c because the elasticity of arteries allow them to expand and contain more blood in them.
Hope this helps :)
An insect that has evolved to resemble a plant twig will probably be able to avoid A) parasitism. B) symbiosis. C) predation. D) competition. E) commensalism.
Answer:
C) predation
Explanation:
Such an insect would serve as a prey to a predator in a prey-predator relationship. Such relationship is a predation.
Predation is an act of feeding in a prey. The preys are weaker and smaller organisms which can easily be overpowered by the bigger predators.
When an insect evolves to resemble a plant twig, it is an evolutionary mimicry. Such organism that evolves must be prey. This presents the prey an evolutionary advantage for it to be evaded by the devouring predator. Mimicry is an evasive tactics.
In parasitism, one organism benefits while the other, the host, suffers from the relationship. Here, the parasite is lives inside the host. A mimicry won't apply here.
An insect resembling a plant twig has adapted for camouflage to avoid predation. This adaptation does not significantly impact parasitism, symbiosis, competition, or commensalism. In symbiosis, mutualism is a relationship where both species benefit. The correct option s C.
An insect that has evolved to resemble a plant twig will probably be able to avoid predation. The concept of resembling a plant twig falls under defensive mechanisms that organisms develop to avoid being caught and eaten by predators. This form of adaptation, where an organism mimics the appearance of another object or organism to avoid predators, is known as camouflage. It does not typically help avoid parasitism, symbiosis, competition, or commensalism directly.
A symbiotic relationship where both coexisting species benefit from the interaction is called mutualism. Other forms of symbiosis include commensalism, where one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed, and parasitism, where one species benefits at the expense of the other. Symbiotic relationships can often lead to co-evolution of the involved species as they adapt to each other's presence.
Camouflage and mimicry are crucial evasion strategies for prey in the wild. By appearing as part of the natural background, predators are less likely to detect and target the camouflaged insect. This form of adaptation has significant implications for an insect's survival, decreasing its chances of becoming a predator's meal.
Consider a field plot containing 200 kg of plant material. Approximately how many kg of carnivore production can be supported? A) 200 B) 100 C) 20 D) 10 E) 2
Answer:
E) 2
Explanation:
The energy transfer through the food chain is not 100% from one consumer to another, or from the producer to the primary consumer, but instead it is around 10%. This means that if a producer has the 100% of energy, as it is the one that produces it, the primary consumer will only get 10% of its energy while consuming it, while the predator of the the primary consumer will only 10% from the primary consumer, or rather only 1% from the energy of the producer. In this case we have 200 kg of plant material. The plant material represents a producer, thus it is the one with 100% of energy. A herbivore will eat the plant material, getting 10% of its energy, thus this plant material is supporting about 20 kg of herbivore. The predator of the herbivore gets only 10% from the herbivore's energy, or only 1% of the producer's energy, thus only 2 kg of predator can be supported by the initial plant material.
The exact amount of carnivore production cannot be determined, but it would be much less than the initial 200 kg of plant material.
Explanation:In order to estimate the amount of carnivore production that can be supported by a field plot with 200 kg of plant material, we can use the information provided. It states that 60 g/m² carbon is released into the atmosphere as a result of the metabolic activity of herbivores. Since we have no information about the size or area of the field plot, we cannot determine the exact amount of carnivore production. However, we can suggest that it would be much less than the initial 200 kg of plant material.
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Which of the following is an appropriate problem statement for a science experiment?
A. The effect of microplastic on the gut of small fish is unknown to humans.
B. What is microplastic?
C. What is the effect of microplastic on the digestion processes of small fish?
D. Microplastic causes problems for coral reefs and we want to know exactly what problems are caused.
Answer:
i think c
Explanation:
The correct answer is C
Which best describes indented writing in a forged document?
A.) pressing upon the paper to make writing on papers beneath
B.) changing characters with ink of a similar color
C.) covering the original test with a material
D.) eliminating the original text or signature with a razor blade
~I am thinking A but I am not sure if I am correct.
A.) pressing upon the paper to make writing on papers beneath.
Explanation:Indented writing, or second page composing, is the impression from the composition instrument caught on sheets of paper beneath the one that contains the first composition. This regularly shows itself when stack of paper are utilized or in some record-keeping circumstances.
It can be a wellspring of distinguishing proof in mysterious note cases and can be a priceless examination technique when restorative and different records are associated with containing modifications.
