Which of the following influences human development?
A.
environment
B.
gene expression
C.
hormones
D.
all of these

Answer:

i think c

Explanation:

The correct answer is C

Answer:

As the African environment became drier and the grasslands more prevalent, arched feet and non-opposable toes, both more effective for walking upright, became more common in hominins

Explanation:

According to Darwin's theory of evolution, natural selection is the main evolutionary mechanism. Darwin explains that organisms that have heritable traits that help them survive and reproduce, will be favorable by natural selection. Those favorable traits will enable organism to better adapt to their environment and to pass more genes on to the next generation (offspring). Favorable traits increase organism's fitness. In the example above, resarched feet and non-opposable toes are favorable traits that helped hominini's survival in the drier environment.

Answer:

B. ecological niche

Explanation:

Final answer:

The correct sequence for sperm transport as they leave the testes is seminiferous tubules, rete testis, epididymis, and ductus deferens. Sperms are produced in the seminiferous tubules, mature in the epididymis, and are ejaculated via the ductus deferens.

Explanation:

The correct pathway for sperm cells as they leave the testes is: seminiferous tubules, rete testis, epididymis, and ductus deferens. Initially, sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules. From there, they move into the straight tubules and enter a network of tubules called the rete testis. After leaving the rete testis, sperm pass through efferent ductules into the epididymis where they mature.

The mature sperm are stored in the tail of the epididymis until ejaculation. During ejaculation, sperm are propelled from the epididymis into the ductus deferens, which carries sperm behind the bladder, and joins with the duct from the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory duct.

Answer : strong biotic influences on species distribution - D)

A.) pressing upon the paper to make writing on papers beneath.

Indented writing, or second page composing, is the impression from the composition instrument caught on sheets of paper beneath the one that contains the first composition. This regularly shows itself when stack of paper are utilized or in some record-keeping circumstances.

It can be a wellspring of distinguishing proof in mysterious note cases and can be a priceless examination technique when restorative and different records are associated with containing modifications.

Answer:

The species richness of a community refers to the number of different species. B)

The species richness of a community refers to the number of different species.

Species richness refers to the number of different species represented in a ecological community, niche or specific region.

It simply means count of different species in  a community.

This contributes to biodiversity in a specific habitat.

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Answer:

Each kidney has approximately 1 million nephrons. Each nephron consists of 2 parts: 1. Glomerulus; 2. Renal tubules

Explanation:

The glomerulus is a capillary type branching network formed from the renal arterioles which originates from the renal artery and is involved in the filtration of blood.

Renal tubules has the following parts:

i) Bowman's capsule: It is a double layered cup like structure. Bowman's capsule along with glomerulus forms the malphigian corpuscle or renal body.

ii) Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT): It forms a highly coiled network.

iii) Henle's loop: It is hairpin shaped part of tubule which has a descending and an ascending limb.

iv) Distal convoluted tubule (DCT): It is also a highly coiled tubular region.

Answer:

E) 2

Explanation:

The energy transfer through the food chain is not 100% from one consumer to another, or from the producer to the primary consumer, but instead it is around 10%. This means that if a producer has the 100% of energy, as it is the one that produces it, the primary consumer will only get 10% of its energy while consuming it, while the predator of the the primary consumer will only 10% from the primary consumer, or rather only 1% from the energy of the producer. In this case we have 200 kg of plant material. The plant material represents a producer, thus it is the one with 100% of energy. A herbivore will eat the plant material, getting 10% of its energy, thus this plant material is supporting about 20 kg of herbivore. The predator of the herbivore gets only 10% from the herbivore's energy, or only 1% of the producer's energy, thus only 2 kg of predator can be supported by the initial plant material.

The exact amount of carnivore production cannot be determined, but it would be much less than the initial 200 kg of plant material.

In order to estimate the amount of carnivore production that can be supported by a field plot with 200 kg of plant material, we can use the information provided. It states that 60 g/m² carbon is released into the atmosphere as a result of the metabolic activity of herbivores. Since we have no information about the size or area of the field plot, we cannot determine the exact amount of carnivore production. However, we can suggest that it would be much less than the initial 200 kg of plant material.

