The two muscles of mastication that that are involved in closing of the mandible are the masseter and pterygoid muscles.
Actually, three muscles that work together are involved in movement of the mandible: Temporalis, Masseter and Pterygoid Muscles.
Temporalis muscle - assists in closing the mouth and moving the mouth from side to side during the chewing.
Masseter muscle- the main chewing muscle and one of the strongest muscles in the body.
Pterygoid muscles- with the Masseter muscle to assist in the chewing action and jaw rotation.
The two muscles of mastication involved in mandible closure are the masseter and temporalis muscles. These muscles work together to elevate and retract the mandible, enabling the complex movements necessary for effective chewing.
The two muscles of mastication that are involved in closing of the mandible are the masseter and temporalis muscles. Mastication, or chewing, requires muscles that can exert sufficient pressure to bite and chew food before swallowing. The masseter is a major muscle in this process, elevating the mandible to close the mouth, while the temporalis supports this action by retracting the mandible. You can even feel the temporalis in action by placing your fingers on your temple as you chew. These two muscles work in concert to enable the jaw to perform the complex movements necessary for breaking down food.
Together, the masseter and temporalis allow for up-and-down and side-to-side movements of the jaw, which are essential for effective chewing. While the masseter is the main muscle for chewing, the temporalis plays a crucial role in assisting with the elevation and retraction of the mandible to facilitate mastication.
List the 5 steps in the fetch/execute cycle, and describe each. explain how these steps correspond to eating at a restaurant.
Why is a diagram of energy flow from trophic level to trophic level shaped like a pyramid?
a. Organisms at each level store most of the energy and pass little on.
b. There are more producers than primary consumers, and so on.
c. Organisms eventually die.
d. Most energy at each level is lost, leaving little for the next.
e. Secondary consumers are larger than primary consumers, and so on.
The correct answer is: d. Most energy at each level is lost, leaving little for the next.
The trophic pyramid or energy pyramid is graphical representation of relationships between organisms depending on their nutrition. The base of the pyramid has the largest amount of biomass so it can support the energy requirements of the organisms above it (at higher levels). Each higher level in the pyramid is smaller because only about 10% of the available energy is transferred to the next level. So, energy is lost at each level.
Final answer:
An energy pyramid is shaped like a pyramid because only about 10 percent of the energy at one trophic level is transferred to the next level. The rest is used for metabolic processes or lost as heat, which leads to a decrease in available energy at higher levels.
Explanation:
The diagram of energy flow from trophic level to trophic level is shaped like a pyramid because of the inefficiency of energy transfer between levels. According to the laws of thermodynamics, specially the first law, energy can neither be created nor destroyed. This means the energy must come from one of the previous levels. In an ecosystem, only about 10 percent of the total energy stored in organisms at one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level. The rest is used by the organisms for metabolism, growth, and repair, or is lost to the environment as heat or waste. Therefore, as one moves up the pyramid from producers to apex predators, there is a significant decrease in available energy, which leads to fewer organisms that can be supported at higher trophic levels.
Human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes. How many combinations of chromosomes can result in an effort to maintain genetic diversity?
There are 8,324,608 possible combinations of 23 chromosome pairs. As a result, two gametes virtually never have exactly the same combination of chromosomes. Each chromosome contains dozens to thousands of different genes.
A molecule that blocks the activity of carbonic anhydrase would immediately. . .
a. decrease the amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in the plasma
b. cause an increase in blood pH.
c. Interfere with oxygen binding to hemoglobin
d. increase the amount of bicarbonate formed in the blood.
e. all of the above
Answer:
b. cause an increase in blood pH.
Explanation:
Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme responsible for accelerating the conversion of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid, and is responsible for controlling blood pH. When this enzyme is inhibited by some molecule. In addition, inhibition of this enzyme reduces the amount of bicarbonate formed in the blood, since there will be no conversion of carbonic acid occurring at speed.
A molecule that blocks the activity of carbonic anhydrase will immediately reduce the amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in the plasma, cause an increase in blood pH, interfere with oxygen binding to hemoglobin, and increase the amount of bicarbonate formed in the blood will increase. Therefore, the correct option is E.
A compound that inhibits carbonic anhydrase will have a variety of consequences. An enzyme called carbonic anhydrase helps convert carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid, which then splits into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. As a result, inhibiting carbonic anhydrase will lower carbon dioxide levels, raise blood pH, probably inhibit the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin, and increase the amount of bicarbonate generated in the blood.
Therefore, the correct option is E.
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One should inhale when muscles are relaxed and exhale when initiating the lifting or push-off action in resistance training.