All of the following represent ways that animals defend themselves against predators except A) incorporating plant toxins into their tissues. B) cryptic coloration. C) mobbing. D) interspecific competition. E) hiding or fleeing.
Answer:
interspecific competition - D)
What is the function of the start codon of an mRNA sequence?
A. The start codon acts as a checkpoint in the eukaryotic cell cycle.
B. The start codon protects the mRNA from being degraded.
C. The start codon signals for the ribosome to begin assembling amino acids at that point in the mRNA sequence.
D. The start codon signals for the ribosome to release the mRNA sequence.
Option no. C is the correct answer.
The start codon signals for the ribosome to begin assembling amino acids at that point in the mRNA sequence.
Answer:
Option (C).
Explanation:
Codons represent triplets of nucleotides in DNA or mRNA that provide information for the process of protein synthesis. The first codon in mRNA transcript is known as start codon.
Start codon provides initiation signals for the ribosomes to start the process of translation, during which formation of polypeptide chain takes place.
Thus, the correct answer is option (C).
Which of the following modifications is most likely to alter the rate at which a DNA fragment moves through a gel during electrophoresis? radioactively labeling the cytosine bases within the DNA fragment increasing the length of the DNA fragment leaving the length of the DNA fragment the same altering the nucleotide sequence of the DNA fragment without adding or removing nucleotides
Answer:
increasing the length of the DNA fragment
Explanation:
DNA gel electrophoresis is a method often used in molecular biology, for the separation and analysis of DNA fragments.
Just like the name says it is performed on the gel (e.g. agarose gel) and electric field is applied for the separation of negatively charged DNA fragments. Fragments are separated by size, length (short fragments travel faster towards the positive electrode). Results of the gel electrophoresis are visualized via a DNA-binding dye and UV light and compared with standard reference called DNA ladder.
So, changing the length of DNA fragment, affects its movement through the gel.
The rate at which a DNA fragment moves during electrophoresis is most significantly altered by changing the length of the DNA fragment. This is because larger fragments move slower through the gel as it is more challenging for them to maneuver through the matrix. Radioactive labeling or sequence alterations don't affect this rate.
Explanation:The modification most likely to alter the rate at which a DNA fragment moves through a gel during electrophoresis is increasing the length of the DNA fragment. Electrophoresis works by applying an electric field to a gel prompting the DNA fragments to migrate towards the positive end. The rate of this movement is primarily affected by the size (length) of the DNA fragment. Larger fragments move slower than smaller ones because it is harder for them to maneuver through the gel matrix. On the contrary radioactively labeling the cytosine bases or altering the nucleotide sequence without adding or removing nucleotides doesn't influence the electrophoretic mobility of the DNA fragment.
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Scientists say that climate data from nine different countries indicate that every country will be hit with major climate changes during this century. How can scientists make such predictions?
A) by talking to local weather stations
B) by analyzing layers deep within Earth
C) by creating a computer model from data collected
D) by compiling weather forecasts from each country
Answer:
C
Explanation:
Scientists can make such predictions by creating a computer model from data collected from the studies. Thus, the correct option is C.
What evidence indicate climate change?Climate change are the long-term shifts in the temperature range and the weather patterns of a particular geographical location. These shifts in weather patterns may be natural, but since the 1800s time, human activities have been the main driver of climate change on this planet, primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas, which produces heat-trapping gases such as carbon dioxide which are responsible for global warming.
Climate models are the computer programs which simulate weather patterns over a small period of time. By running these simulations for a particular location, climate models can estimate the Earth's average weather patterns, the climate under different set of conditions.
Therefore, the correct option is C.
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Which of the following is not an example of a plant defense against herbivory? A) nicotine B) cryptic coloration C) spines D) thorns E) strychnine
Answer:
B) cryptic coloration
Explanation:
The plants have developed numerous different types to protect themselves from the herbivores because they tend to damage them or even totally destroy them. The development of certain chemicals that are unpleasant or poisonous for the herbivores is one of the defense mechanisms, like the development of nicotine or the highly toxic strychnine. Also, physical defense mechanisms that hurt the herbivores like the spines or thorns have been developed, making the herbivores think twice before they try anything as they can get hurt because of them. The cryptic coloration though is not a defense mechanism of the plants, but instead it is a defense mechanism that is used by the animals. This type of coloration is protecting the animals as it managed to blend them in with the environment, thus it is very hard to spot them, or it makes their shape much different in the eyes of the predators thus confusing them.
The species richness of a community refers to the A) number of food chains. B) number of different species. C) energy content of all species. D) relative numbers of individuals in each species. E) total number of all organisms.
