Answer:
B. Providing information
Explanation:
Generally, there are different methods for passing information from one point or person to another. The common of passing information includes the use of mails, text messages, phone calls, postcard among others. There are also non-verbal methods of passing information. Example of such methods is through a broad smile to show that one approves something.
Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 25,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
Answer: The airline illustrates the use of FIXED-RATIO schedule of reinforcement.
Explanation: A fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement is technique of behavior modification through positive and negative reinforcement in which a response is rewarded only when reaching a specified number of responses. In this case, the response required is 25000 miles by the airline in order to be rewarded with a free flight.
The correct statement will be that a company which offers its customers a free flight after every 25000 mile uses a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement.
Such a flyer program is adopted by airline companies to attract the customers to sit in their airlines for travelling or commuting whenever they take a flight.
Fixed-Ratio Schedule.The only condition the airline company puts for availing such a free flight is that the user must complete a journey of at least 25000 miles for getting free travel. This method is also known as fixed-ratio, as there is a fixed cap of travelling such distance within a given period of time.Hence, the airline company uses the fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement for presenting such a flyer frequent program.
Learn more about fixed ratio schedules here:
https://brainly.com/question/9002023
As after taking cooking lessons, Thelma bakes a cake for her friend Louise's birthday. When Louise sees the cake, she says, "Wow, that's so sweet. My mom always made a special cake for my birthday, and she would decorate it so elaborately." Thelma angrily replies, "Well I'm sorry that I didn't decorate the cake extravagantly. I guess I still have a lot to learn about cooking." Thelma's response illustrates: _______
Answer:
Defensive listening
Explanation:
The concept of defensive listening refers to the tendency we have to take an innocent comment from someone else as a personal attack to ourselves. Basically, it refers to take a general statement as a personal attack.
In this example, Thelma baked a cake and Louise said her mom would decorate the cake so elaborately. This is a general statement about Thelma's memories of the cakes her mom would made. However, Thelma takes this as a personal attack and responds in a defensive manner saying sorry for not decorating the cake extravagantly. Thus, this would be an example of defensive listening.
Thelma's response illustrates defensiveness.
When Louise mentions how her mother decorated cakes elaborately for her birthday, Thelma takes it as a critique and responds angrily.
This defensive reaction shows that Thelma might feel insecure about her baking skills and perceives Louise's comment as a judgment on her efforts, even though Louise's comment may have been meant as a nostalgic remark rather than a criticism.
Defensiveness is a common reaction when individuals feel that their abilities or efforts are being questioned or undervalued.
The ____ includes Earth's crust and the uppermost strong and rigid part of the mantle.
Answer: Lithosphere
Explanation:
Lithosphere is the layer of the earth that is present at the outermost shell.The rocks that is present in the crust and the mantle upper layer makes it rigid in mechanical manner.It makes it behave as the solid layer which is brittle.
Lithosphere is present in the range of almost 50 km to 160 km in terms of depth on the surface of the Earth.It's main purpose is support and help the terrestrial organism and components by providing surface.
As compared to other democracies, how likely are Americans to contribute time and money to political and community organizations?
Answer:
More likely
Explanation:
Unlike other democracies all over the world, there is less participation of voters in the United States of America. In addition, few Americans participate actively in different political activities. On the other hand, Americans generally are most likely to contribute their money and time to the activities of the community and political organizations.
After carefully considering the pros and cons of each college that had accepted him for admissin, Conner decided to attend Blackwater College. The next day, Conner discovered that three of his closest friends had also decided to attend Blackwater College. In this example, Conner's behavior:
Answer:Does not reflect conformity
Explanation:
Conformity refers to how we yield to group pressure or it refers to how we change our behavior and attitude in order to conform to the group or fit in.
This is yielding to actual physical influence such as social norms, persuasion ,peer pressure, or criticism.
