What are the chemical differences between the cell walls of gram positive and gram negative bacteria that might explain differences in the rate of decolorization?

The cell wall is the layer that lies outside the plasma membrane. The chemical difference between the cell walls of gram positive and gram negative bacteria are as follows-

Gram positive bacteria

Gram negative bacteria

During staining procedure the bacteria are first stained with crystal violet and then treated with the iodine to promote dye retention. After this  When gram positive bacteria are treated with alcohol (ethanol) for decolorization, the alcohol shrinks the pores of the thick peptidoglycan cell wall, which retains the crystal violet dye-iodine complex and the gram positive bacteria remains purple. However, the peptidoglycan layer of gram-negative bacteria is thin and has large pores because of which alcohol easily removes the crystal violet dye-iodine complex from the cell wall and gets easily counterstain  by safranin.

So, the rate of decolorization in gram negative bacteria is faster than the rate of decolorization in gram positive bacteria due to the presence of thin peptidoglycan layer in gram negative bacteria.

Learn more about cell wall of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

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Final answer:

The cell walls of gram positive bacteria contain thick layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids, retaining crystal violet dye, whereas gram negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane with LPS, decolorizing faster and taking up safranin dye.

Explanation:

The major chemical differences between the cell walls of gram positive and gram negative bacteria involve the structure and composition of their cell walls, which impacts the rate of decolorization. Gram-positive bacteria have thick layers of peptidoglycan, which retain the crystal violet dye during the Gram staining procedure, making them appear purple. They also contain teichoic acids, which gram-negative bacteria lack. Conversely, gram-negative bacteria have a much thinner layer of peptidoglycan and possess an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides (LPS). This outer membrane dissolves during the alcohol wash in the staining process, allowing the crystal violet dye to escape. Afterwards, these cells take up the pink dye safranin and appear pink. The presence of LPS in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria also gives them the ability to release endotoxins.

Which of the following represents a negatively charged ion?

F
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