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Answer:

B) cryptic coloration

Explanation:

The plants have developed numerous different types to protect themselves from the herbivores because they tend to damage them or even totally destroy them. The development of certain chemicals that are unpleasant or poisonous for the herbivores is one of the defense mechanisms, like the development of nicotine or the highly toxic strychnine. Also, physical defense mechanisms that hurt the herbivores like the spines or thorns have been developed, making the herbivores think twice before they try anything as they can get hurt because of them. The cryptic coloration though is not a defense mechanism of the plants, but instead it is a defense mechanism that is used by the animals. This type of coloration is protecting the animals as it managed to blend them in with the environment, thus it is very hard to spot them, or it makes their shape much different in the eyes of the predators thus confusing them.

carbon dioxide leaves the body through their respiratory system (lungs)

Carbon dioxide produced from cellular respiration is transported in the blood back to the lungs in three ways: as dissolved carbon dioxide, as bicarbonate, or bound to hemoglobin. Upon reaching the lungs, bicarbonate is converted back into carbon dioxide and water to be exhaled from the body. The circulatory system plays a key role in picking up oxygen for cellular use and removing carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide from the cells is delivered from the circulatory system back to the respiratory system so it can exit the body. This process is mediated by circulation and mainly involves the red blood cells and the lungs. Carbon dioxide is a by-product of cellular respiration and in large amounts, it changes back into a gas form in the lungs that is expelled from the body during exhalation.

Carbon dioxide can be transported in the blood in three ways: as dissolved carbon dioxide, as bicarbonate, or bound to hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin. These mechanisms are influenced by levels of oxygen in the blood and the saturation of hemoglobin. The majority of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate, which is formed when carbon dioxide combines with water through the help of an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase. This process produces a substance called carbonic acid that spontaneously falls apart into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.

As bicarbonate increases in erythrocytes (red blood cells), it's shifted into the plasma via a mechanism known as the chloride shift. Once the blood reaches the pulmonary capillaries in the lungs, bicarbonate is turned back into carbon dioxide and water which is then diffused out of the erythrocytes and exhaled from the lungs. As a result, circulation picks up oxygen for cellular use and drops off carbon dioxide for removal from the body.

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The answer here would be: D. coevolution.

co·ev·o·lu·tion

noun

the influence of closely associated species on each other in their evolution.

The given situation is a classic example of Coevolution.

Evolution is defined as the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations and these characteristics are the expression of genes passed from parents to offspring through reproduction process.

Evolution can be of different types such as- Chemical Evolution, Predatory evolution, Independent Evolution, Coevolution

Coevolution is the process of reciprocal evolutionary changes occurring between pairs of species through their interaction with each other.

The participation of each species applies selection pressure on the other resulting into adoption by those species which fastly evolves according to the circumstances and change of situation.

It is one of the primary method by which biological communities are organized leading to specialized relationships between two different species.

Coevolution interaction depends upon current genetic makeup and mutations of the species along with the community context where the interaction is taking place.

Example- Antagonistic Coevolution

The interaction of two different species allow individual species to exploit vulnerable resources or increased protection.

Example- Mutual Coevolution

The origin and chemical evolution of Earth's atmosphere is a complex combination of cosmic and terrestrial processes, which acted throughout the entire history of our planet.

The modern theory of chemical evolution states that on a primitive earth a mixture of simple chemicals assembled into more complex molecular systems, from which, eventually came the first functioning cell(s).

In this extremely complicated series of transformations several key transitions must be contemplated.

Predators and prey are natural enemies, and many of their adaptations seem designed to counter each other. Their adaptations have been characterized as an evolutionary arms race, an example of the coevolution of two species.

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Answer:

E) Their fundamental niche has diminished

Explanation:

The prairie dogs are a species that is crucial for the whole ecosystem in which it lives in, making it a keystone species. The reason for this is that the prairie dogs manage to make the soil more fertile, thus providing better conditions of the growth of plants, benefiting the herbivores, it reproduces very quickly, and it is a prey animal for numerous predators, thus it is a species that provides food in both directions. Despite the loss of habitat because of the human activities, and the demise in their population, they have still managed to keep their importance in the ecosystem, thus they have kept their fundamental niche in it and they are essential for the well being of the ecosystem in which they live.

Final answer:

The incorrect statement is that prairie dogs' fundamental niche remains unaltered. Growing neighborhoods have reduced both their fundamental and realized niches. Prairie dogs are a keystone species due to their burrowing and role as prey.

Explanation:

The statement about prairie dogs that is not true is: D) Their fundamental niche remains unaltered. A fundamental niche refers to the range of environmental conditions in which a species can survive and reproduce without the influence of competitors or predators. Because growing neighborhoods have covered many prairie dog towns, their fundamental niche has indeed diminished, as they have less habitat available in which they could potentially thrive. On the other hand, their realized niche, which is the actual range of habitats occupied by a species, has also diminished.