Instead of being influenced by his friend Conner did a proper research in which he weighed his options carefully looking at the advantages and disadvantages from diffrent Universities. He made his choice based on his research and only found later that his friend were also going there. For this reason we can see that he didn't conform.
Discuss an accomplishment, event, or realization that sparked a period of personal growth and a new understanding of yourself or others?
Answer:
See the explanation below.
Explanation:
For me it was an event, an event of Nineteenth Commonwealth Games, 2010 which were held in Delhi, India. I was the part of opening ceremony where I performed Yoga and represented my country on international platform, however, the journey was not much smooth because preparation for ceremony started around 4 months earlier from the day of performance and to become the part of performing group they have taken three screening test of flexibility and those tests tested my persistence and consistency to perform and these 4 months of practice taught me about not fearing with stage performance and the attitude of never giving up.
Hope this will help.
The event of participating in a debate competition marked a significant personal growth period. It helped me conquer my fear of public speaking, and I gained a new understanding of both myself and others.
Explanation:One accomplishment that triggered a significant period of personal growth and a new understanding of myself was when I conquered my fear of public speaking by participating in a debate competition. This event not only helped evolve my oratory skills but also boosted my confidence.
The realization was gradual, at first, I was nervous and unsure. However, as I started presenting my ideas before an audience regularly, I realized I began to have a new understanding of myself and my abilities. At the same time, I developed a better understanding of others through experiencing different perspectives.
The whole experience was a significant period of personal growth for me. I learned how to communicate more effectively, how to handle stress, and how to overcome my fear. Most importantly, it made me realize that I could conquer my fears if I was brave enough to face them.
Learn more about Personal Growth here:https://brainly.com/question/33440182
#SPJ3
Which of the following is true of memory in late adulthood? (Select all that apply.)1. Older adults take longer to retrieve information about the world but often can remember it.
2. Older adults tend to do more poorly than younger adults in most aspects of memory.
While it takes older folks longer to obtain information, they frequently remember it. In the majority of memory-related tasks, older adults often do worse than younger adults. Therefore, both conclusions are correct.
What is memory?Memory is the mental capacity that encodes, stores, and retrieves data or information when needed. It is the long-term retention of information with the goal of influencing future courses of action. Language, relationships, and personal identity would be hard to grow if previous events could not be remembered. Memory loss is commonly referred to as forgetfulness or amnesia.
Memory is commonly thought of as an information processing system with explicit and implicit functioning, consisting of a sensory processor, short-term (or active) memory, and long-term memory. Declarative memory, also known as explicit memory, is the conscious storing and recalling of data.
Learn more about memory, from:
brainly.com/question/13178252
#SPJ5
When political leaders respond to the policy desires of the majority, it is referred to as:________
Answer:Majoritarianism
Explanation:
Majoritarianism is a political philosophy that gives advantage to the majority of population to take primary role in decision making that impact the society at large.
This isn't the same as majoritarian which is based on a seat given to those who had maximum votes during elections.
The democratic majoritarian political structure doesn't exclude the minority group in participating in any decision making.
Majoritarianism however refers to a majority class overpowering the minority class, which means the voice of the many is what rules over the voice of the few. This means what the majority want is what is considered without taking into consideration what a minority group wants.
Final answer:
Political leaders acting according to the majority's desires engage in majoritarian politics, which aligns with the idea that politicians represent the people's voice. However, pluralist theory suggests policy is a result of competing group interests, indicating a more complex process than pure majoritarianism.
Explanation:
When political leaders respond to the policy desires of the majority, it is referred to as majoritarian politics. This concept is underscored by the theory of delegate representation, which posits that politicians are elected to act as the voice of the people, enacting policies that reflect the will of the majority of constituents.
According to the pluralist theory of government, by contrast, government policy is formed through the competition between various groups with different goals and interests. This highlights the distinction between a pure majoritarian approach and the complex reality of policy-making where different interests must be balanced. Ultimately, the desire for this balance can sometimes lead to what political scientists Martin Gilens and Benjamin Page identify as 'democracy by coincidence,' wherein the general public's interests align with those of more powerful elites or interest groups.
