What obstacles did european merchants confront in negotiating with african authorities?

President Reagan escalate government spending on defense by Strategic Defense Initiative.

Ronald Reagan began to support the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) in 1983, which was a significant initiative for missile defense against the Soviet Union.

The goal of this effort was to create a very effective anti-ballistic missile defense system to counter missile assaults from other nations, especially the Soviet Union.

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To provide more farm land for its growing population ....

The correct answer is B. The ratification of the Constitution

Explanation

The Federalist Papers were a collection of articles and essays written by three different authors in order to ratify the constitution of the United States of America in 1780 as those articles and essays were published in different newspapers as a way to explain New York people the new constitution purposes and invite them to accepted it and ratify it.

The Federalist Papers were written to encourage the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, advocating for a strong, centralized government.

The Federalist Papers were a series of essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay aiming to convince the American people to ratify, or formally approve, the new United States Constitution. Hence, option B) the ratification of the Constitution is correct. The Federalist Papers argued that a strong, centralised government was essential for the survival and success of the United States. They didn't aim to encourage the adoption of the Bill of Rights, nor delegates in Philadelphia to write a new constitution, nor states to send delegates to the Philadelphia Convention.

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The first arena of religious conflict in sixteenth-century Europe was the Protestant Reformation, where Protestant reformers challenged the authority and teachings of the Catholic Church. This resulted in the establishment of separate Protestant denominations, wars, persecutions, and the shaping of European religious and national identities.

The first arena of religious conflict in sixteenth-century Europe was the Protestant Reformation. This movement, led by figures such as Martin Luther and John Calvin, sought to reform the Catholic Church and promote new interpretations of Christianity. The conflict arose as these Protestant reformers challenged the authority and teachings of the Catholic Church, leading to divisions and tensions between Catholics and Protestants.

For example, the posting of Martin Luther's 95 Theses in 1517 criticizing the Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences sparked widespread debates and protests. This eventually led to the establishment of separate Protestant churches, such as Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism, which challenged the religious hegemony of the Catholic Church.

These religious conflicts had significant political, social, and cultural implications for Europe, resulting in wars, persecutions, and the emergence of new religious movements. The conflicts between Catholics and Protestants shaped the religious landscape of Europe and influenced the development of national and regional identities.

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The first arena of religious conflict in sixteenth-century Europe was initiated by Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation in 1517, which led to significant religious and political turmoil, including notable events like the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre and culminating in the Thirty Years' War.

The first arena of religious conflict in sixteenth-century Europe was sparked by the actions of Martin Luther in 1517. When Luther posted his 95 theses on the door of Wittenburg Cathedral, he criticized the corruption of the Catholic Church, primarily the sale of indulgences and the misinterpretation of scripture, igniting the Protestant Reformation. This marked the beginning of a tumultuous period in European history where religion and politics became deeply intertwined, leading to widespread religious conflicts, such as the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre and the Thirty Years' War, and significantly altering the religious, political, and artistic landscapes of Europe.

The origins of the Protestant Reformation can be traced to various factors, including intellectual currents of the Renaissance, corruption within the Catholic Church, and the sale of clerical positions. As Protestantism spread, countries responded by reinforcing their own religious beliefs, contributing to the complex history of early globalization, as nation-states sought to extend their influence over new territories. The intertwined nature of religion and politics continued to drive conflicts until the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, which finally quelled the discord between Catholics and Protestants on the continent.

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Answer:

Both made trade easier, is the right answer.

Explanation:

Wheel in the carts made it possible for people to reach to the far-flung areas of the world. With the help of wheels, people could easily ship their commodities to other communities. At the same time, the invention of writing made it easier for them to keep records of the transactions. Accordingly, the common benefit of writing and the wheel is that both made trade easier.

Answer:

collecting taxes.

