The answer is Virus because they latch itself onto the host
8 Evaluate If the mother swan pushes a third
baby swan in front of her, is work being done
on the third baby? Explain your answer.
Answer:
Yes, if the mother swan pushes a third baby swan in front of her, work being done on the third baby.
Explanation:
Work is defined as the displacement covers by the body in the direction of the applied force. Work will be done on the body if a person pulls or pushes the other body or object. So according to the definition of work, if the mother swan pushes the third baby and the baby covers some distance away from the mother swan so we can say that work being done on the third baby.
Final answer:
Yes, work is being done on the third baby swan if the mother swan pushes it and it moves in the direction of the force according to the work-energy principle and Newton's third law of motion.
Explanation:
If the mother swan pushes a third baby swan in front of her, work is being done on the third baby swan. In physics, work is defined as a force causing the movement—or displacement—of an object.
In the case of the mother swan, if she exerts a force on the third baby swan and the baby swan moves in the direction of the force, then according to the work-energy principle, work is being done on the baby swan.
Similar to how a swimmer doing the breaststroke pushes backward against the water and the water pushes the swimmer forward (as per Newton's third law of motion), the force exerted by the mother swan on the baby causes a displacement in the baby swan. So if the baby swan is moved forward by the push, then the mother is indeed doing work on it.
biology work im selling points pls help 50 points
Answer:
^^^ SHES CORECT IT IS "Answer: The last choice, Gravitational Pull would become weaker and weight would decrease because when out of Earth's atmosphere, objects (also animals & humans) are able to float because there isn't really a gravitational pull, and because there isn't a gravitational pull, the weight changes and it is less than it was before. But mass never changes."
Read more on Brainly.com - https://brainly.com/question/16497204#readmore
Explanation:
Part 1: Below is a pedigree that is used to trace sickle cell anemia in a family. Analyze the pedigree and answer the following questions. Use the key to help you answer the questions. Carriers have not been marked.
Use the drop down menus to complete the sentence describing the important ideas in Hess’s theory. Hess expanded on Wegener’s theory of BLANK. Hess proposed the idea that BLANK are places where crust is created
Answer: wegener’s theory of continental drift; hess proposed the idea that mid ocean ridges are where crust is created
Explanation:
Answer:
wegener’s theory of continental drift; hess proposed the idea that mid ocean ridges are where crust is created
When you drop a rubber ball, gravity pulls the ball to the floor. When the ball hits the floor, it becomes
deformed and stores some of the energy it had. This energy helps the ball bounce back. What sequence
describes these energy changes?
O
A. kinetic
potential - kinetic
potential
O
B. potential - kinetic
potential - kinetic
O
C. potential - kinetic → thermal
potential
D. thermal
kinetic
potential
kinetic
Final answer:
The correct sequence of energy changes when a rubber ball is dropped and bounces is gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy, then to a mix of potential and kinetic energy during deformation, and back to kinetic energy as it bounces, losing some energy as heat.
Explanation:
When you drop a rubber ball, it undergoes a series of energy transformations. Initially, the ball has gravitational potential energy due to its height. As it falls, this potential energy is converted into kinetic energy. When the ball hits the floor, it becomes deformed, temporarily storing energy, some of which is elastic potential energy (like the energy in a spring) and some of which is thermal energy due to friction and the deformation process. As the ball bounces back, it reconverts its elastic potential energy into kinetic energy, which is then converted back into gravitational potential energy as it rises. However, not all energy is perfectly conserved in its original forms; some is dissipated as thermal energy due to friction and deformation, explaining why the ball does not return to its original height. Consequently, the correct sequence that describes these energy changes is B. potential - kinetic - potential and kinetic - potential and kinetic - kinetic - potential.
predict the effect of a mutation that prevents the expression of aurka on a normal (noncancerous) cell
A mutation that prevents the expression of aurka in a normal cell would likely disrupt proper mitosis, leading to issues like aneuploidy. This can trigger cell cycle arrest or apoptosis, but may also prevent cancer if other cell cycle checkpoints are functional.
To predict the effect of a mutation that prevents the expression of aurka on a normal cell, we need to consider the role of AURKA (Aurora kinase A) in cell division. AURKA is necessary for proper mitotic progression, including the alignment and separation of chromosomes during metaphase and anaphase. If AURKA expression is inhibited, it would likely lead to problems with mitosis.