Which of Piaget's stages occurs from birth to 2 years age, during which time a child has little capacity to represent the environment with language or other symbols?
Answer: Sensorimotor stage: birth to 2 years.
Explanation: Piaget called the stage from birth to 2 years of the child's life as sensorimotor period or sensorimotor stage.
"When someone of Irish ancestry who does NOT identify as Irish in everyday life puts on a green hat, drinks green beer, and wears a "Kiss me, I'm Irish" T-shirt on St. Patrick's Day, it is an example of:"
A) Disembodied identities
B) Situational ethnicity
C) Posing
D) Symbolic ethnicity
Answer:
D) Symbolic ethnicity
Explanation:
Ethnicity or ethnic group is defined as people sharing common traditions, values, and beliefs based on the similarity of their history, culture, and nation. Symbolic ethnicity refers to the pride and love one feels for their ethnicity without integrating it into their daily behavior. The term was first used in the United States of America Herbert Gans to denote the nostalgic feeling feels in connection to their ethnicity.
What southern patriot known as swamp fox attacked British forces with small groups of men, then moved quickly back into the woods or swamps? (I didn’t plan to do serious questions but eh... HEH.)
Answer:
Francis Marion.
Explanation:
The title of "swamp fox" was earned an American Revolutionary for his outstanding guerrilla tactics he used against the British Loyalists in 1780. He was merely five feet in height but his ability an commander of an irregular militia to strike and then quickly retreat in the Swamp of Southern Californian, earned him huge prestige and the fame of "swamp fox". Though the historian varies about portraying the image of this legend, he still enjoys an image of patriotic icon in the memories of many Americans.
Lenders tended to avoid lending in high-risk communities and neighborhoods in a practice known as:
Answer: Redlining
Explanation:
According to the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA),redlining is defined as the process in which particular area's or sector's people are not provided the services and facilities due to unethical reasons .They are kept deprived on basis of factors like ethics, race, or other social aspect.
Facilities like basic financial service of loan, insurance, credit cards etc are not given to people by lenders which is considered as illegal practice in accordance with the rules.
Sigmund Freud emphasized that the forgetting of painful experiences is caused by a process that involves:_________
a. source amnesia
b. retroactive interference
c. memory decay
d. repression
e. long-term potentiation
Answer:d. repression
Explanation:Repression is a pyschological defence mechanism that occurs when one pushes back all the painful thoughts and undesirable urges so that they are absent in their conscious mind. This helps the person become less anxious.
The painful thoughts or desires are pushed back so that one will not be aware of their existence.
It not about avoiding an issue but a person actual hides these thoughts in away that they literally don't surface into their conscious mind.
However, eventhough the person may not be aware of these thoughts or feelings but they can still manifest themselves in one's own behavior and relationships.
For examole If someone was betrayed by the people he trusted the most at the young age they may find it hard to trust people when they are older.
The condition of pushing back the painful thoughts in order to make them absent from the conscious mind has been termed as repression. Thus, option D is correct.
The painful experiences and thoughts have been present in the conscious mind of the person that leads to the development of the change in the behavior and the depression state.
The condition of pushing back the painful thoughts in order to make them absent from the conscious mind has been termed as repression. In this, the thoughts have been pushed back and won't be affecting the activity of the person. Thus, option D is correct.
For more information about the repression, refer to the link:
https://brainly.com/question/3460354
William James, the father of American psychology, once wrote: "Thinking is for doing." What did he mean by this?
a. The human brain probably developed its current cognitive abilities in large part to enable effective decision-making and to facilitate behavior.
b. People typically engage in conscious thought only when engaged in a task (e.g., only when solving a puzzle, trying to construct an argument, or making a decision about something).
c. Every behavior that a person engages in implies a particular thought or set of thoughts; researchers can therefore infer thoughts from behaviors.
d. Because the primary role of thoughts is simply to plan behaviors, the proper focus of study for psychologists is behaviors themselves (and not thoughts).