Prairie dogs are reasonably considered a keystone species because their burrowing activities provide shelter and protection for many other species, and their role as prey supports a variety of predators including the black-footed ferret. Their extensive burrowing benefits the ecosystem by creating shelter, limiting plant growth, aiding soil aeration, and serving an alarm system for their communities. However, the prairie dogs' association with bison as commensals—organisms that benefit from another without affecting it—does not directly describe the prairie dogs' ecological role impacting the ecosystem's structure.

Answer:

Gametes of the parents are AB for one parent and ab for the other

Gametes of the F1: AB Ab aB ab

Phenotypic ratio in the F2 generatio is 9:3:3:1

Explanation:

If we name the gene for pods color with A and gene for length of the stem with B, then, a pure breeding tall pea plant with green pods which is crossed with a short pea plant with yellow pods is:

P: AABB  x  aabb

F1: AaBb

F2: picture

Gametes of the parents are AB for one parent and ab for the other

Gametes of the F1: AB Ab aB ab

Phenotypic ratio in the F2 generatio is 9:3:3:1

9-the same phenotype as parents (AABB, AABb, AaBB, AaBb genotypes)

3-tall plant with yellow pods (aaBB, aaBb genotypes)

3-short plant with green pods (AAbb, Aabb genotypes)

1-short plant with yellow pods (aabb genotype)

the correct choices are A,C,D,F

hope this helps:)

The four postulates of natural selection are survival and reproductive success, heritable trait differences, individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, and individuals in a population vary in the traits they possess.

The four postulates of natural selection are:

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Answer:

Gram-positive bacteria have a single cell wall anchored to the cell membrane by lipoteichoic acid.

Explanation:

According to Gram stain test, bacteria can be divided into two main groups which differs mostly in the structure of the cell wall"

Final answer:

The correct statement is that Gram-positive bacteria have a thick cell wall made of peptidoglycan with lipoteichoic acids anchoring the cell wall to the cell membrane. Gram-negative bacteria, on the other hand, have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an additional outer membrane with different components such as lipopolysaccharides.

Explanation:

The distinction between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria is a critical concept in microbiology, and understanding the structure of their cell walls is key to recognizing these differences. Let's consider the statements one by one:

Option a: This statement is true for Gram-positive bacteria. They have a single, thick cell wall composed largely of peptidoglycan, with teichoic acids, which may be linked to lipids forming lipoteichoic acids that anchor the cell wall to the cell membrane.

Option b: This statement is false because porins are present only in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, allowing substances to pass through this outer membrane.

Option c: This statement is false. In reality, Gram-negative bacteria have a thin cell wall, while Gram-positive bacteria have a thick cell wall.

Option d: This statement is false as well. Both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria have cell walls made of peptidoglycan. However, Gram-positive bacteria have additional teichoic acids, including the aforementioned lipoteichoic acids, while Gram-negative bacteria have an additional outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins.

The accurate statement is option a: Gram-positive bacteria have a single cell wall anchored to the cell membrane by lipoteichoic acid.

Answer:

Neither the Wolffian ducts nor the Mullerian ducts will develop

Explanation:

SRY gene is the gene is located on the Y chromosome and it is responsible for the development of testes.

MIS is Anti-Müllerian hormone which has the role to prevent the development of  Müllerian ducts (they develop into female internal genitalia).

Androgen insensitivity syndrome is a disorder characterized by unfunctional androgen receptors. If androgen receptors are not working properly,  the Wolffian ducts (they develop male internal organs) will not develop.

So, with MIS and withandrogen insensitivity syndrome, this fetus will not develop neither the Wolffian ducts nor the Mullerian ducts.

Answer:

False (SDS breaks noncovalent interactions)

Final answer:

The incorrect statement about SDS-PAGE is that it provides information to estimate the correct size of the protein in number of base pairs, as SDS-PAGE separates proteins based on mass, not nucleic acid length measured in base pairs.

Explanation:

Among the given options regarding SDS-PAGE, the incorrect statement is that SDS-PAGE provides information to estimate the correct size of the protein in number of basepairs. SDS-PAGE, or sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, is a technique used to separate proteins based on their mass. The process involves denaturing the proteins using SDS, which unfolds them and masks their native charge, causing them to migrate through the gel solely based on their mass when an electric current is applied.

SDS-PAGE does not provide information about the quaternary structure of a protein since the process denatures proteins, separating subunits. It also does not estimate protein sizes in terms of base pairs, as base pairs are a measure of nucleic acid length, not protein mass. Moreover, SDS-PAGE cannot determine molecular weights accurately in the native state of a protein since it denatures proteins during the preparation process.

