when the neurotransmitter glutamate is applied to the neuron, how does its activity change?

Answers

Answer 1
Final answer:

Glutamate binding to receptors on a neuron results in increased neuronal activity through depolarization and can enhance synaptic strength, crucial for learning and memory. However, overactivation of these receptors may lead to excitotoxicity, contributing to neuron damage.

Explanation:

When the neurotransmitter glutamate is applied to a neuron, it causes significant changes in the neuron's activity. Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), mediating fast synaptic transmission. Upon its release, glutamate crosses the synaptic cleft and binds to specific glutamate receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, which include both ionotropic receptors like AMPA, NMDA, and Kainate, and metabotropic receptors.

Activation of ionotropic receptors by glutamate causes rapid depolarization by allowing the influx of sodium (Na⁺) ions, potentially leading to an action potential if the depolarization reaches a certain threshold. NMDA receptors, additionally, play a significant role in the modulation of synaptic plasticity and memory when their calcium (Ca²⁺) channels are activated following membrane depolarization.

This increase in extracellular glutamate concentration and subsequent receptor activation reinforces the synaptic connection between neurons, which is essential for processes such as learning, memory, and cognition. However, excessive activation of glutamate receptors can lead to excitotoxicity, potentially resulting in neuron damage or death, a phenomenon implicated in various neurodegenerative disorders.


Related Questions

What did Mendel do that made his predictions so accurate?



PLEASE HELP!!!

Answers

by studying various pea plants

Drew has musically talented grandparents and great-grandparents. in addition to having musical genes, drew is raised in a musically enriched environment. he develops into a talented composer. which branch of psychology would explain this interaction between genetics and environment?

Answers

The branch of psychology that explains the interaction between genetics and environment on our behavior is Behavioral Psychology. This interaction is most commonly referred to as Nature vs Nurture. In this case, Drew's behavior is influenced by both his genetic make up and his environmental details.

Describe the process of diffusion, including a detailed explanation of equilibrium.

Answers

Diffusion is a process of desintegration or disolution. Equilibrium is where all states are equal. Equilibrium works here too, but too many invisible forces drag it into chaos. Equilibrium means less invisible chaos.

Proteins are long chains of amino acids, but they don’t stay as just long winding chains. What happens to their shape and why? Explain

Answers

The instruction for how they will fold their 3D shape is encoded in their unique amino acid structure. This will occur because both bonding between the peptide backbone or secondary structure as well as many kinds of covalent and non-covalent interaction between the tertiary structure or the side chains.
Final answer:

Proteins fold into three-dimensional shapes after synthesis due to various chemical interactions within the protein and the properties of the surrounding cellular environment. This process is crucial because the shape significantly determines a protein's function. Misfolding could cause dysfunctional proteins and lead to diseases.

Explanation:

After proteins are synthesized as long chains of amino acids, they do not remain as linear structures but rather fold into specific three-dimensional shapes. This process, called protein folding, is crucial because the shape of a protein determines its function within an organism. Factors like chemical interactions within the protein, the protein’s sequence of amino acids, and the surrounding environment of the cell, contribute to the protein folding pattern. The bonding and interactions between the amino acids within the protein, such as hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and van der Waals interactions, lead the protein to take on a stable structure, which is often a 3D shape, like a globular or fibrous form. Misfolding of proteins can lead to the dysfunction of the protein, resulting in diseases like Alzheimer's or Cystic fibrosis.

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If a non english speaking patient come to the office without an interpreter what should the medical assistant do

Answers

Generally an interpreter is needed to translate what a non English speaking person comes for any medical assistance. If a non English speaking patient comes without an interpreter then attempt should be made to find someone who can communicate. The medical office should hire a bilingual office staff to avoid such situation.
The medical assistant can ask someone to help communicate with the non English patient or advice the patient to come with an interpreter.

Which of the following is an example of dessecation?

seaweed floating on the surface of the ocean
a fish swimming out to deeper water during low tide
a sand dollar drying out during low tide
a crab being washed out to sea during high tide

Answers

Do you mean desiccation? If so, then a sand dollar drying out during low tide would be your answer. Desiccation refers to extreme dryness, or the process of drying out.

Which of Steno’s principles is responsible for the thin undisturbed layers found in the Grand Canyon?

A.principle of superposition

B.principle of original horizontality

C.principle of original lateral continuity

D.principle of faunal succession

Answers

Its is C that is ur answer because I did it so if u needed help there you go

I believe that the answer is C. Thanks!

The function of tunica externa is to ________.

Answers

The tunica externa (New Latin "outer coat"), also known as the tunica adventitia (New Latin "additional coat")(or adventitia for short), is the outermost tunica (layer) of a blood vessel, surrounding the tunica media. It is mainly composed of collagen and, in arteries, is supported by external elastic lamina.
to protect and/or reinforce the blood vessels  

In long term why is it important to reduce demands for timber

Answers

The correct answer is

A.