Answer:
The correct response is Option A: The human brain probably developed its current cognitive abilities in large part to enable effective decision-making and to facilitate behavior.
Explanation:
William James is considered one of the founders of pragmatism and functionalism. He was the first to teach a psychology course in the U.S. at Harvard University. With pragmatism, James felt that rather than seek truths, the focus should be on the usefulness of an idea. Whereas structuralism focuses on breaking down mental processes into parts, James took a functionalist view and focused on the entire mental process. His two-volume work called the Principles of Psychology (1890) was widely acclaimed and became foundational in establishing psychology as an academic discipline in the United States.
Though the university was virtually _______ , the pageantry put on for visiting students suggested otherwise.
Final answer:
The word that completes the sentence is 'empty'. The university appeared busy but was lacking substance. 'Desolate' can also be fit, indicating the university was empty or inactive, despite the pageantry suggesting vibrancy.
Explanation:
The word that completes the sentence is empty. The sentence suggests that although the university appeared to be full of activity, the reality was that it was empty or lacking substance. The word 'virtually' indicates that the university was only pretending to have students, while in reality, there were no actual students present. The word 'pageantry' refers to the elaborate and showy display put on for visitors, further emphasizing the deceptive nature of the university's appearance.
The organisms in this photograph would most likely produce oceanic sediments that are:
calcareous.
cosmogenous.
neritic.
lithogenous.
siliceous.
Answer:
The photograph is missing in this question.
The correct answer is --- Calcareous
Explanation:
Calcareous means composing of partly or mostly of calcium carbonate. It means it contains lime or is chalky.
In oceans or sea floors, calcareous sediments are deposited in a shallow water near the land surface, since marine organisms depositing carbonate needs to be land derived nutrients.
Hence the answer is -- calcareous.
La Mesa real estate broker Michael Hagans plans to begin listing or selling mobile homes. He must comply with all but one of the following statements. Which of these is NOT a requirement for Michael to list or sell mobile homes?a. He must only sell new mobile homes.b. He must only sell used mobile homes if they’ve been licensed by the California Department of Housing and Community Development.c. The mobile home must be capable of being transported over a road, with a hitch attached to the unit (or stored underneath it) and the axles attached to the frame.d. It is Michael’s responsibility to ensure the proper completion and delivery of the title to the buyer of the mobile home.
Answer:
a. He must only sell new mobile homes.
Explanation:
Mobile homes are those homes which are built before the year 1976. these homes are built with less safety standards when compared to manufactured homes.
In the context, Michael Hagans is a real estate broker of La Mesa. While making a plan to sell mobile homes, according to the California Housing department, it is not mandatory to sell only new mobile homes.
Hence the correct option is (a).
To list or sell mobile homes, a real estate broker must meet specific requirements, but one of the options provided is not a requirement. The option (A) is correct.
In the scenario provided, to list or sell mobile homes, a real estate broker needs to comply with certain requirements. These include selling used mobile homes licensed by the California Department of Housing and Community Development, ensuring the mobile home is transportable, and handling the proper completion and delivery of the title to the buyer.
However, the statement that is NOT a requirement for Michael to list or sell mobile homes is that he must only sell new mobile homes.
The _______ form is used by non-institutional providers and suppliers to bill Medicare, Part B covered services.
Answer:
CMS-1500 form
Explanation:
CMS-1500 form- it is a form used by suppliers and physicians at the time of claiming the bill. it was developed by centers of medicare and medic aid but it has now very popular among insurance companies.
This form consists of all details of the patients like health details, information about insurance policy, their treatment details, etc.