AURKA acts as a key regulatory protein during cell division, ensuring that cells correctly duplicate and segregate their chromosomes. Without this regulation, it is possible that cells could undergo faulty cell division, leading to aneuploidy, where cells have an abnormal number of chromosomes. This can cause cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, or potentially lead to tumorigenesis if other checkpoints fail.
However, in a noncancerous cell, the inactivation of AURKA may activate DNA damage responses or cell cycle checkpoints that prevent the cell from dividing, and thereby reduce the risk of cancer development.
Where do producers get matter and energy to live and grow ?
A) the soil
B) all of these answers are correct
C) the sun
D) the atmosphere
Answer:
B is your answer!
Explanation:
Answer:
I know it is B or C
Explanation:
Starting translation at the authentic (correct) start codon is essential for translation of the correct polypeptide. Errant translation starting at the wrong codon, or even at the wrong nucleotide of the start codon, may produce an abnormal polypeptide and result in a nonfunctional protein. Compare and contrast the mechanisms used by bacteria and eukaryotes to identify the authentic start codon during translation initiation.
Answer:
Answered below
Explanation:
A codon is a sequence of nucleotide triplets of messenger ribonucleic acids, or deoxyribonucleic acid. The start codon is defined as the first codon of a messenger ribonucleic acid transcript that is being translated by the ribosomes.
The ability to initiate the right AUG codon determines the correctness of translation. In eukaryotes, this is accomplished by scanning mechanism. In the scanning mechanism, the ribosomal subunit attached to the five prime end of the messenger ribonucleic acid and inspects base to base for an AUG using complementarity with the anticodon of methionyl indicator transfer RNA as the key to identifying AUG.
The start codon always code for a modified methionine in bacteria and codes for methionine in eukaryotes. Alternate start codons are found in bacteria and eukaryotes . They are different from standard AUG codon and are initiated by a separate transfer ribonucleic acid. They are rare in eukaryotes but common in bacteria.
Answer:
The method of identifying the correct codon for transcription is by means of the control STOP codons, which are those that face point mutations of the second, third or first position (the third position is the most imperceptible and usually goes unnoticed) they generate a STOP or stop of the process, causing a premature termination of the translation which causes an incomplete protein to be translated and, in most cases, not functional ... There are also start codons that are those that are in charge of start said process.
The start codon is not only a signal to start the translation, but it is translated effectively, so that, at least before their proteolytic processing, all eukaryotic proteins have a methionine at their amino terminus, which is the amino acid corresponding to the codon according to the genetic code. In prokaryotes, said methionine is modified as N-formylmethionine. This does not mean that all the components of the proteome possess said methionine at its end, since it is common for it to be enzymatically cleaved
Explanation:
Although AUG is the most widely used start codon in eukaryotes, there are other codons that are also valid as the start of translation. Such exceptions are much more common in prokaryotes, where GUG and UUG can be used as alternative translation start codons. For example, Escherichia coli, a bacterium in the Enterobacteriaceae family, uses ATG (AUG in RNA) in 83% of cases, GTG in 14% (GUG in the transcript) and TTG in 3% (UUG in RNA) and still someone else.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
True or False? Nerve cells are stem cells.
Halse
Answer: True You're Welcome
Explanation: Because when I looked the question up on google it said stem cells can turn into nerve cells.
Are there granules in all cells
Answer:
no, not all cells
Explanation:
some white blood cells don't have granules in their cytoplasm, agranulocytes lack granules.
A team of scientists uses radioactive carbon to label glucose molecules. The radioactivity does not affect the chemical or biological properties of the glucose molecules. In an experiment, the team places red blood cells in an isotonic solution. Then they add radioactive glucose to the solution. They observe that levels of radioactivity increase in the interior of the cell, indicating that the cell has taken up the radioactive glucose from the solution. Which observation best supports the conclusion that the glucose entered the red blood cells by means of passive transport? A. Glucose can pass through specific proteins in the cell membrane. B. Glucose can pass through the lipid bilayer of cell membrane. C. The cell expended energy in the form of ATP during the experiment. D. The cell did not expend energy in the form of ATP during the experiment.