Lower demand will prevent large increases in timber prices

________________ is/are always present in an individual's blood. however, in the absence of infection, it is in an inactive form. ________________ is/are always present in an individual's blood. however, in the absence of infection, it is in an inactive form. cytokines kinins histamine prostaglandins

Answers

Kinins are always present in an individual's blood. however, in the absence of infection, it is in an inactive form. The kinins are polypeptides that as blood components generate various mediators and many cardinal manifestations of inflammation.

PLEASE HELP ME !!!!!!!!!
How do the light reactions provide energy for the dark reactions?
(Be sure to name any important molecules that are used)

Answers

Dark reactions make use of these organic energy molecules (ATP and NADPH). Thisreaction cycle is also called Calvin Benison Cycle, and it occurs in the stroma. ATP provides the energy while NADPH provides the electrons required to fix the CO2 (carbon dioxide) into carbohydrates.
Well the water molecules connect to the light molecules and then when that happens the water molecules cover the light and makes a dark reaction

Minerals made up of a single element are sometimes called _____.
a.sheet minerals
b.native elements
c.silicate minerals
d.independent tetrahedral elements

Answers

b.native elements. trust me i took this quiz

When the sun heats up the surface of a puddle of water, the water

Answers

When the sun heats up the surface of a puddle of water, the water receives energy from the sun causing the molecules to move faster and eventually turn to gas.
I hope this is the answer you're looking for and please, correct me if I'm wrong.

The sun's energy causes puddles of water to undergo evaporation, turning the water into vapor which enters the atmosphere and can lead to precipitation, an essential part of the water cycle.

When the sun heats up the surface of a puddle of water, the process that occurs is known as evaporation. This energy from the sun causes the surface water to change from liquid to gas form, resulting in water vapor. This vapor then accumulates in the atmosphere, can lead to cloud formation, and ultimately, precipitation such as rain or snow. This process is a critical component of the water cycle, which includes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth.

In simpler terms, the energy from the sun will cause puddles to gradually disappear as the water becomes vapor and joins the water cycle. This evaporation can happen not only to puddles but also to other bodies of water like lakes, streams, and oceans. The rate of evaporation increases with higher temperatures and depends on the amount of moisture already present in the air.

One of the first recorded uses of forensic entomology being used in a criminal case happened in what time period?

900 BCE
1000 AD
1850s
1970s

Answers

THe 1850s is the most logical answer

The first recorded use of forensic entomology in a criminal case is said to have occurred in 1235 AD. Hence, the correct option is B.

This historic event happened in a Chinese text titled The Washing Away of Wrongs by Song Ci, which describes how an investigation determined which farm implement killed a person by observing which one attracted flies. Though none of the options provided in the question accurately match this historical event, the question may be referring to a commonly cited example of forensic science application in history, emphasizing the long-standing relationship between law enforcement and the study of insects.

Which of the following occurs in the matrix of a mitochondrion? ETC glycolysis Krebs cycle carbon fixation

Answers

The answer should be the Krebs Cycle. Hope this helped!

Which of the following occurs in the matrix of a mitochondrion?

A) ETC

B) glycolysis

C) Krebs cycle<=YOUR ANSWER

D) carbon fixation

A first-time mother informs the nurse that she is unable to breastfeed her newborn through the day as she is usually away at work. she adds that she wants to express her breast milk and store it for her newborn to have later. what instruction would be correct to offer the mother to ensure the safety of the stored expressed breast milk?

Answers

Breast milk must be stored in the fridge or freezer in order to avoid pathogens in the milk. Breast milk stored at room temperature for long periods of time can spoil and present an unsafe food source for the baby. Breast milk that is frozen will remain safe for a longer period of time than it would in the fridge. Do not use breast milk that has been in the fridge for several days.

Which group contains only organs in a human body?

Answers

The group that contains only organs in a human body is: heart, brain, and skin.

The group that contains only organs in a human body is: heart, brain, and skin, major role of heart in our body is pumping blood from the lungs to different of the body sections.

What are different organs in human body?

In the initial stage, the deoxygenated blood gathered in the right atrium and pushed to the lungs via the right ventricle through a valve called tricuspid valve.

Following the expiration of carbon dioxide, the clean, newly oxygenated blood is gathered in the left atrium and transmitted via the mitral valve to the left ventricle, where it is subsequently transferred to the body's tissues.

The pulmonary semilunar valve allows blood to move from the right atrium to the right ventricle.

Therefore, the pulmonary vein transfers the oxygenated blood to the left atrium, where it is then sent to the left ventricle, where it is then moved by the aortic semilunar valve to the aorta and finally to the capillaries.

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Which observation would be evidence that heat was transferred by radiation?
A) A person feels colder when the wind is blowing.
B) A pan on a stove heats up the food placed in it.
C) Warm air in the kitchen rises to the second floor of the house.
D) A car with the windows rolled up gets very hot on a summer day.

Answers

I think it is D, but read the other person's explanation.

Answer: D) A car with the windows rolled up gets very hot on a summer day.