Which of the following agencies is (are) incorrectly linked to an area of regulatory responsibility?
a. The CPSC is responsible for regulating business-to-business products.
b. The ICC is responsible for regulating interstate promotion activities.
c. The EPA is responsible for regulating the impact of business activities on natural resources.
d. The FTC is responsible for regulating the fairness and honesty of business practices.
e. The FDA is responsible for regulating the food, drug, and additive industries.
Agencies is (are) incorrectly linked to an area of regulatory responsibility are:
a. The CPSC is responsible for regulating business-to-business products - It is responsible for regulating and confirming the safety of manufactured products.
b. The ICC is responsible for regulating interstate promotion activities - It is responsible for organizing cricket matches between countries and for controlling activities related to cricket around the world.
e. The FDA is responsible for regulating the food, drug, and additive industries - It is responsible for promoting 'public health' through the monitoring of food safety.
The perspective that focuses on uncovering the fundamental mental components of perception, consciousness, and other mental states is called______________.
Answer: Structuralism
Explanation:
The structuralism is the term which is refers to the study of different types of fundamental elements or components such as consciousness, perception and the different types of mental states is known as the structuralism.
The structuralism is one of the type of methodology which require various types of human culture elements for proper understanding the relationship in the system. This concept was developed by the Wilhelm Wundt in terms of structural psychology.
Therefore, Structuralism is the correct answer.
How often is it advised to have comprehensive maintenance work done for your vehicle?
Answer:
It is advised to have comprehensive maintenance work done for your vehicle at least twice a year.
Explanation:
The benefit of maintaining one's vehicle is that it increases the life of the car. Mostly, maintaining a vehicle is less frequent than repairing parts. One should regularly check the fluid levels, tire pressure, lights, brakes and battery.
Most cars use the fluids like engine oil, radiator coolant and so on. Many fluids are also vehicle dependent. A common example of unnecessary vehicle maintenance is changing the engine oil too often. Comprehensive Vehicle maintenance should be done at least two times in a year. This would keep the vehicle in healthy condition.
In conjunction with a unit on environmentalism, students in Ms. Stremmel's class placed recycle bins in three locations at school. They collect the recycled goods and take them to the recycling center every Friday after school. This is an example of: a. inquiry. b. service learning. c. community service. d. cooperative learning.
Answer:b.service-learning
Explanation:
What is service-learning?
Service-learning is a type of learning in which learners are engaged in activities that are part of the curriculum but which are also beneficial to the community.
Community based service activities are linked to what students are learning in school. This means learners get an opportunity to practical do what they learn in theory.
They get to practically understand what they are learning in a deeper level and understand their responsibilities within society.
Juan and his little sister, Anne, are each given a large cookie. Their mother breaks Anne’s cookie into four pieces to help her eat it more easily. Juan immediately begins to cry and says that it is not fair for his sister to get so many cookies when he only has one. Juan is showing a lack of:
1. constancy.
2. conservation.
3. intuition.
4. symbolic function
Answer: 3. Intuition
Explanation:
Juan is displaying a lack of conservation, a cognitive development concept that denotes an understanding that quantities remain unchanged despite changes in shape or appearance. This issue arises from centration, where a child focuses on one characteristic, ignoring other aspects. Juan's behavior reflects typical cognitive limitations of the preoperational stage in children.So,option 2 is correct.
Juan is demonstrating a lack of conservation. Conservation is a concept from cognitive development which refers to the understanding that the quantity of a substance or object remains the same even when its appearance changes. In the scenario, Juan is upset because he perceives his sister's cookie, broken into pieces, as 'more' cookies than his single, unbroken one. Juan's reaction illustrates a common cognitive limitation in young children called centration, which means focusing on one aspect of a situation and ignoring other relevant aspects. In this case, Juan focuses on the number of pieces rather than the actual amount of cookie. As children grow older, they typically develop conservation and are able to understand that breaking an object into parts does not increase its total amount.