Answer:
Option A => Glucose can pass through specific proteins in the cell membrane.
Explanation:
Ok, we are are given the following information or data from the question above that is;
(1). "red blood cells in an isotonic solution."
(2). "Then they add radioactive glucose to the solution."
(3). "They observe that levels of radioactivity increase in the interior of the cell, indicating that the cell has taken up the radioactive glucose from the solution."
Key observation: glucose is able to pass through the cell membranes because of transporters which are known as transmembrane proteins. Glucose in particular is transported through a uniporterin the red blood cells
How do you think a code consisting of so few characters can encode the instructions for building thousand of different proteins?
Answer:
Every gene has a code which is responsible for the formation of thousands of protein necessary for normal functioning of the cell.
Explanation:
In genes codes are present. In these codes have information about the formation of protein. Genes is just like a recipe book which contains information about making different types of protein which is necessary for the cell. So codes in the genes are work according to the instruction of the cell for making a specific protein. These codes contains characters which is sent by the genes to the ribosomes of the cell where protein are formed.
In humans the gene for brown eyes is dominate over the gene for blue eyes which is recessive. If two blue eyed parents have six children how many of their children will have blue eyes?
Answer:
three or four
Explanation:
if you think about it parent with both blu eyed doesn't exactly mean that because of that all their children will have blue eyes...
three out of six of them will have it the remaining four will probably have light or dark brown
All children of two blue-eyed parents will have blue eyes because both parents only carry the recessive allele responsible for blue eyes, resulting in a genotype of bb for each child.
In humans, the gene for brown eyes takes precedence over the gene for blue eyes, which is recessive. If two blue-eyed parents have six children, everyone of them will have blue eyes. This is because blue-eyed parents only carry the recessive allele for eye color, denoted as 'b'.
Thus, both the mother and father have the genotype bb. Because each parent can only pass on one 'b' gene, all offspring will have the bb genotype, resulting in a phenotype with blue eyes. This is consistent with Mendelian genetics principles, which state that in order for a child to have brown eyes, one of their parents must possess and pass down a dominant 'B' allele.
Answer the questions about the diagram above depicting early embryonic events.
1. What is happening at event A?
2. What is the cell resulting from event A?
3. What is happening at process B?
4. What embryonic structure is forming at B1?
5. What is the completed process happening at C?
Pyruvate kinase catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP in the last step of glycolysis, forming pyruvate in the process. Vertebrates have several isozymes of pyruvate kinase, which can be allosterically inhibited by compounds including ATP and acetyl-CoA. What is an effect of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) inactivation of the liver isozyme but not the muscle isozyme
Answer:
By inhibiting pyruvate kinase in the liver isoenzyme, the muscle will initiate the lactic acid fermentation process that will provide NAD to allow glycolysis
Final answer:
The effect of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) inactivating the liver isozyme but not the muscle isozyme of pyruvate kinase is to conserve blood glucose levels during fasting by inhibiting liver glycolysis, while muscle glycolysis continues to function normally.
Explanation:
Pyruvate kinase is an enzyme crucial for the last step of glycolysis, facilitating the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate and producing ATP in the process. The isozyme found in the liver, known as L-PK, can be inactivated by PKA which is triggered by hormones like glucagon, signifying a state of fasting. This downregulation ensures that when energy or glucose is scarce, the liver conserves glucose and releases it into the bloodstream rather than using it for glycolysis internally. In contrast, muscle pyruvate kinase is not affected by PKA, allowing glycolysis to proceed in the muscles even during fasting.
While ATP serves as a negative allosteric regulator for both muscle and liver isozymes, reflecting a condition of high energy within the cell, the liver isozyme is regulated additionally through hormonal signals, coupling the body's metabolic state with the enzyme's activity. Dephosphorylation of the liver isozyme by phosphatase reactivates the enzyme, which is promoted by insulin after a carbohydrate-rich meal, signifying an ample glucose supply and energy abundance.
What percentage of the weeds growing in 1984 were chicory ?
Answer:
27%
Explanation:
What kind of relationship does the manta ray happen to have with the sturgeon fish ?
Answer:
Symbiotic relationship
Explanation:
The relationship between the manta ray and the sturgeon fish is a symbiotic relationship. It is also known as mutualism. It involves two organisms benefiting from each other. The two creatures gain something from each other.
