What conditions lead to the formation of large crystals in an igneous rock?

The total change in internal energy would simply be calculated using the formula:

ΔU = -P (V2 – V1) + ΔH

where ΔU is the change in internal energy; P is constant pressure = 30 atm = 3,039,750 Pa; V2 is final volume = 2 L = 0.002 m^3; V1 is initial volume = 7.20 L = 0.0072 m^3; while ΔH is the heat = -74,400 J (heat released so negative)

Therefore:

ΔU =-3,039,750 Pa * (0.002 m^3 - 0.0072 m^3) + (- 74,400 J)

ΔU = - 58,593.3 J = - 58.6 kJ

Answer:  Due to its shape

Explanation:  Polarity of any substance can be determined by its shape. It can also be determined by its dipole moment.

It has positive charge at its one end and negative charge on the other end.It has one oxygen atom which has negative charge (being electronegative in nature) and has two hydrogen atoms which has positive charge.

Thus electron charge density present on the hydrogen is being pulled by the oxygen mking it polar in nature.

On the periodic table, the element with the smallest anionic (negative-ionic) radius would be in Group 17, Period 2.

Scientists can quickly calculate an element's weight, number of electrons, electronic structures, and other distinguishing chemical properties thanks to the periodic table, often known as the periodic table of elements.

Every known element is grouped into groups with related properties in the periodic table of elements. As a result, it becomes an essential tool for researchers and chemists. You can forecast how chemicals will behave if you know how to use and comprehend the periodic table.

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Answer: The ions which are present in the solution of [tex]CuSO_4[/tex] are [tex]Cu^{2+}\text{ and }SO_4^{2-}[/tex], both in aqueous state.

Explanation: When [tex]CuSO_4[/tex] is dissolved in water, it forms an aqueous solution. The solution contains two ions, both in aqueous states.

Equation follows:

[tex]CuSO_4(aq.)\rightarrow Cu^{2+}(aq.)+SO_4^{2-}(aq.)[/tex]

Ions that are present in the solution of [tex]CuSO_4[/tex] are [tex]Cu^{2+}\text{ and }SO_4^{2-}[/tex]

The mass of the sample of Calcium carbonate is 0.195g

The heat capacity formula,

[tex]\rm \bold{ Q= mC\Delta T}[/tex]\

Where,

Q- Heat absorbed = 45.5 J

C- specific heat capacity of  [tex]\rm \bold{ CaCO_3 = 0.82 J/g/^\cdot C }[/tex]

[tex]\rm \bold{ \Delta T}[/tex]- change in temperature = 280.5 k

m - mass = ?

Solving Equation for m

[tex]\rm \bold {m = \frac{45.5 J}{0.82\times 280.5 K } }\\\rm \bold {m = 0.195 g }[/tex]

Hence , we can conclude that the mass of sample is 0.195g.

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Answer :

(1) The correct option is, (b) orbital shape.

(2) The correct option is, (d) 8

(3) The correct option is, (c) 2

Explanation :

Part 1 :

As we know that there are four quantum numbers :

Principle Quantum Numbers : It describes the size of the orbital and the energy level. It is represented by n. Where, n = 1,2,3,4....

Azimuthal Quantum Number : It describes the shape of the orbital. It is represented as 'l'. The value of l ranges from 0 to (n-1). For l = 0,1,2,3... the orbitals are s, p, d, f...

Magnetic Quantum Number : It describes the orientation of the orbitals. It is represented as [tex]m_l[/tex]. The value of this quantum number ranges from [tex](-l\text{ to }+l)[/tex]. When l = 2, the value of [tex]m_l[/tex] will be -2, -1, 0, +1, +2.

Spin Quantum number : It describes the direction of electron spin. This is represented as [tex]m_s[/tex] The value of this is [tex]+\frac{1}{2}[/tex] for upward spin and [tex]-\frac{1}{2}[/tex] for downward spin.

As per question, the letter "p" is the symbol [tex]4p^3[/tex] indicates the shape of the orbital.

Hence, the correct option is (b) orbital shape.

Part 2 :

Electronic configuration : It is defined as the representation of electrons around the nucleus of an atom.  

Number of electrons in an atom are determined by the electronic configuration.

The element oxygen belongs to group 16 and atomic number 8.

As per question the electronic configuration of oxygen atom will be,

[tex]1s^22s^22p^4[/tex]

The total number of electrons = [2 + 2 + 4] = 8

Hence, the correct option is (d) 8

Part 3 :

The element sulfur belongs to group 16 and atomic number 16.

As per question the electronic configuration of sulfur atom will be,

[tex]1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^4[/tex]

In 3p orbital there are 4 electrons and 'p' orbital can contain 6 electrons. So, the number of paired electrons and unpaired electrons will be 2 and 2 respectively.

Hence, the correct option is (c) 2

The molecular geometry of PF3 (Phosphorus trifluoride) is trigonal pyramidal and it is a polar molecule due to the electronegativity differences between phosphorus and fluorine atoms forming polar bonds.

The molecular geometry of the PF3 molecule is trigonal pyramidal. The PF3 molecule contains one phosphorus atom and three fluorine atoms. Phosphorus has 5 valence electrons and fluorine has 7, so the PF3 molecule has 26 valence electrons in total. The phosphorus is at the center of the molecule, with the three fluorine atoms and one lone pair of electrons surrounding it. As a result, the molecule has a 'pyramid' shape with the phosphorus at the top.