Answer:

Transcription, 5' cap addition, addition of poly-A tail, exon splicing, passage through nuclear membrane

Explanation:

After being synthesized during the transcription, mRNA (pre-mRNA) must be modified in order to be functional (mature mRNA) and exported from the nucleus for the process of translation.Modification of pre-mRNA include:

Modified mRNA can now be transported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

Answer:

Explanation:

The genes in DNA encode protein molecules, which are the "workhorses" of the cell, carrying out all the functions necessary for life. For example, enzymes, including those that metabolize nutrients and synthesize new cellular constituents, as well as DNA polymerases and other enzymes that make copies of DNA during cell division, are all proteins.

In the simplest sense, expressing a gene means manufacturing its corresponding protein, and this multilayered process has two major steps. In the first step, the information in DNA is transferred to a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule by way of a process called transcription. During transcription, the DNA of a gene serves as a template for complementary base-pairing, and an enzyme called RNA polymerase II catalyzes the formation of a pre-mRNA molecule, which is then processed to form mature mRNA (Figure 1). The resulting mRNA is a single-stranded copy of the gene, which next must be translated into a protein molecule.

During translation, which is the second major step in gene expression, the mRNA is "read" according to the genetic code, which relates the DNA sequence to the amino acid sequence in proteins (Figure 2). Each group of three bases in mRNA constitutes a codon, and each codon specifies a particular amino acid (hence, it is a triplet code). The mRNA sequence is thus used as a template to assemble—in order—the chain of amino acids that form a protein

But where does translation take place within a cell? What individual substeps are a part of this process? And does translation differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? The answers to questions such as these reveal a great deal about the essential similarities between all species.

Final answer:

Transcription and translation are the two main processes in protein synthesis. Transcription produces a complementary mRNA from the DNA template, and after processing, the mRNA is used in translation to form a protein. Protein synthesis involves initiation, elongation, and termination, followed by mRNA processing, translation, and folding of the polypeptide.

Explanation:

Overview of Transcription and Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis begins with the critical process of transcription, during which a segment of DNA is used to create a complementary mRNA molecule. This occurs in the following steps:

Initiation: Transcription factors and RNA polymerase bind to DNA at the promoter region of a gene, unwinding the DNA strand.

Elongation: RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template strand, adding complementary RNA nucleotides to grow the mRNA strand.

Termination: The RNA polymerase reaches a stop signal in the DNA sequence and releases the newly synthesized mRNA strand.

In eukaryotes, the new mRNA undergoes processing which may include splicing, editing, and polyadenylation.

The processed mRNA then travels out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

Once in the cytoplasm, translation takes place:

A ribosome attaches to the mRNA.

Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules with attached amino acids recognize specific codons on the mRNA through their anticodons and bind to the mRNA, bringing the appropriate amino acids into place.

As the ribosome moves along the mRNA, amino acids are joined together forming a polypeptide chain.

The folding of the polypeptide into its functional three-dimensional structure results in the final protein.

The answer would be letter A

Final answer:

The described experimental set-up is akin to the Miller-Urey experiment, which modeled the synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic materials by lightning in Earth's early atmosphere.

Explanation:

The experimental set-up you've described with a glass dish containing water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and small organic compounds being heated by a flame and UV radiation closely resembles the hypothesis about lightning in Earth's early atmosphere which may have produced the first organic molecules. This is commonly known as the Miller-Urey experiment. It simulated early Earth conditions and demonstrated that amino acids and other organic molecules could be synthesized from inorganic precursors under those conditions, supporting the theory of abiogenesis or the origin of life from non-living matter.

Yes I’m mommy but mom is my dad and dad is my brother

Option no. C is the correct answer.

The start codon signals for the ribosome to begin assembling amino acids at that point in the mRNA sequence.

Answer:

Option (C).

Explanation:

Codons represent triplets of nucleotides in DNA or mRNA that provide information for the process of protein synthesis. The first codon in mRNA transcript is known as start codon.

Start codon provides initiation signals for the ribosomes to start the process of translation, during which formation of polypeptide chain takes place.

Thus, the correct answer is option (C).

Answer:

C

Explanation:

Scientists can make such predictions by creating a computer model from data collected from the studies. Thus, the correct option is C.

Climate change are the long-term shifts in the temperature range and the weather patterns of a particular geographical location. These shifts in weather patterns may be natural, but since the 1800s time, human activities have been the main driver of climate change on this planet, primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas, which produces heat-trapping gases such as carbon dioxide which are responsible for global warming.

Climate models are the computer programs which simulate weather patterns over a small period of time. By running these simulations for a particular location, climate models can estimate the Earth's average weather patterns, the climate under different set of conditions.

Therefore, the correct option is C.

