Using electron configurations, explain why the halogens readily react with the alkali metals to form salts

Answer: Option (C) is the correct answer.

Explanation:

Bromine is a group 7A element with atomic number 35. Whereas magnesium is a group 2A element with atomic number 12.

This means that a neutral atom of bromine has more number of electrons as compared to a neutral atom of magnesium. Hence, size of a bromine atom will definitely be larger than the size of a magnesium atom.

Thus, we can conclude that we know that a neutral atom of bromine (Br) is larger than a neutral atom of magnesium (Mg) because atoms with many electrons are always larger than atoms with fewer electrons, a neutral atom of bromine has 35 electrons while neutral atom of magnesium has only 12.

The atom would have 20 neutrons.

Mass number = neutrons + protons

40 = neutrons + 20

neutrons = 40 – 20 = 20

The first ionization energy for lithium has been represented as:

[tex]\rm \bold{Li\;\rightarrow\;Li^+\;+\;e^-}[/tex]

Ionization energy can be described as the smallest amount of energy necessary to remove the most loosely attached electron from an isolated neutral gaseous atom.

The first ionization energy has been the amount of energy needed to remove the first electron from an atom's outermost energy level.

The second ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove the second electron and produce a divalent cation.

Thus, for lithium, initial ionization energy is represented by the chemical equation;

[tex]\rm \bold{Li\;\rightarrow\;Li^+\;+\;e^-}[/tex]

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The first ionization energy for lithium (Li) is represented by the chemical equation Li(g) → Li+(g) + e−, and requires an energy of approximately +54.4 eV.

The first Ionization energy refers to the amount of energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion. For lithium, which is an alkali metal with atomic number 3, the electron configuration is [He]2s¹. In the case of Lithium, the first ionization energy removes the outermost electron, resulting in a Lithium-ion (Li+) and an electron (e−). This is represented by the chemical equation: Li(g) → Li+(g) + e−. This process requires a particular amount of energy.

The energy required to ionize the electron of Lithium is approximately +54.4 eV (electron Volts).

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Astrology is the science of studying the stars.

True

False

Trueeeee

Final answer:

To make an 8% brine solution, 8 liters of a 4% brine solution must be added to 16 liters of a 10% brine solution.

Explanation:

To determine how many liters of a 4% brine solution must be added to 16 liters of a 10% brine solution to dilute it to an 8% solution, we can set up an equation based on the concept of concentration. Let x be the volume of the 4% solution we need to add. We know that the amount of salt in the combined solution should be equal to the sum of the salt in each solution.

The equation representing this scenario is:

(10% × 16 liters) + (4% × x liters) = 8% × (16 liters + x liters)

Converting percentages to decimals and multiplying through gives:

(0.10 × 16) + (0.04 × x) = 0.08 × (16 + x)

Expanding and grouping like terms:

1.6 + 0.04x = 1.28 + 0.08x

Subtract 0.04x from both sides and subtract 1.28 from both sides:

0.04x - 0.04x = 1.6 - 1.28

This simplifies to:

0x = 0.32

Since 0x equals zero, our equation simplifies down to 0 = 0.32, which indicates a mathematical error in our setup. Realizing this, we reassess our equation after subtracting 0.04x from both sides:

1.6 = 1.28 + 0.04x

Now we subtract 1.28 from both sides to solve for x:

0.32 = 0.04x

Divide both sides by 0.04:

x = 8 liters

Therefore, 8 liters of 4% brine solution must be added to 16 liters of 10% brine solution to achieve an 8% solution.

The word antibiotic means against the bio or something living. Viruses are not considered to be living things unless they have a host. Hence, antibiotics are ineffective against viruses.

The word "antibiotic" comes from the Greek words "anti" (against) and "bios" (life), meaning "against life." Antibiotics are medications that are designed to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, which are living organisms.

They work by targeting specific structures or processes in bacterial cells that are different from those in human cells, so they are relatively safe for human use.

Viruses, on the other hand, are not living organisms but rather particles of genetic material (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a protein coat. They cannot carry out metabolic functions on their own and rely on host cells to replicate and spread.

Since viruses do not have the same structures and processes as bacteria, antibiotics are not effective against them. In fact, using antibiotics to treat viral infections can be harmful because it can lead to antibiotic resistance, which is a growing public health concern.

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The number of electrons in the given neutral atom is equal to 30.

What is a neutral atom?

A neutral atom is one in which the number of the positive charge is equal to the number of the negative charge. Therefore, the overall charge on the atom is zero. Therefore, that type of atom is called a neutral atom.

For a neutral atom, we generally say that the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons. All chemical elements arranged in the periodic table are neutral.

Given, the number of protons is equal to 30 and the number of neutrons is equal to 34. As the given atom is a neutral atom,

So, the number of electrons = Number of protons.

The number of electrons for the neutral atom = 30.

Therefore, the number of electrons in the atom is 30.