Answer:
The species richness of a community refers to the number of different species. B)
The species richness of a community refers to the number of different species.
What is species richness ?Species richness refers to the number of different species represented in a ecological community, niche or specific region.
It simply means count of different species in a community.
This contributes to biodiversity in a specific habitat.
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In peas, the allele for green pods is dominant over the allele for yellow pods. Also, the allele for tall stem length is dominant over that for short stem length. These genes are unlinked. A pure breeding tall pea plant with green pods is crossed with a short pea plant with yellow pods. Write the genotypes of the pea plants and their gametes in the P, F1, and F2 generations. Draw the chromosomes. Use a Punnett square to figure out the phenotypic ratios (the proportion of pea plants with a given phenotype) in the F2 generation.
Answer:
Gametes of the parents are AB for one parent and ab for the other
Gametes of the F1: AB Ab aB ab
Phenotypic ratio in the F2 generatio is 9:3:3:1
Explanation:
If we name the gene for pods color with A and gene for length of the stem with B, then, a pure breeding tall pea plant with green pods which is crossed with a short pea plant with yellow pods is:
P: AABB x aabb
F1: AaBb
F2: picture
Gametes of the parents are AB for one parent and ab for the other
Gametes of the F1: AB Ab aB ab
Phenotypic ratio in the F2 generatio is 9:3:3:1
9-the same phenotype as parents (AABB, AABb, AaBB, AaBb genotypes)
3-tall plant with yellow pods (aaBB, aaBb genotypes)
3-short plant with green pods (AAbb, Aabb genotypes)
1-short plant with yellow pods (aabb genotype)
Which of the following shows the correct pathway for sperm cells as they leave the testes? Which of the following shows the correct pathway for sperm cells as they leave the testes? ductus deferens, epididymis, seminiferous tubule, rete testis. seminiferous tubule, rete testis, epididymis, ductus deferens. rete testis, seminiferous tubule, epididymis, ductus deferens. ductus deferens, epididymis, rete testis, seminiferous tubule,
Final answer:
The correct sequence for sperm transport as they leave the testes is seminiferous tubules, rete testis, epididymis, and ductus deferens. Sperms are produced in the seminiferous tubules, mature in the epididymis, and are ejaculated via the ductus deferens.
Explanation:
The correct pathway for sperm cells as they leave the testes is: seminiferous tubules, rete testis, epididymis, and ductus deferens. Initially, sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules. From there, they move into the straight tubules and enter a network of tubules called the rete testis. After leaving the rete testis, sperm pass through efferent ductules into the epididymis where they mature.
The mature sperm are stored in the tail of the epididymis until ejaculation. During ejaculation, sperm are propelled from the epididymis into the ductus deferens, which carries sperm behind the bladder, and joins with the duct from the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory duct.
Which of these is an example of natural selection acting on genetic variation resulting in evolutionary adaptation?As global warming has continued, many species that were found near the tropics have migrated either northward or southward toward the poles.As the African environment became drier and the grasslands more prevalent, arched feet and non-opposable toes, both more effective for walking upright, became more common in hominins.Insect diversity in temperate broadleaf forests varies from year to year based on the amount of precipitation.During years of drought, tree rings are narrower.
Answer:
As the African environment became drier and the grasslands more prevalent, arched feet and non-opposable toes, both more effective for walking upright, became more common in hominins
Explanation:
According to Darwin's theory of evolution, natural selection is the main evolutionary mechanism. Darwin explains that organisms that have heritable traits that help them survive and reproduce, will be favorable by natural selection. Those favorable traits will enable organism to better adapt to their environment and to pass more genes on to the next generation (offspring). Favorable traits increase organism's fitness. In the example above, resarched feet and non-opposable toes are favorable traits that helped hominini's survival in the drier environment.
Prairie dogs once covered the expanses of the Great Plains. Their grazing made the grass more nutritious for the huge herds of bison, and a variety of snakes, raptors, and mammals preyed on the rodents. In fact, the black-footed ferret (now endangered) specialized in prairie dog predation. Today, growing neighborhoods have covered many prairie dog towns. Which of the following statements about prairie dogs is not true? A) Their realized niche has diminished. B) They are commensals with bison. C) They are reasonably considered a keystone species. D) Their fundamental niche remains unaltered. E) Their fundamental niche has diminished.