This concept is derived from Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, particularly in reference to the preoperational stage, where children aged 2 to 7 years old may have difficulty understanding that the transformation of an object's shape or appearance does not necessarily mean a change in its quantity.
Liberty is best served when government withholds involvement in matters concerning moral or personal values according to _______ ideology.
Answer:
Libertarian ideology
Explanation:
Liberty is best served when government withholds involvement in matters concerning moral or personal values according to Libertarian ideology.
Libertarian ideology cherishes individual liberty, freedom and insists on minimal government intervention on issues or moral or personal, economic and social life.
Libertarian ideology is a political philosophy that advocates free will and and maximizes individuals rights while minimizing the role of government; the role of government is limited simply protecting the rights of people
Answer: According to Libertarianism ideology.
Explanation: Libertarianism is a political philosophy maintaining that all persons are the absolute owners of their own lives and should be free to do whatever they wish with their persons or property, provided they allow others that same liberty. This ideology insists on minimal government, promoting a free market, a non interventionist foreign policy, and an absence of regulation in moral, economic, and social life.
Futurist Ray Kurzweil defines the "_____________" as the moment when artificial intelligence achieves enough awareness and self-improvement that it starts to outstrip humanity, and humans may even be able to live forever via massive computer storage of thoughts and personalities.
Answer:
Futurist Ray Kurzweil defined The "singularity" as the moment when artificial intelligence achieves enough awareness and self-improvement that it starts to outstrip humanity, and humans may even be able to live forever via massive computer storage of thoughts and personalities.
Explanation:
The "singularity" concept of Ray Kurzweil is a concept that develops a theory in "The singularity is near" a non-fiction book he wrote to describe his ideas on the topic. It is a summary of all his previous works with the addition of the "singularity" concept adopted from Vernor Vinge.
Kurzweil develops his theory believing that humans will find a way to take a big jump of innovation and development in which the creation of self-improving technology will be able to overcome human thinking and both will merge themselves to achieve what he believes is the ultimate state of humankind. Then they will expand over the universe until they reached everything and unify again into a massive net. And finally that the final stage of technological evolution is to reach a spiritual state.
You are conducting a study of how effective a midnight basketball program is on reducing inner city juvenile crime. You measure the number of crimes reported to the police before and after the program is instituted, and you compare your findings to the crime rates in another city of similar size that does not have such a program. What sort of evaluation design are you using?
Answer:
The non-equivalent control group design.
Explanation:
Non-equivalent control group design: In the psychological or scientific experiment the term 'non-equivalent control group design' is defined as the of research in which the participants' distribution or assignment is not controlled by the experimenter or the researcher.
The quasi-experimental research design is a type of non-equivalent control group design and does not receive any treatment in an experiment.
In the question above, the statement signifies the non-equivalent control group design.
In response to No Child Left Behind, Ling Chang, the principal of Thistledale Middle School, knows he must collect data to be distributed on request to parents about the members of his teaching staff. He will satisfy the requirements by having a database prepared that contains all of the following information EXCEPT:
A) proof of the scores attained by the teacher on required state or Praxis certification tests.
B) whether the teacher has met state qualifications and licensing criteria for the grades and subjects taught.
C) whether the teacher is teaching under emergency or other provisional status.
D) proof of baccalaureate degrees and other graduation certification and their subject areas.
Answer:
Letter C is the correct answer.
Explanation:
No Child Left Behind (or NCLB) was a law for K-12 Education in the U.S. between 2002 and 2015 (it was replaced by Every Student Succeeds Act that year) and the main issue was how children were learning at school.
Options A, B, and D are related to the academic status of the professor, since A talks about tests taken by teachers; letter B refers to state qualifications in the area teachers have in charge; letter D also talks about how professors can prove they are able to teach their subjects: all these options are strictly related to how children can learn and how exams and certifications can help teachers in this task. On the other hand, Letter C does not relate directly to students' performance in the classroom, and that is why this is the correct answer.