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Answer:

interspecific competition - D)

50% because they each get half from their mom and half from their dad

Answer:

C) predation

Explanation:

Such an insect would serve as a prey to a predator in a prey-predator relationship. Such relationship is a predation.

Predation is an act of feeding in a prey. The preys are weaker and smaller organisms which can easily be overpowered by the bigger predators.

When an insect evolves to resemble a plant twig, it is an evolutionary mimicry. Such organism that evolves must be prey. This presents the prey an evolutionary advantage for it to be evaded by the devouring predator. Mimicry is an evasive tactics.

In parasitism, one organism benefits while the other, the host, suffers from the relationship. Here, the parasite is lives inside the host. A mimicry won't apply here.

An insect resembling a plant twig has adapted for camouflage to avoid predation. This adaptation does not significantly impact parasitism, symbiosis, competition, or commensalism. In symbiosis, mutualism is a relationship where both species benefit. The correct option s C.

An insect that has evolved to resemble a plant twig will probably be able to avoid predation. The concept of resembling a plant twig falls under defensive mechanisms that organisms develop to avoid being caught and eaten by predators. This form of adaptation, where an organism mimics the appearance of another object or organism to avoid predators, is known as camouflage. It does not typically help avoid parasitism, symbiosis, competition, or commensalism directly.

A symbiotic relationship where both coexisting species benefit from the interaction is called mutualism. Other forms of symbiosis include commensalism, where one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed, and parasitism, where one species benefits at the expense of the other. Symbiotic relationships can often lead to co-evolution of the involved species as they adapt to each other's presence.

Camouflage and mimicry are crucial evasion strategies for prey in the wild. By appearing as part of the natural background, predators are less likely to detect and target the camouflaged insect. This form of adaptation has significant implications for an insect's survival, decreasing its chances of becoming a predator's meal.

Answer:

increasing the length of the DNA fragment

Explanation:

DNA gel electrophoresis is a method often used in molecular biology, for the separation and analysis of DNA fragments.

Just like the name says it is performed on the gel (e.g. agarose gel) and electric field is applied for the separation of negatively charged DNA fragments. Fragments are separated by size, length (short fragments travel faster towards the positive electrode). Results of the gel electrophoresis are visualized via a DNA-binding dye and UV light and compared with standard reference called DNA ladder.

So, changing the length of DNA fragment, affects its movement through the gel.

The rate at which a DNA fragment moves during electrophoresis is most significantly altered by changing the length of the DNA fragment. This is because larger fragments move slower through the gel as it is more challenging for them to maneuver through the matrix. Radioactive labeling or sequence alterations don't affect this rate.

The modification most likely to alter the rate at which a DNA fragment moves through a gel during electrophoresis is increasing the length of the DNA fragment. Electrophoresis works by applying an electric field to a gel prompting the DNA fragments to migrate towards the positive end. The rate of this movement is primarily affected by the size (length) of the DNA fragment. Larger fragments move slower than smaller ones because it is harder for them to maneuver through the gel matrix. On the contrary radioactively labeling the cytosine bases or altering the nucleotide sequence without adding or removing nucleotides doesn't influence the electrophoretic mobility of the DNA fragment.

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Answer:

The answer would be a fairly recent volcanic island.

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The transmission of X-linked recessive conditions like hemophilia can occur when a carrier female passes on the disease allele to her son. As neither the father's hemophilia nor the mother's status as a carrier guarantees a son will inherit the condition, the genetic information alone cannot definitively support or disprove the allegations of the first couple.

Hemophilia is a disorder caused by a recessive X-linked allele. In order for a male to inherit it, he must receive the recessive allele from his mother, who is generally a carrier but not affected by the disease. If the mother in the first couple were a carrier, it's possible she could pass the condition to her son even without her or her husband having it. However, she could also have a perfectly normal child. Therefore, the first couple's claim cannot be conclusively proven or dismissed.

Secondly, in the case of the second couple, the father's hemophilia wouldn't result in his son inheriting the disorder, as the father can only give a Y chromosome to his son. The inheritance of X-linked traits depends on the mother who, from the provided information, is healthy or if a carrier, was able to pass on a normal X chromosome to her son. As a result, the son of the second couple can be perfectly healthy, as observed. Therefore, the genetic information available neither supports nor disproves the first couple's allegations directly.

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Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive disorder, meaning the gene responsible is located on the X chromosome.

Conclusion: Passage of X-linked genes typically occurs from carrier mother to affected son. The fact that the father in couple 2 has hemophilia would not predispose his son to hemophilia. Therefore, the first couple has no valid claim based on the genetics of hemophilia.