The manta ray is cleansed of the dead skin cells and parasites by the sturgeon fish while Sturgeon fish gains a food source from the the manta ray.
DNA fingerprinting is a technology that is used for many different purposes. The diagram below is an illustration of what DNA fingerprinting data may look like.
The image shows an illustration of what DNA fingerprinting data may look like. The first column shows a DNA fingerprint of a crime scene. The next three columns show fingerprints of three different suspects.
Police departments and other agencies are often tasked with investigating crimes. Which of the following describes a solution to a problem investigators face that DNA fingerprinting can help solve?
A. DNA fingerprinting can be used to treat criminals that have a genetic disease or disorder.
B. DNA fingerprinting can be used to identify persons that were wrongly convicted of a crime.
C. DNA fingerprinting can be used to identify which genes are active in persons that commit crimes.
D. DNA fingerprinting can allow persons that commit crimes to be used as animal models in medical research studies.
Answer:
The answer is B, DNA fingerprinting can be used to identify persons that were wrongly convicted of a crime.
D. DNA fingerprinting can be used to identify persons that were wrongly convicted of a crime.
What is DNA fingerprinting?DNA fingerprinting is a method of analyzing the unique genetic makeup of an individual. This technology is commonly used in forensic science, criminal investigations, and paternity testing. The DNA fingerprint is created by analyzing specific regions of a person's DNA, known as markers.
These markers are then compared with the DNA of other individuals to determine whether they match or not. DNA fingerprinting provides highly accurate results, as each person's DNA is unique, except in the case of identical twins.
Learn more about DNA fingerprinting, here:
https://brainly.com/question/14161927
#SPJ2
When you look at cells under a microscope how can you recognize cell that are dividing
Answer:
The type of cell division, meiosis, ensures. Meiosis also allows genetic variation through a process of DNA shuffling while the cells are dividing.
Explanation:
Be safe and have a day
∵∴∵∴∵∴∵∴∵
⊕ΘΞΠΤ⊕
∵∴∵∴∵∴∵∴∵
To identify dividing cells under a microscope, look for physical characteristics such as visible chromosomes during mitosis and the appearance of an actin ring or cell plate during cytokinesis. Scientists may use fluorescent dyes and certain types of microscopes to better visualize these processes.
Explanation:When observing a cell under a microscope, you can recognize cells that are dividing by certain physical characteristics that happen in the stages of cell division. The crucial stage you can observe under a microscope is mitosis. During mitosis, the cell's chromosomes become condensed and highly visible. For example, in the anaphase of mitosis, microscopic images or micrographs show the cell's chromosomes being pulled apart by mitotic spindles.
Another distinguishing feature can be noticed after mitosis, in cytokinesis. In cytokinesis, where the cell splits into two daughter cells, you can see in animal cells a structure called an actin ring which aids in the division, while in plant cell, the cell plate appears which later develops into a cell wall.
Scientists often use fluorescent dyes and light microscopes to highlight these structures, which can make identifying dividing cells easier. The type of microscope used can greatly impact the clarity of these images, with tools like differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopes offering enhanced contrast for better visibility of the cell structure.
Learn more about Identifying Dividing Cells here:https://brainly.com/question/20899120
#SPJ3
Lisa is made of _______________, these multiply and create ____________________, they group together and create __________________, which together form organ ________________, and then create an _____________________.
Answer:
Cells, tissues, organ, organ systems, organism
Explanation:
All living organisms including Lisa as used in this question is made up of fundamental and basic unit called CELLS.
In multicellular organisms (more than one cell), these cells undergo multiplication by dividing repeatedly and the ones that perform similar functions forms the TISSUE. For example, in humans like Lisa, we have the blood tissue formed by blood cells performing similar functions e.g erythrocytes, leukocytes etc.
The tissues that work together to perform a certain function groups together to form an ORGAN. An organ performs a specific function in the body. Examples of organs in a living organism like Lisa is heart, Kidney, liver etc. These organs, whose, functions are in synchrony collectively forms the ORGAN SYSTEM, which helps maintain the internal environment of an organism. Organ systems include; circulatory system, digestive system etc. Each organ system is made up of certain organs.