Answer:
E) Their fundamental niche has diminished
Explanation:
The prairie dogs are a species that is crucial for the whole ecosystem in which it lives in, making it a keystone species. The reason for this is that the prairie dogs manage to make the soil more fertile, thus providing better conditions of the growth of plants, benefiting the herbivores, it reproduces very quickly, and it is a prey animal for numerous predators, thus it is a species that provides food in both directions. Despite the loss of habitat because of the human activities, and the demise in their population, they have still managed to keep their importance in the ecosystem, thus they have kept their fundamental niche in it and they are essential for the well being of the ecosystem in which they live.
Final answer:
The incorrect statement is that prairie dogs' fundamental niche remains unaltered. Growing neighborhoods have reduced both their fundamental and realized niches. Prairie dogs are a keystone species due to their burrowing and role as prey.
Explanation:
The statement about prairie dogs that is not true is: D) Their fundamental niche remains unaltered. A fundamental niche refers to the range of environmental conditions in which a species can survive and reproduce without the influence of competitors or predators. Because growing neighborhoods have covered many prairie dog towns, their fundamental niche has indeed diminished, as they have less habitat available in which they could potentially thrive. On the other hand, their realized niche, which is the actual range of habitats occupied by a species, has also diminished.
Prairie dogs are reasonably considered a keystone species because their burrowing activities provide shelter and protection for many other species, and their role as prey supports a variety of predators including the black-footed ferret. Their extensive burrowing benefits the ecosystem by creating shelter, limiting plant growth, aiding soil aeration, and serving an alarm system for their communities. However, the prairie dogs' association with bison as commensals—organisms that benefit from another without affecting it—does not directly describe the prairie dogs' ecological role impacting the ecosystem's structure.
Which of the following statements is true? Gram-positive bacteria have a single cell wall anchored to the cell membrane by lipoteichoic acid. Porins allow entry of substances into both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria is thick, and the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria is thin. Gram-negative bacteria have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan, whereas Gram-positive bacteria have a cell wall made of lipoteichoic acid.
Answer:
Gram-positive bacteria have a single cell wall anchored to the cell membrane by lipoteichoic acid.
Explanation:
According to Gram stain test, bacteria can be divided into two main groups which differs mostly in the structure of the cell wall"
Gram-positive bacteria-thick cell wall which consist of peptidoglycan layer that is attached to cell membrane via teichoic acids (lipoteichoic acids). Because of their thick wall, after the staining, the violet dye retains, so Gram positive bacteria appear purple-coloured.Gram-negative bacteria-thin peptidoglycan layer with two cell membranes: inner and outer membrane (lipopolysaccharides). Usually, Gram negative bacteria contain porins. After the staining, the dye does not retain, so this type of bacteria appear red coloured.Final answer:
The correct statement is that Gram-positive bacteria have a thick cell wall made of peptidoglycan with lipoteichoic acids anchoring the cell wall to the cell membrane. Gram-negative bacteria, on the other hand, have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an additional outer membrane with different components such as lipopolysaccharides.
Explanation:
The distinction between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria is a critical concept in microbiology, and understanding the structure of their cell walls is key to recognizing these differences. Let's consider the statements one by one:
Option a: This statement is true for Gram-positive bacteria. They have a single, thick cell wall composed largely of peptidoglycan, with teichoic acids, which may be linked to lipids forming lipoteichoic acids that anchor the cell wall to the cell membrane.
Option b: This statement is false because porins are present only in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, allowing substances to pass through this outer membrane.
Option c: This statement is false. In reality, Gram-negative bacteria have a thin cell wall, while Gram-positive bacteria have a thick cell wall.
Option d: This statement is false as well. Both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria have cell walls made of peptidoglycan. However, Gram-positive bacteria have additional teichoic acids, including the aforementioned lipoteichoic acids, while Gram-negative bacteria have an additional outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins.
The accurate statement is option a: Gram-positive bacteria have a single cell wall anchored to the cell membrane by lipoteichoic acid.