In terms of its polarity, PF3 is a polar molecule. This is because the difference in electronegativity between the phosphorus and fluorine atoms creates a polar bond. The three polar bonds form a net dipole moment, making the entire molecule polar.

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The molecular geometry of the PF3 molecule is trigonal pyramidal, and this molecule is polar.

The PF3 molecule, which is phosphorus trifluoride, has a central phosphorus atom surrounded by three fluorine atoms. According to the VSEPR model, we count the electron pairs around the central atom, recognizing that there are three bonding pairs and one lone pair. Considering this, PF3 does not have a trigonal planar structure like BF3, which has no lone pairs, but instead has a trigonal pyramidal geometry. The presence of the lone pair on the phosphorus atom pushes the fluorine atoms down, which creates a pyramid-like shape rather than a flat plane. In addition, due to the differences in electronegativity between the fluorine atoms and the phosphorus atom, and the asymmetric shape of the molecule, PF3 has a net dipole moment, meaning it is polar.

The amount in grams of water will be formed when 32.0 g H₂ is mixed with 32.0 g O₂ is 36 grams.

Moles from mass of any susbatnce will be calculated as:

n = W/M, where

W = given mass

M = molar mass

Given chemical reaction is:

2H₂  +  O₂  →  2H₂O

Moles of H₂ = 32g / 2g/mol = 16 mol

Moles of O₂ = 32g / 32g/mol = 1 mol

From the stoichiometry of the reaction, it is clear that

1 mole of O₂ = reacts with 2 moles of H₂

So in the given question, oxygen is the limiting reagent as hydrogen is present in excess quantity & predominated the formation of water.

1 mole of O₂ = produces 2 moles of H₂O

Now grams of water will be obtained by using mass-moles equation as:

W = (2mol)(18g/mol) = 36 grams.

Hence required mass of water is 36 grams.

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After each cellular respiration cycle there are ATP molecules obtained after oxidizing each glucose molecule

Out of which 2 ATP molecules are obtained from glycolysis cycle, 2 ATP molecules from the Krebs cycle, and about 34 ATP molecules from the electron transport system.

So, in all 2 + 2 + 34 = 38 ATP molecules.

Answer:

The elements in the second, third, fourth and fifth periods that have the same number of electrons with the highest energy level that barium are beryllium (Be) magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca ) and strontium (Sr).

Explanation:

The Electronic Configuration of the elements is the arrangement of all electrons of an element in energy levels and sub-levels (orbitals). The filling of these orbitals occurs in increasing order of energy, that is, from the orbitals of lower energy to those of higher energy.

There are 7 energy levels, numbered from 1 to 7, and in which electrons are distributed, logically in order according to their energy level. Electrons with less energy will be spinning at level 1.

Valencia electrons are the electrons found in the last electronic layer (called valence orbitals). This electrons allows to determine their location in the Periodic Table. All elements of the same group have the same number of valence electrons (This does not occur in transition metals). The valence electrons increase in number as one advances in a period. Then, at the beginning of the new period, the number decreases to one and begins to increase again.

So, in summary, those elements that belong to a group have the same number of electrons in their last or last layers, and the group number indicates the electronic configuration of their last layer, varying only the period of the element.

On the other hand, periods represent the energy levels that an atom has. That is, an element with five layers or energy levels will be in the fifth period.

Given this, the elements in the second, third, fourth and fifth periods that have the same number of electrons with the highest energy level that barium are beryllium (Be) magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca ) and strontium (Sr). This is because they are in the same group (they have the same number of electrons in their last layer)

Answer:

The correct answer is option b, that is, chemists have created medicine to fight leukemia.

Explanation:

An individual who does research associated with the chemicals is known as a chemist. The chemist performs the duty to guide the individuals with regard to chemical compounds and the qualitative analysis associated with it. A chemist does a specific role of performing research associated with chemical compounds and the procedures related to it. That is, a chemist performs extensive research associated with the field of chemistry. Therefore, in the given question, the creation of medicines to fight against leukemia will be the correct answer.

7.38 liters

Given:

Question:

The volume of Kr (in liters)

The Process:

Step-1: moles of Kr

We use the conversion formula from the number of atoms to moles.

[tex]\boxed{ \ n = \frac{N}{6.02 \times 10^{23}} \ }[/tex]

[tex]\boxed{ \ n = \frac{9.783 \times 10^{23}}{6.02 \times 10^{23}} \ }[/tex]

Hence, we get 1.625 moles of Kr.

Step-2: the volume of Kr

We use the formula for an ideal gas:

[tex]\boxed{ \ pV = nRT \ }[/tex]

Let us calculate the volume.

[tex]\boxed{ \ V = \frac{nRT}{p} \ }[/tex]

[tex]\boxed{ \ V = \frac{(1.625)(0.082)(512)}{9.25} \ }[/tex]

Thus, the volume of Kr is 7.38 liters.

Keywords: the volume, Kr, krypton, atoms, avogadro's number, moles, atm, pressure, temperature, ideal gas law