The collaboration of many organ systems working together ultimately forms the full ORGANISM like Lisa who is a human.
Darwin was pilloried for his theory of evolution through natural selection. ("Pillory" is a big word from the 19th century; it wasn’t nice.) He has been dead for a while now, and thus doesn’t care. But his idea is still the basis of debate today. Science supports most of his theory. Describe, briefly, the central principles of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution through Natural Selection.
Answer:
The central principle of Darwin theory is based on the fact that,
He observed that in a given population,organism usually produced more offspring than than they can naturally capable of taken care of to replace the parents population.And this leads to increase in large population.
Despite this large population the natural population remain stable over a long period of time.
Because in this population organisms compete for needed resources for survival, thus certain organisms with special characteristics or traits were able to for survive better, and therefore get the natural resources, and resist the selection pressure while others which can not, will be removed from the population. Hence there is competitions for the natural resources,
Therefore organisms that survived were better adapted, because they must have inherited the survival traits or genes from their parents. This surviving traits is caused by variation.And is is responsible for their better adaptation and survival in the population.
A s this continues the population of the survived organisms will dominates,This is because these organism are naturally selected by nature, and able to resist the selection pressure.
They are known as the survival of the fittest, and their selection advantages due to variation (caused be mutation) is responsible for their dominating population and natural selection compare to the less selected ones.
Explanation:
Why do moss grow so low to the ground?
A. They only get nutrients from the soil.
B. They like it like that.
C. They lack vascular tissue and require water for reproduction.
D. They can't photosynthesis enough energy to grow tall.
Answer:
c
Explanation:
Mutations that neither benefit nor harm the organism hav
effect on the organism's survival.
a positive
a negative
an aggressive
a neutral
Answer:
A neutral.
Explanation:
Mutation: It is defined as any alteration that occurs in the nucleotides sequence of organisms. It can be beneficial, harmful, and neutral.
A neutral mutation: It is defined as the no harmful and no beneficial effect on the survival and reproduction of organisms. Some examples of neutral mutations are humans with webbed toes, frog having an extra leg, and white kermode bear.
The mutant strain maroon-like has an X-linked mutant allele (Xm) that results in deep maroon-colored eyed in homozygous females and hemizygous males. To prove to a skeptical friend that this trait is in fact X-linked you set up a reciprocal cross against the wild type. What are the expected genotypic and phenotypic frequencies of each half of this crossing experiment?
Answer:
See the answer below
Explanation:
From the illustration, maroon-like mutant strain is represented by the allele m and it is X-linked. Homozygous females ([tex]X^mX^m[/tex]) and hemizygous males ([tex]X^mY[/tex]) have the maroon trait and are mutants.
A reciprocal cross is made against the wild type. The wild type would be homozygous for the alternate from of the gene in females and hemizygous for alternate form of the gene in males.
Crossing a wild type female with a mutant male (first half);
[tex]X^MX^M[/tex] x [tex]X^mY[/tex]
Progeny = [tex]X^MX^m, X^MX^m, X^MY, X^MY[/tex]
Genotypic ratio: 1 [tex]X^MXm[/tex] : 1 [tex]X^MY[/tex]
Phenotypic ratio: All wild type
Crossing a mutant female with a wild type male (second half);
[tex]X^mX^m[/tex] x [tex]X^MY[/tex]
Progeny = [tex]X^MX^m, X^MX^m, X^mY, X^mY[/tex]
Genotypic ratio: 1 [tex]X^MX^m[/tex] : 1 [tex]X^mY[/tex]
Phenotypic ration: 1 wild type : 1 mutant
Reciprocal crosses between maroon-like mutants and wild type flies will result in different patterns of inheritance for males and females, demonstrating that the maroon-like trait is X-linked.
To prove that the “maroon-like” trait is X-linked, you would set up reciprocal crosses with wild type specimens. In the first cross, if a maroon-eyed male (XmY) is mated with a wild type female (X+X+), all female offspring will have wild type eyes (XmX+) and all male offspring will have maroon eyes (XmY) due to the Xm from their father and the Y from their mother. In the reciprocal cross, if a maroon-eyed female (XmXm) is mated with a wild type male (X+Y), all female offspring will be carriers (XmX+) and all male offspring will have wild type eyes (X+Y) because they can only inherit the Xm from their mother and the Y from their father. Hence, the phenotypic frequencies will show 100% maroon-eyed males and wild type females in the first cross, and 100% wild type males and carrier females in the reciprocal cross.