Which of the following lists steps of mRNA production in eukaryotes in the correct order?View Available Hint(s)Which of the following lists steps of mRNA production in eukaryotes in the correct order?Transcription, 5' cap addition, addition of poly-A tail, exon splicing, passage through nuclear membraneTranscription, 5' cap addition, addition of poly-A tail, passage through nuclear membrane, exon splicingTranscription, addition of poly-A tail, 5' cap addition, exon splicing, passage through nuclear membrane5' cap addition, addition of poly-A tail, exon splicing, passage through nuclear membrane, transcription
Answer:
Transcription, 5' cap addition, addition of poly-A tail, exon splicing, passage through nuclear membrane
Explanation:
After being synthesized during the transcription, mRNA (pre-mRNA) must be modified in order to be functional (mature mRNA) and exported from the nucleus for the process of translation.Modification of pre-mRNA include:
5' capping-addition of 7-methylguanosine to the 5' end which protects the pre-mRNA addition of adenine residues to form a poly(A) tail whic is also with protective role (from ribonuclease digestion)RNA splicing-excision of introns and reconection of exonsModified mRNA can now be transported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
Genetics help please!!Two mothers give birth to sons at the same time at a busy urban hospital. The son of mother 1 is afflicted with hemophilia, a disease caused by an X-linked recessive allele. Neither parent has the disease. Mother 2 has a normal son, despite the fact that the father has hemophilia. Several years later, couple 1 sues the hospital, claiming that these two newborns were swapped in the nursery following their birth. As a genetic counselor, you are called to testify.Part AWhat information can you provide the jury concerning the allegation?What information can you provide the jury concerning the allegation?Passage of X-linked genes typically occurs in a complicated way and the data available can neither support nor deny the first couple's claim.Passage of X-linked genes typically occurs from affected parent to affected son. The fact that neither parent from couple 1 has hemophilia suggests that their son could not have the condition. The first couple's claim is valid.Passage of X-linked genes typically occurs from affected father to affected son. The fact that the father in couple 2 has hemophilia would ensure his son to have this condition. The first couple's claim is valid.Passage of X-linked genes typically occurs from carrier mother to affected son. The fact that the father in couple 2 has hemophilia would not predispose his son to hemophilia. The first couple has no valid claim.
The transmission of X-linked recessive conditions like hemophilia can occur when a carrier female passes on the disease allele to her son. As neither the father's hemophilia nor the mother's status as a carrier guarantees a son will inherit the condition, the genetic information alone cannot definitively support or disprove the allegations of the first couple.
Explanation:Hemophilia is a disorder caused by a recessive X-linked allele. In order for a male to inherit it, he must receive the recessive allele from his mother, who is generally a carrier but not affected by the disease. If the mother in the first couple were a carrier, it's possible she could pass the condition to her son even without her or her husband having it. However, she could also have a perfectly normal child. Therefore, the first couple's claim cannot be conclusively proven or dismissed.
Secondly, in the case of the second couple, the father's hemophilia wouldn't result in his son inheriting the disorder, as the father can only give a Y chromosome to his son. The inheritance of X-linked traits depends on the mother who, from the provided information, is healthy or if a carrier, was able to pass on a normal X chromosome to her son. As a result, the son of the second couple can be perfectly healthy, as observed. Therefore, the genetic information available neither supports nor disproves the first couple's allegations directly.
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Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive disorder, meaning the gene responsible is located on the X chromosome.
For a male to have hemophilia, he must inherit the defective X chromosome from his mother, as males inherit their X chromosome from their mother and their Y chromosome from their father. Since neither parent of mother 1 has hemophilia and both are not mentioned to be carriers, mother 1 must be a carrier (XHXh) and has passed the defective X chromosome (Xh) to her son (XhY), resulting in him having hemophilia.On the other hand, the father from couple 2 has hemophilia (XhY), but did not pass his X chromosome to his son, meaning his son would have inherited a Y chromosome from him and a normal X chromosome (XH) from his mother, resulting in a normal son. This genetic background indicates that the first couple's allegation of a baby swap is not valid as the genetics fit their situation: a carrier mother can have an affected son while an affected father cannot pass the condition to his son.Conclusion: Passage of X-linked genes typically occurs from carrier mother to affected son. The fact that the father in couple 2 has hemophilia would not predispose his son to hemophilia. Therefore, the first couple has no valid claim based on the genetics of hemophilia.
Describe the structure of the nephron and explain the role of each part of a nephron in creating urine (5 points)
Answer:
Each kidney has approximately 1 million nephrons. Each nephron consists of 2 parts: 1. Glomerulus; 2. Renal tubules
Explanation:
The glomerulus is a capillary type branching network formed from the renal arterioles which originates from the renal artery and is involved in the filtration of blood.
Renal tubules has the following parts:
i) Bowman's capsule: It is a double layered cup like structure. Bowman's capsule along with glomerulus forms the malphigian corpuscle or renal body.
ii) Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT): It forms a highly coiled network.
iii) Henle's loop: It is hairpin shaped part of tubule which has a descending and an ascending limb.
iv) Distal convoluted tubule (DCT): It is also a highly coiled tubular region.