The principle of_______ and_______ is designed to prevent a branch of the government from exceeding its constitutional powers.
Answer:
Checks, balances
Explanation:
Through the principle of ckecks and balances, the branches of the American government, which work separately, must share power, and in this way balance the government
Consider two individuals — Howard and Mai — each of whom would like to wear sweaters and eat tasty food. The gains from trade between Howard and Mai are least obvious in which of the following cases?a.Howard is very good at knitting sweaters and at cooking tasty food, but Mai’s skills in both of these activities are very poor.b.Howard is very good at knitting sweaters and at cooking tasty food; Mai is very good at knitting sweaters, but she knows nothing about cooking tasty food.c.Howard’s skills in knitting sweaters are fairly good, but his skills in cooking tasty food are fairly bad; Mai’s skills in knitting sweaters are fairly bad, but her skills in cooking tasty food are fairly good.d.Howard’s skills are such that he can produce only sweaters, and Mai’s skills are such that she can produce only tasty food.
Answer:
A. Howard is very good at knitting sweaters and at cooking tasty food, but Maia's skills in both of these activities are very poor
Explanation:
If Howard is very good at both activities, but Maia's is not good at any of them, Howard will not gain any benefit from trading with Maia, Howard is better off supplying himself with both products. As for Maia, she would gain a lot from trading but is not likely that Howard would agree to enter such a disadvantageous deal anyway.
Having spent his childhood in the Middle East, Parviz did not begin speaking English until he was a teenager. When he pronounces words such as "mother," native English speakers hear a word that sounds more like "mudder." Which of the following is the best explanation for this phenomenon?
a. In Parviz's speech, consonant phonemes carry more information than do vowel phonemes.
b. As an infant, Parviz lost the ability to produce sounds he never heard.
c. The rules for English syntax and semantics differ from what Parviz learned as a child.
d. Non-English languages are typically more telegraphic, affecting Parviz's current speech patterns.
e. Parviz's language acquisition device did not "switch on," so he could produce English phonemes correctly.
Answer:
b. As an infant, Parviz lost the ability to produce sounds he never heard.
Explanation:
Language development starts since the moment we are born, even if we cannot articulate proper words until about 1 year of age.
In terms of language, there's a phenomenon called perceptual narrowing or perceptual reorganization. A new-born can perceive all the speech sounds of any language, however, when the baby is around 6 months old, he starts to lose the ability to tell apart many sounds that aren't used in their native language, this process is called perceptual narrowing or perceptual reorganization.
In this example, Parviz spent his childhood in the Middle East and he started speaking english when he was a teenager. When he pronounces "mother" it sounds more like "mudder", this can be explained by the perceptual narrowing phenomenon in which as a child, Parviz lost the ability to recognize sounds that didn't belong to her native language, and therefore he is not able to pronounce them either. Therefore, the correct answer is b. As an infant, Parviz lost the ability to produce sounds he never heard.
The correct choice is b. Parviz's pronunciation issue is best explained by the loss of ability to produce sounds he wasn't exposed to as a child. This phenomenon aligns with language acquisition research showing difficulty in producing unfamiliar phonemes learned later in life.
The correct choice is b.
The phenomenon described in the question regarding Parviz's pronunciation of 'mother' as 'mudder' can be best explained by option b: As an infant, Parviz lost the ability to produce sounds he never heard.This aligns with research in language acquisition which indicates that if individuals do not learn certain phonemes at a young age, it becomes difficult to produce and distinguish those sounds later in life. For example, English speakers learning Korean may struggle to distinguish between 'pul' and 'phul' due to the lack of similar phonemic contrasts in English. Similarly, Parviz, having grown up hearing different phonemes in the Middle Eastern languages, may have lost the ability to produce the exact phonemes used in English, resulting in a pronunciation that sounds different to native English speakers.