The bones in the wings of a bat are the same as the bones found in the paws
of raccoon, though their function is quite different. The similarity is evidence
that the bat and the raccoon-
Answer:
the bat and the racoon share a common ancestor.
Explanation:
what is described in this question are homologous structures, which indicate common ancestry. hope this helps!
The bones in bat wings and raccoon paws serving as homologous structures indicate a common evolutionary ancestor. Conversely, analogous structures like bat and insect wings evolved independently through convergent evolution.
Explanation:The question is exploring the concept of homologous structures, which is a fundamental idea in comparative anatomy and evolutionary biology. The similarity in skeletal structures between the wings of a bat and the paws of a raccoon indicates that they share a common evolutionary ancestor, despite the different functions their limbs have evolved to fulfill. This indicates a common evolutionary past and is evidence of divergent evolution, where related species evolve different traits.
In contrast, structures that are similar in function and appearance but do not share an origin in a common ancestor, like the wings of bats and insects, are called analogous structures. These arise through convergent evolution, where similar environmental pressures result in similar solutions in unrelated lineages.
Three different reptile skulls with a common ancestor show that the skull changed from having no holes behind the eye to having one hole, and then two holes behind the eye.
What conclusion did scientists draw about the reptile?
Answer:
the skull evolved as the aw got stronger
Explanation:
Answer:
A) The skull evolved as the reptile developed stronger jaws.
*Edge 2021* Did the exact quiz!!
The Meselson-Stahl experiment provided the first experimental evidence that: A. Newly synthesized DNA in E. coli has different nucleotide sequence than the parent DNA. B. DNA synthesis in E. coli proceeds by a conservative mechanism. C. DNA polymerase is required for DNA synthesis. D. DNA synthesis in E. coli proceeds by a non-conservative mechanism. E. DNA synthesis requires dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP. F. DNA synthesis in E. coli proceeds by a semi-conservative mechanism.
Answer:
the answer is a
Explan:
In a rainforest food chain, caterpillars and butterflies eat orchid plants. Toucans eat the caterpillars and butterflies. Leopards eat the toucans.
Which statement describes the energy in this food chain?
Answer: it’s C
Explanation:
Answer:c
Explanation:
Genetic flow is the transfer of __________ from one population to another.
Gene flow is the transfer of genetic information between populations through breeding, leading to the exchange of genes and introduction of new genetic variation.
Genetic flow, or gene flow, is the transfer of genetic information from one population to another. This process occurs when populations of the same species breed with one another, leading to an exchange of genes across population boundaries. In essence, gene flow is the migration of alleles or genes due to the movement of individuals or gametes (e.g., pollen, seeds) between populations.
An example of gene flow is when plants from one population send their pollen via wind, insects, or birds to another population, leading to cross-pollination and the introduction of new genetic material. Similarly, when male lions leave their pride to join another, they bring new genetic variation to that group. Thus, gene flow can introduce new genetic variation into a population and is considered an important force in evolution.
why are frozen pipes a problem in very cold countries??
Frozen pipes are a significant issue in cold countries due to the expansion of water upon freezing, which can lead to pipe breakage and interruption of water flow, along with other challenges arising from thermal expansion in various materials and systems.
Frozen pipes are a problem in very cold countries because of the expansion of water when it freezes. This expansion can cause pipes to break, leading to leaks and potentially significant damage when they thaw. Additionally, the ice inhibits water flow within the pipes, preventing the transport of water for use.
As water freezes, it expands by approximately 9%, and since water is incompressible, this puts tremendous pressure on the pipes from the inside. If the pipes are not built to withstand this pressure, they may burst. This phenomenon is not only limited to pipes but can also affect other systems where thermal expansion plays a role, such as the buckling of roadways or the snapping of power lines in varying temperatures.
Moreover, biological systems are also affected. For example, vessel cavitation can occur when ice forms in plant xylem, introducing air bubbles that disrupt water transport when the ice melts, affecting plant health. Similar principles apply to the damage seen in frozen foods and the expansion concerns in mechanical and structural engineering.