A chromosomally XY fetus has a completely functional SRY gene and develops fully functional testes that produce both testosterone and MIS; however, the fetus also has complete androgen insensitivity syndrome. What INTERNAL reproductive organs, aside from the testes, will this fetus develop?
Answer:
Neither the Wolffian ducts nor the Mullerian ducts will develop
Explanation:
SRY gene is the gene is located on the Y chromosome and it is responsible for the development of testes.
MIS is Anti-Müllerian hormone which has the role to prevent the development of Müllerian ducts (they develop into female internal genitalia).
Androgen insensitivity syndrome is a disorder characterized by unfunctional androgen receptors. If androgen receptors are not working properly, the Wolffian ducts (they develop male internal organs) will not develop.
So, with MIS and withandrogen insensitivity syndrome, this fetus will not develop neither the Wolffian ducts nor the Mullerian ducts.
You are most likely to observe primary succession when you visit a(n) A) tropical rain forest. B) abandoned field. C) old riverbed. D) fairly recent volcanic island. E) deep sea vent.
Answer:
The answer would be a fairly recent volcanic island.
Hope this helps
Identify the four postulates of natural selection. Select all that apply.
Survival and reproductive success are variable among individuals in a population.
Individuals in a population all possess the same traits.
Some trait differences are heritable. Individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
All individuals in a population have equal reproductive success.
Individuals in a population vary in the traits they possess.
the correct choices are A,C,D,F
hope this helps:)
The four postulates of natural selection are survival and reproductive success, heritable trait differences, individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, and individuals in a population vary in the traits they possess.
Explanation:The four postulates of natural selection are:
Survival and reproductive success are variable among individuals in a population. This means that some individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce than others.Some trait differences are heritable. This means that certain traits can be passed down from parents to offspring.Individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. This is known as differential reproductive success.Individuals in a population vary in the traits they possess. This variation in traits is important for natural selection to occur.Learn more about Natural Selection here:https://brainly.com/question/32227158
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Scientists observed that over the past 40 years, marmots are located at increasing elevations on mountains. What is the best explanation for this observation? The marmots are adapting to the cold temperatures. Other species are competing with the marmots for their normal habitat. More snow and rain is falling at the top of the mountains. It is becoming colder at the top of the mountains. It is becoming warmer at the top of the mountains.
Yes I’m mommy but mom is my dad and dad is my brother
A glass dish containing a few drops of water in the presence of carbon dioxide gas, nitrogen gas, and small organic compounds is heated by a flame and UV radiation. Which early Earth scenario does this set-up most closely resemble?
Deep sea volcanoes giving off gases, sulfur, and iron to produce organic molecules
Lightning in the early atmosphere, which may have produced the first organic molecules
The replication of RNA near the ocean's surface in the day and night cycling of temperatures
Amino acid formation from organic molecules in ocean water splashing on hot rock, sand, or clay
I think it is letter A
The answer would be letter A
Final answer:
The described experimental set-up is akin to the Miller-Urey experiment, which modeled the synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic materials by lightning in Earth's early atmosphere.
Explanation:
The experimental set-up you've described with a glass dish containing water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and small organic compounds being heated by a flame and UV radiation closely resembles the hypothesis about lightning in Earth's early atmosphere which may have produced the first organic molecules. This is commonly known as the Miller-Urey experiment. It simulated early Earth conditions and demonstrated that amino acids and other organic molecules could be synthesized from inorganic precursors under those conditions, supporting the theory of abiogenesis or the origin of life from non-living matter.
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? Select one: a. SDS-PAGE eliminates effects of protein shape on the determination of protein mass. b. SDS-PAGE provides information to estimate the correct size of the protein in number of basepairs. c. SDS-PAGE provides information about the quaternary structure of a protein. d. SDS-PAGE provides data on the mass of a protein in its native (intact) state. e. SDS-PAGE provides information about the mass of a protein that is complimentary to that determined by gel
Answer:
False (SDS breaks noncovalent interactions)
Final answer:
The incorrect statement about SDS-PAGE is that it provides information to estimate the correct size of the protein in number of base pairs, as SDS-PAGE separates proteins based on mass, not nucleic acid length measured in base pairs.