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If you have an aqueous solution that contains 1.5 moles of HCl, the number of moles of ions in the solution is 3.0 moles.

HCl + H₂O ⇔ H₃O⁺ + OH⁻

H₃COOH ⇔ CH₃COO⁻ + H⁺; CH₃COO⁻ is a conjugate base of acetic acid.

HCl + H₂O ⇔ H₃O⁺ + OH⁻

Therefore;

1.5 moles of HCl will produce;

= 1.5 moles of H₃O⁺ ions and 1.5 moles of OH⁻ ions.

This gives a total number ions of;

= 1.5 + 1.5

= 3 moles of ions

Keywords:  Strong acid, weak acid, ions, ionization

Level: High school

Subject: Chemistry

Topic: Salts, Acids and Bases

The correct option is [tex]\boxed{\left( {\text{e}} \right)}[/tex]. The number of moles of ion in the solution is [tex]\boxed{3\;{\text{moles}}}[/tex]

Further Explanation:

An acid is a substance that has the ability to donate [tex]{{\text{H}}^+}[/tex] ions or can accept electrons from the electron-rich species. The acids can be classified into two types as follows:

1. Strong acids

2. Weak acids

1. Strong acids:

The acids that undergo complete dissociation into its constituent ions when dissolved in water are known as strong acids. The pH value of strong acids is lower than pH value of weak acids. Examples of strong acids include HCl, [tex]{\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_3}[/tex] and [tex]{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_4}[/tex]. The general dissociation reaction of a strong acid is as follows:

 [tex]{\text{HA}}+{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}\to {{\text{H}}_3}{{\text{O}}^+}+{{\text{A}}^-}[/tex]

Here, HA is a strong acid.

2. Weak acids:

The acids that undergo partial dissociation into its constituent ions when dissolved in water are known as weak acids. pH value of weak acids is higher than pH value of strong acids. Examples of weak acids include , [tex]{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{COOH}}[/tex], HCOOH and HCN. The general dissociation reaction of a weak acid is as follows:

[tex]{\text{HB}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} \rightleftharpoons {{\text{H}}_3}{{\text{O}}^+} + {{\text{B}}^ -}[/tex]

Here, HB is a weak acid.

HCl is a strong acid and therefore it dissociates completely into  [tex]{{\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{3}}}{{\mathbf{O}}^{\mathbf{+}}}[/tex] and [tex]{\mathbf{C}}{{\mathbf{l}}^-}[/tex] ions. The dissociation reaction of HCl is as follows:

[tex]{\text{HCl}}\left( g \right) + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}\left( l \right) \to {{\text{H}}_3}{{\text{O}}^+}\left( {aq} \right) + {\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^-}\left( {aq} \right)[/tex]

The above chemical equation depicts that one mole of HCl dissociates to give one mole of [tex]{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{O}}^+}[/tex] ion and one [tex]{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^-}[/tex] mole of  ion. Therefore 1.5 mol of HCl will dissociate to give 1.5 mol of [tex]{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{O}}^+}[/tex] ions and  1.5 mol of [tex]{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^-}[/tex] ions.

The total number of moles of ions released from 1.5 mol of HCl in the aqueous solution is the sum of [tex]{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{O}}^+}[/tex] ions and [tex]{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^-}[/tex] ions.

[tex]\begin{gathered}{\text{Total moles of ions}} = {\text{ions of }}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{O}}^+} + {\text{ions of C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }\\= 1.5\;{\text{moles}} +1.5\;{\text{moles}} \\= {\text{3 moles}} \\ \end{gathered}[/tex]

Hence, the correct option is (e).

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Answer details:

Grade: High School

Subject: Chemistry

Chapter: Acids, bases, and salts

Keywords: Acid, bases, strong acids, pH , weak acids, electron-rich species, dissociation, moles of ions, HCl, H3O+, Cl-.

To calculate the root mean square speed of fluorine gas at 425˚c, convert the temperature to Kelvin and the molar mass of the gas to kg/mol. Next, substitute these values into the root mean square speed formula. The speed is approximately 422.47 m/s.

In Physics, specifically in the field of thermodynamics and kinetic theory, the root mean square speed of a gas can be calculated using the formula vrms = √(3kT/m), where k is the Boltzmann constant, T is the absolute temperature and m is the molar mass.

First, you need to convert the temperature from Celsius to Kelvin because the formula requires the temperature in Kelvin. You do that by adding 273.15 to your Celsius temperature. So, 425oC = 425 + 273.15 = 698.15 K.

Also, you have to convert the molar mass of Fluorine gas (F2), which is approximately 37.9968064 g/mol, into kg/mol. So, m = 37.9968064 g/mol ÷ 1000 = 0.0379968064 kg/mol.

Then, substitute all the values into the formula:
√(3×1.38×10-23×698.15 / 0.0379968064 ) = 422.47 m/s.