Explanation:

Answer:

the movement to end slavery

Explanation:

President John Adams's first approach to the XYZ Affair was through peaceful diplomacy, a strategy that changed when American public opinion turned against France; later, he assumed a tougher stand against the French, contributing to the creation of the U.S. Navy and fighting an undeclared Quasi-War with France between 1798 and 1800.

The XYZ Affair was a diplomatic controversy that strained relations between the United States and France toward the end of the 18th century. When correspondence regarding the event became public, the American people were outraged to discover that French emissaries had requested bribes from the United States as a prerequisite for diplomatic negotiations.

President John Adams initially attempted to handle the situation through peaceful diplomatic means, rather than rushing into a war. In response to public fury over the XYZ Affair, Adams released the relevant diplomatic correspondence, wherein the French emissaries were anonymously referred to as X, Y, and Z, to Congress. This move turned American public opinion dramatically against France.

Furthermore, Adams, under the Federalist party banner, assumed a tougher stand against the French, playing a central role in setting up the U.S. Navy, and allegedly fought an undeclared Quasi-War with France between 1798 and 1800.

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In 1838 Frederick Douglass escaped slavery in Baltimore and fled North.

American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, author, and statesman Frederick Douglass was also a writer. He became a political figure in the abolitionist movement throughout Massachusetts and New York after fleeing slavery in Maryland. He was well-known for his oratory and cutting antislavery writings.

His first work, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, Written by Himself, was published in 1845, catapulting him to stardom. He spent most of his career fighting to end slavery and collaborated with eminent abolitionists like Gerrit Smith and William Lloyd Garrison.

Frederick Douglass put in a lot of effort to make sure that one of the war's consequences would be emancipation. Two of his sons who served in the U.S. Army were among the African-American men he recruited.

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Congress wanted to raise taxes

The last one is C, It was the first victory for the colonist

The development of written script for commerce, standard systems of measurements and large storage facilities were essential progressions in early societies to keep records of extensive trade.

In order to keep accurate records of extensive trade, early societies needed the development of a written script for commerce and recordkeeping, standard systems of measurement for goods and commodities, and storage facilities for the accumulation and redistribution of traded goods. Initially, most territories worked with a system of barter exchange, where goods and services were directly exchanged for other goods and services. Precious metals often served as a medium of exchange, but the weighing and measuring of these goods was necessary during commercial exchanges since coinage as we understand it today did not exist until later.

The development of a written script, such as the one found in the Indus Valley civilization, was vital for trade. This written language consisted of symbols representing ideas, words, and numbers. Scribal records were often kept on clay seals and pottery, which were used to monitor the inflow and outflow of goods to the economic redistribution centers such as palaces and temples. Another major development was the standardization of measurements. Stone cubical weights were used to assess goods in commercial exchanges that required barter. Finally, large storage facilities were required to accommodate the exchange and redistribution of substantial amount of goods from farmers, artisans, and merchants.

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Answer:

Option A. The best description of a cash crop is a crop grown and sold for profit.

Explanation:

In agriculture a cash crop is a crop that is grown with the intent of selling it for profit, this is why it is also known as profit crop. The term is used in order to differentiate these types of crops from the subsistence crops, which are the ones grown either for feeding the livestock of the farm or the farmer's family.

Cabeza de Vaca and his men likely reached the island by ship, which was typical for explorers of the time. The safe arrival was probably seen as a miracle due to the dangers of sea travel and the hospitality of the indigenous peoples they encountered.

The journey of Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and his men to reach an island is not specifically detailed in the provided text, but it can be inferred that they arrived by ship, which was common for explorers of that era. Considering the perilous nature of sea voyages in the 16th century, coupled with the vast and unknown oceanic distances, their successful landing on an island could be perceived by them as a miracle. The treacherous conditions at sea, possibility of navigational errors, storms, and shipwrecks would have made any safe arrival a relief and cause for celebration for Cabeza de Vaca and his crew. Moreover, the welcoming and hospitality of the indigenous people, as praised by Cabeza de Vaca in his writings, would add to the sense of miraculous survival in a foreign land.

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the correct answer is c