Explanation:
Among the given options regarding SDS-PAGE, the incorrect statement is that SDS-PAGE provides information to estimate the correct size of the protein in number of basepairs. SDS-PAGE, or sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, is a technique used to separate proteins based on their mass. The process involves denaturing the proteins using SDS, which unfolds them and masks their native charge, causing them to migrate through the gel solely based on their mass when an electric current is applied.
SDS-PAGE does not provide information about the quaternary structure of a protein since the process denatures proteins, separating subunits. It also does not estimate protein sizes in terms of base pairs, as base pairs are a measure of nucleic acid length, not protein mass. Moreover, SDS-PAGE cannot determine molecular weights accurately in the native state of a protein since it denatures proteins during the preparation process.
carbon dioxide from cells is delivered from the circulatory system back to the system so it can exit the body
carbon dioxide leaves the body through their respiratory system (lungs)
Carbon dioxide produced from cellular respiration is transported in the blood back to the lungs in three ways: as dissolved carbon dioxide, as bicarbonate, or bound to hemoglobin. Upon reaching the lungs, bicarbonate is converted back into carbon dioxide and water to be exhaled from the body. The circulatory system plays a key role in picking up oxygen for cellular use and removing carbon dioxide.
Explanation:Carbon dioxide from the cells is delivered from the circulatory system back to the respiratory system so it can exit the body. This process is mediated by circulation and mainly involves the red blood cells and the lungs. Carbon dioxide is a by-product of cellular respiration and in large amounts, it changes back into a gas form in the lungs that is expelled from the body during exhalation.
Carbon dioxide can be transported in the blood in three ways: as dissolved carbon dioxide, as bicarbonate, or bound to hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin. These mechanisms are influenced by levels of oxygen in the blood and the saturation of hemoglobin. The majority of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate, which is formed when carbon dioxide combines with water through the help of an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase. This process produces a substance called carbonic acid that spontaneously falls apart into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.
As bicarbonate increases in erythrocytes (red blood cells), it's shifted into the plasma via a mechanism known as the chloride shift. Once the blood reaches the pulmonary capillaries in the lungs, bicarbonate is turned back into carbon dioxide and water which is then diffused out of the erythrocytes and exhaled from the lungs. As a result, circulation picks up oxygen for cellular use and drops off carbon dioxide for removal from the body.
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A species of moth has evolved a very long tongue to reach nectar at the bottom of a species of orchid. This orchid has evolved a long nectar tube, so that moths feeding on its nectar contact its pollen, helping it to reproduce. This is an example of
A. chemical evolution.
B. predatory evolution.
C. independent evolution.
D. coevolution.
The answer here would be: D. coevolution.
co·ev·o·lu·tion
noun
the influence of closely associated species on each other in their evolution.
The given situation is a classic example of Coevolution.
Evolution is defined as the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations and these characteristics are the expression of genes passed from parents to offspring through reproduction process.
Evolution can be of different types such as- Chemical Evolution, Predatory evolution, Independent Evolution, Coevolution
What is Coevolution?Coevolution is the process of reciprocal evolutionary changes occurring between pairs of species through their interaction with each other.
The participation of each species applies selection pressure on the other resulting into adoption by those species which fastly evolves according to the circumstances and change of situation.
It is one of the primary method by which biological communities are organized leading to specialized relationships between two different species.
Coevolution interaction depends upon current genetic makeup and mutations of the species along with the community context where the interaction is taking place.
Example- Antagonistic Coevolution
The interaction of two different species allow individual species to exploit vulnerable resources or increased protection.
Example- Mutual Coevolution
What is Chemical Evolution?The origin and chemical evolution of Earth's atmosphere is a complex combination of cosmic and terrestrial processes, which acted throughout the entire history of our planet.
The modern theory of chemical evolution states that on a primitive earth a mixture of simple chemicals assembled into more complex molecular systems, from which, eventually came the first functioning cell(s).
In this extremely complicated series of transformations several key transitions must be contemplated.
What is predatory Evolution?Predators and prey are natural enemies, and many of their adaptations seem designed to counter each other. Their adaptations have been characterized as an evolutionary arms race, an example of the coevolution of two species.
