, and even mental barriers, so that by 1914 even places that were in all-out revolt against Western concepts were inescapably engaged in dialectic with them.The resistance of imperialism was manifested in the resistance of peoples and their revolutions to colonization

In contemporary history, we have witnessed several examples of the resistance of peoples to imperialist imperialism, which is only a goal of appropriating the wealth of peoples.

For many, the Marxist thought of imperialism and capitalism was conceived as an But later adopted the Marxist Communist Party and the idea of the Soviet Union, which was seen as a second image of imperialism, which wants to control and control the peoples but the Communists claimed the oppositeThe success of the resistance in the American revolution is evident, and we are in the process of saying that the breakup of the Communist Union is a successful example of resistanceBut it is not always how these revolutions succeed. In the French Revolution, which was founded on the opportunistic queen, a new American era was created, and the will of the aspiring people for freedom, decent living and the birth of Napoleon's emperors were dragged into wars and poverty.anti-imperialistic idea.

Never underestimate the power of the stupid man speaking the crowds.

No matter how many people or individuals are smart, they follow the law of the crowd in the crowd. The law of the crowd nullifies everything, meaning, sense, purpose, leads to the abyss. What is patriotism if it excludes the power of judgment if it overwhelms our mind with something that we are not?

Whether it is fascism, democracy or communism, the fascinated leaders who are pushing us towards each other, because of some higher goal, are a complex lunatic. It has been scientifically proven that all the leaders of this type, in essence, had some bizarre reasons that go into the collective and personally unconscious, as such manipulated by interest groups, and gained great power to manipulate the masses.  Every time we hear such a speech where we begin to feel hypnotized, it is not good, it needs to shake it from itself and from the head.

The best way to defend from growing fascism is to preserve individuality, self-awareness, human values, and at no cost accept any of these ideas of false patriotism and various other explanations that we are not able to understand something. Whenever we hear such a thing, we should put beyond this our universal meaning of life that we received at our birth. That sense will tell us what is true and what lies.

The best defence against the rise of fascism or any form of extremism according to the excerpt is political awareness, critical thought, and a strong sense of individual identity.

Based on the text, the best defence against the rise of extremism, particularly fascism as represented by Nazism in the 1930s, is political awareness and critical thinking. When citizens are politically informed and capable of critical thought, they can better identify and challenge efforts by their governments to erode democratic principles and implement totalitarian or extremist policies. The dangers of blind trust in government are clear. For example, philospher Hannah Arendt emphasizes the importance of resisting the identification of the individual self with the state, a key strategy of totalitarian systems. According to Arendt, a sense of self independent of government is vital in preserving personal freedoms and preventing socio-political control.

Political awareness, critical thinking, and a strong sense of individual identity are therefore crucial defense mechanisms against extremism.

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The Zimmerman Note was a note sent from Germany to Mexico asking Mexico to align itself with German interests. If the US entered the war and if Mexico opposed the US, the reward would be Arizona California and one other state -- perhaps Texas. It was a major contributor to the declaration of war on Germany by America.

The sinking of the Lusitania was another major event. When the Lusitania was sunk, 2000 people were affected.

Submarine warfare really aggravated the US. Many merchant ships were sunk.

Answer: B

The continent has a diverse range of ethnicities, cultures and languages. In the late 19th century, the European countries colonized most of Africa. Most modern States in Africa have emerged through the decolonization process of the twentieth century.

The continent has a diverse range of ethnicities, cultures and languages. In the late 19th century, the European countries colonized most of Africa. Most modern States in Africa have emerged through the decolonization process of the twentieth century.

The most common religious change among Africans as a result of contact with people from Europe and the Middle East was the adoption of monotheistic belief systems like Christianity and Islam. These religions often adapted to traditional African practices and rituals, and in some cases, blended with prehistoric religious practices.

The most common religious change among Africans as a result of contact with people from Europe and the Middle East was the adoption of monotheistic belief systems like Christianity and Islam.

The spread of these religions throughout Africa was not a straightforward process, and ancient African belief systems were not completely eradicated. Instead, Christianity and Islam often adapted to traditional African practices and rituals. In some cases, monotheistic beliefs were blended with prehistoric religious practices, creating unique cultural expressions.

Factors that influenced the adoption of Islam in Africa included the imposition of harsh terms by Muslim conquerors and the practice of slavery. The coastal Bantu people in East Africa converted to Islam over several centuries, making it easier for them to interact with Arab and Persian merchants. The version of Islam practiced by the people of the Swahili coast incorporated elements of ancestor veneration and pre-Islamic rituals.

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I'll assume that's a thesis statement meant for argument or debate.  An argument could be made on either side, depending on your point of view.  

So the matter can be argued from both sides.  Pick your side and write a strong essay!

A major criticism of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's programs to combat the Great Depression was that these programs made people dependent on the federal government.

So the correct answer is D.

Hope this helps,

Davinia.

A major criticism of the programs of Franklin Delano Roosevelt was that they enlarged the power of the federal government. Many viewed this expansion as creating dependency. The New Deal programs inaugurated the welfare state.

Answer : the correct answer is " Surplus of food ".

Explanation

A civilization by def is any complex society characterized by urban development," when we say urban development we mean having cities built ", social structure imposed by a cultural elite, symbolic systems of communication like writing system and a perceived separation from and domination over the natural environment.

Civilizations are intimately associated with and  defined by other social and politico-economic characteristics, including centralization, the domestication of both humans and other organisms, specialization of labour, cultural ideologies of progress and supremacism, monumental architecture, taxation, societal dependence upon farming and expansionism.