Therefore, the root mean square speed of fluorine gas at 425oC is approximately 422.47 meters per second (m/s).

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Answer: Hydroxide ion

Explanation: The question is to balance half -reactions in basic solutions(medium) and not to neutralize the basic solutions.

In acidic medium, half-reactions are balanced by adding [tex]H^+[/tex] and [tex]H_2O[/tex] where as the half-reactions in basic medium are balanced by adding [tex]OH^-[/tex] and [tex]H_2O[/tex] .

As the question asks about balancing  half-reactions in basic solutions, the right choice is hydroxide ion.

Chlorine, Iron or nitrogen are not used for balancing half reactions.

Doubling the mass of an egg results in doubling the force it experiences upon impact in an egg drop experiment due to Newton's Second Law (F = ma). This principle holds true if all other conditions remain the same, such as the height of the drop and the surface properties.

When performing an egg drop experiment with a small egg and a jumbo egg under identical conditions, the force experienced by the egg can be analyzed using Newton's Second Law of Motion, which states that force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma).

Doubling the mass of the egg will result in doubling the force experienced by the egg during impact, assuming the acceleration due to gravity remains constant. This principle can be observed in scenarios like dropping two balls of different masses but the same volume, where the heavier ball experiences more force upon impact.

If you throw eggs at a bed sheet, the eggs likely won't break because the bed sheet increases the time over which the force is applied, thus reducing the impact force.

In summary, doubling the mass of an egg will double the force it experiences during the drop, provided all other conditions, such as the height from which it is dropped and the properties of the impact surface, remain unchanged.

To assist someone with a deep, open chest wound, ensure safety first and call for emergency help. Apply pressure to stop bleeding, cover the wound with a dressing, and seal on three sides if a pneumothorax is suspected. Monitor vital signs until help arrives.

If you need to help a hunting companion with a deep, open chest wound, the first thing to do is ensure your own safety by wearing gloves to avoid any potential transmission of blood-borne pathogens. Next, you should call for emergency medical help immediately. While waiting for help to arrive, the priority is to address any severe bleeding. If there's active bleeding, you apply direct pressure to the wound using a clean cloth or dressing. Do not attempt to clean the wound or push any protruding organs back in. Instead, you may cover the wound with a clean cloth or sterile dressing and seal it on three sides to create a flutter valve if you suspect a pneumothorax. This allows air to escape from the chest cavity without letting more air in. Keep the person calm and still, and monitor their breathing and pulse until medical professionals take over. Remember that in the case of a suspected pneumothorax, it's crucial not to completely seal the wound, as this could lead to a tension pneumothorax.

Answer: 19kJ of energy must be released

Explanation:

The connection between energy quanta and energy levels is that electrons in atoms can only occupy specific, discrete energy levels and absorb or emit energy in small, distinct packets called quanta when transitioning between these levels.

This concept of energy quantization is fundamental in understanding atomic structure and emission spectra.

This concept is pivotal in understanding line spectra emissions in elements, a principle that laid the groundwork for the quantum mechanical model of the atom.

Reaction (1) is a formation reaction because it represents the formation of Fe2O3(s) from its constituent elements Fe(s) and O2(g) in their standard states.

A formation reaction is a chemical reaction in which one mole of a compound is formed from its constituent elements in their standard state under standard conditions of temperature and pressure (STP). The standard state of an element is its most stable physical state at STP.

In a formation reaction, the reactants are always the elements from which the compound is formed, and the product is always the compound itself. The enthalpy change of a formation reaction is known as the standard enthalpy of formation (ΔHf°) and is a measure of the heat absorbed or released during the formation of one mole of the compound.

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Final answer:

The given reaction forming iron (III) oxide from iron and oxygen is identified as a formation reaction, adhering to the definition by involving elemental components in their standard states.

Explanation:

The question asks which of the given reactions is a formation reaction. A formation reaction is one in which a single compound is formed from its constituent elements in their standard states.

From the provided options, the first reaction, 2 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g) → Fe2O3(s), is a formation reaction because iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3, is being formed from its elemental components (iron and oxygen) in their standard states (solid for iron and gas for oxygen).

To find the pressure of the sample at 27 °C and the same volume, you can use the combined gas law equation. Plugging in the given values and solving for the unknown pressure, you will find that it is 0.71 atm.

To solve this problem, we can use the combined gas law:

P1*V1/T1 = P2*V2/T2

Where P1, V1, and T1 are the initial pressure, volume, and temperature, and P2, V2, and T2 are the final pressure, volume, and temperature.

Given that the initial volume is the same as the final volume, we can set V1 = V2:

P1/T1 = P2/T2

Plugging in the values, we have (0.80 atm)/(127 + 273) K = P2/(27 + 273) K

Solving for P2, we get:

P2 = (0.80 atm)(300 K)/(300 + 27) K = 0.71 atm

Therefore, the pressure of the sample at 27 °C and the same volume would be 0.71 atm.