A radiation can be defined as the transmission of energy in the form of waves, particles or rays through space or through a material medium. A radiation is being transmitted from one source till it reaches it's destination. A radiation transfers heat energy. A car with the windows rolled up gets very hot on a summer day would be evidence that heat was transferred by radiation because the glass pane of the window of the car being transparent will absorb the heat energy coming from the solar radiation.  

What is one function of plant stems?

Answers

it moves the water from the roots up to the leaves 

Answer:

The plant stem has a function in transportation of water from the roots to the leaves. The xylem vessels present in the stem conducts water by the application of adhesive forces. The water molecules gets adhere to the walls of the xylem vessels, the water is being taken up by the capillary action against the force of gravity exerted by the earth.

Tropical savanna is being converted to ________ biome because of overgrazing, loss of grasses and erosion.

Answers

Tropical Savanna is being converted to a desert biome. When the surface level begins to face advanced erosion, there is less vegetation to hold water in their roots. As the top layer continues to dry out, any new seed being brought in naturally will not be able to grow due to a lack of moisture.

What are the four classes of biological macromolecules?

Answers

the 4 classes of biological macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.

During the adolescent growth spurt, what is the last part(s) of the body to grow?

Answers

The torso is the last part of the body to grow.

What is the name given to the three bases in a messenger rna that bind to the anticodon of trna to specify an amino acid placement in a protein?

Answers

Those are called codons. Hope this helps!

What is the correct order of steps in muscle contraction?

Answers

step.B power stroke myosin head pivots pulling the actin filament toward  the center step C cross the bridge  detaches when a new atp binds with the myosin   i think these are the right step 

Describe three characteristics of a sperm cell.

Answers

White, warm, and sticky...

Hello There!

Three characteristics are:

- Oval shaped head
- Nucleus in the head
- It has a tail to move around (swim)

Hope This Helps You!
Good Luck :) 

- Hannah ❤ 

The nurse instructs a pregnant woman in labor that she must avoid lying on her back. the nurse bases this instruction on the information that the supine position is primarily avoided because it can do what?

Answers

The supine position - lying on your back - is the traditional method of giving birth that is so often depicted in movies. This position, however, has many detrimental effects and is often not advisable for pregnant women in labor. The position can lead to longer labor, which puts stress on the baby. It makes contractions more painful and less effective, which is what extends the time of labor. It also reduces flow of blood and oxygen to the baby, which is not safe. Additionally, it increases the risk of tearing. Anatomically, it is not the best position because it causes one to be pushing the baby up instead of down and it causes the birth canal to narrow.

The mutation resulting in sickle cell disease changes one base pair of dna so that a codon now codes for a different amino acid, making it an example of a ________.

Answers

The mutation resulting in sickle cell disease changes one base pair of DNA so that a codon now codes for a different amino acid, making it an example of a missense mutation. Missense mutation is the mutation characterized with changes in one base pair so that the whole amino acid is changed.

Most starch stored in cells of a potatoe is composed of molecules that originally entered cells as

Answers

Most starch stored in cells of a potato is composed of molecules that originally entered cells as Simple sugars.

I hope this helps!

Answer: Sugars

Explanation:

The process by which the plants make food is photosynthesis. This is done in order to produce carbohydrates which is in the form of glucose when formed.

The potato is stored form of starch in the plant body. The sugars in the plants is first used then it is stored in the plant body for further use.

The starch in the plant body is stored at different places in the plant body. In the roots, stems and flowers.

All these were in the form of sugar in the plant body just after photosynthesis.

Which situation suggests that an experiment has reliable results? A. The experiment uses a very simple procedure. B. The experiment can be repeated with the same outcome. C. The experiment generates ideas for new experiments. D. The experiment supports the hypothesis.

Answers

It's b because you need to know if your data is reliable.

Final answer:

An experiment has reliable results when it can be repeated with the same outcome, which demonstrates replicability—a key aspect of the scientific method that builds confidence in the findings. The situation suggesting that an experiment has reliable results is: B. The experiment can be repeated with the same outcome.

Explanation:

The situation that suggests an experiment has reliable results is when the experiment can be repeated with the same outcome, which is option B. This concept is known as replicability or repetition, and it is a fundamental principle in scientific research. Replicability ensures that the experiment was conducted correctly, and the conclusions drawn from the results are reasonable. It indicates that the observed effects are due to the experimental treatment and not random chance or other variables. Listing the apparatus and method also help in ensuring that other researchers can repeat the experiment to verify results, improve it, or conduct variations on the experiment. The scientific method, including the design of experiments, is geared towards obtaining results that can be replicated, which builds confidence in the findings and supports the conclusions drawn from the research.

A nurse is developing a plan to teach a mother how to reduce her infant's risk of developing otitis media. which direction should the nurse include in the teaching plan?

Answers

The answer to this question would be: Place the baby in an upright position when giving a bottle.

Otitis media is an inflammation of the middle part of the ear. This part normally can't be reached from the external ear because there is a tympanic membrane that acts as a barrier. But it can be reached from the nasopharynx since it was connected to the ear by eustachian tube. 
Putting the baby in an upright position will lower the risk of fluid got stuck inside the middle ear.
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