To learn more about the Coevolution here
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Which of the following traits does not characterize an individualistic community? A) discrete geographic boundaries B) strong abiotic influences on species distributions C) community composition changes along a gradient D) strong biotic influences on species distribution E) bottom-up organization
Answer : strong biotic influences on species distribution - D)
Why did scientists FIRST hypothesize that a meteorite impact caused the extinction at the K-Pg Boundary? They found evidence of wildfires in many regions throughout the globe. They found evidence of acid rain in the rocks in the Southern Hemisphere. They found evidence of a giant tsunami on the Gulf coast. They found evidence of Iridium enrichments in a clay layer that led them to believe that the Iridium was the remains of a meteorite impact. They found evidence of an impact crater in Mexico. Next
Answer:
They found evidence of an impact crater in Mexico
Explanation:
The K-Pg boundary is the boundary between the Cretaceous period and the Paleogene period, but also marking the end of the Mesozoic era and the beginning of the Cenozoic era. This boundary is dated to roughly 66 million years ago. The K-Pg boundary is characterized with a mass extinction. The dominant organisms on Earth all died out, including the dinosaurs, both terrestrial and aquatic, as well as the flying reptilians, with only the birds surviving from that super-family. The reason for the mass extinction has been an impact with an asteroid or a comet, that was very large and hit the Earth where the Yucatan Peninsula in modern day Mexico is located. The impact was devastating, with heat waves, tsunamis, earthquakes, triggering of the majority of the volcanoes, wildfires, all combined managed to devastate the environment, thus big portion of the species living in it as well. The lucky survivors were smaller organisms, and the mammals turned out to be the most successful in occupying the empty niches and have became the dominant organisms on the planet.
A species of fish is found to require a certain water temperature, a particular oxygen content of the water, a particular depth, and a rocky substrate on the bottom to thrive. These requirements are part of its A) dimensional profile. 8) A species of fish is found to require a certain water temperature, a particular oxygen content of the water, a particular depth, and a rocky substrate on the bottom to thrive. These requirements are part of its A) dimensional profile. B) ecological niche. C) prime habitat. D) resource partition. E) home base. C) prime habitat. D) resource partition. E) home base.
Answer:
B. ecological niche
Explanation:
Describe the steps to transcribe an mRNA molecule and use the mRNA molecule to produce proteins.
Answer:
Explanation:
The genes in DNA encode protein molecules, which are the "workhorses" of the cell, carrying out all the functions necessary for life. For example, enzymes, including those that metabolize nutrients and synthesize new cellular constituents, as well as DNA polymerases and other enzymes that make copies of DNA during cell division, are all proteins.
In the simplest sense, expressing a gene means manufacturing its corresponding protein, and this multilayered process has two major steps. In the first step, the information in DNA is transferred to a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule by way of a process called transcription. During transcription, the DNA of a gene serves as a template for complementary base-pairing, and an enzyme called RNA polymerase II catalyzes the formation of a pre-mRNA molecule, which is then processed to form mature mRNA (Figure 1). The resulting mRNA is a single-stranded copy of the gene, which next must be translated into a protein molecule.
During translation, which is the second major step in gene expression, the mRNA is "read" according to the genetic code, which relates the DNA sequence to the amino acid sequence in proteins (Figure 2). Each group of three bases in mRNA constitutes a codon, and each codon specifies a particular amino acid (hence, it is a triplet code). The mRNA sequence is thus used as a template to assemble—in order—the chain of amino acids that form a protein
But where does translation take place within a cell? What individual substeps are a part of this process? And does translation differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? The answers to questions such as these reveal a great deal about the essential similarities between all species.
Final answer:
Transcription and translation are the two main processes in protein synthesis. Transcription produces a complementary mRNA from the DNA template, and after processing, the mRNA is used in translation to form a protein. Protein synthesis involves initiation, elongation, and termination, followed by mRNA processing, translation, and folding of the polypeptide.
Explanation:
Overview of Transcription and Protein Synthesis
Protein synthesis begins with the critical process of transcription, during which a segment of DNA is used to create a complementary mRNA molecule. This occurs in the following steps:
Initiation: Transcription factors and RNA polymerase bind to DNA at the promoter region of a gene, unwinding the DNA strand.
Elongation: RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template strand, adding complementary RNA nucleotides to grow the mRNA strand.
Termination: The RNA polymerase reaches a stop signal in the DNA sequence and releases the newly synthesized mRNA strand.
In eukaryotes, the new mRNA undergoes processing which may include splicing, editing, and polyadenylation.
The processed mRNA then travels out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
Once in the cytoplasm, translation takes place:
A ribosome attaches to the mRNA.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules with attached amino acids recognize specific codons on the mRNA through their anticodons and bind to the mRNA, bringing the appropriate amino acids into place.
As the ribosome moves along the mRNA, amino acids are joined together forming a polypeptide chain.
The folding of the polypeptide into its functional three-dimensional structure results in the final protein.