Answer:
It is true that one should inhale when muscles are relaxed and exhale when initiating the lifting or push-off action in resistance training.
Explanation:
The reason why we have to inhale when the muscle is relaxed is that we need to oxygenate our body to perform the effort. Muscles burn energy and they need to be provided with it so they can perform the effort, as well as our whole body needs oxygen, proteins, and glucose to work support the effort. As well as to send enough oxygen to be distributed in the glucose they need to perform the duty. Also, we prepare our thoracic cave to endure the effort, gather the oxygen and burn it to perform the task.
Which statement about the domain Archaea is true? a. Genetic prospecting has recently revealed the existence of many previously unknown archaean species. b. No archaeans are adapted to waters with temperatures above the boiling point. c. The genomes of archaeans are unique, containing no genes that originated within bacteria. No archaeans can inhabit solutions that are nearly 30% salt. d. No archaeans can reduce CO2 to methane.
The domain Archaea is diverse, with many previously unknown species being discovered due to genetic prospecting. Archaeans can thrive in extreme environments like high-temperature waters and high-salt solutions, while their genomes are unique and sometimes contain genes originated in bacteria.
Explanation:The domain Archaea is one of three large divisions of life's diversity, the others being Bacteria and Eukarya. Archaeans are unique microorganisms that bear certain similarities to both bacteria and eukaryotes. The choice (a) is correct that Genetic prospecting has recently revealed the existence of many previously unknown archaean species. Archaeans are known for their ability to inhabit extreme environments such as high-temperature waters and high-salt solutions.
Therefore, the choices (b) and (d) are incorrect. As for choice (c), archaeans do indeed have unique genomes, but they do sometimes contain genes that originated within bacteria.
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The true statement about the domain Archaea is that genetic prospecting has identified many previously unknown archaean species. Archaeans are extremophiles found in extreme environments and can perform methanogenesis. The correct option is a.
The correct answer is that genetic prospecting has recently revealed the existence of many previously unknown archaean species. Archaea are remarkably resilient and are considered extremophiles, thriving in extreme environments such as high temperature, high salinity, and immense pressure. Some archaeans can survive in waters with temperatures above the boiling point and in nearly 30% salt solutions. Additionally, members of the domain Archaea can reduce CO2 to methane, which is a distinctive metabolic process known as methanogenesis.
The liver and pancreas are connected to the:
i believe the answer is the gallbladder because, the gallbladder sits under the liver, along with parts of the pancreas and intestines. The liver and these organs work together to digest, absorb, and process food.
Answer:
intestines
Explanation:
Why do mitochondria and chloroplasts have relatively small genomes?
A) Their bacterial ancestors had small genomes
B) Over time, much of their nucleic acid has migrated to the host cell nucleus
C) They do not need many genes to function
D) They lack non-coding DNA
Answer:
B) Over time, much of their nucleic acid has migrated to the host cell nucleus
Explanation:
The origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria is explained via endosymbiosis theory: they originated as prokarytoic symbionts. The host cell acquired genetic information from them and “took it up” by lateral gene transfer. Those genes (now located in the eukaryotic cell nucleus-nuclear genome) encode the great majority of chloroplast and mitochondrial proteins, as well as many proteins of the nucleus and cytosol.
Yet ,chloroplasts and mitochondria retained some of the genes in their genomes.
Final answer:
The small genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts are a result of their evolution from bacterial endosymbionts and the transfer of many of their genes to the host cell's nucleus. Their streamlined genomes now contain only the essential genes necessary for their functions in respiration and photosynthesis, while the nucleus encodes most proteins they require.
Explanation:
The relatively small genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts can be attributed to their evolutionary history and current biological function. These organelles are thought to have originated from endosymbiotic events where prokaryotes, such as bacteria, became incorporated into the cells of early eukaryotes. Over time, there was a transfer of many of their genes to the host cell's nucleus, leading to a reduction in the size of their own genomes.
Due to this gene transfer, most of the proteins required for their function are now encoded by the nuclear genome and imported into the organelles. Moreover, the simplified genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts consist of a single, circular molecule of DNA, similar to their bacterial ancestors, and contain only the remaining essential genes necessary for their specific functions. This includes the genes for respiration in mitochondria and photosynthesis in chloroplasts, among others.
Therefore, the small size of the mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes can be explained by option B: Over time, much of their nucleic acid has migrated to the host cell nucleus. Moreover, these streamlined genomes are efficient for the specialized roles they play in the cell, and this reduction in genome size may also be a reflection of their reduced autonomy, relying on the eukaryotic host cell for many functions.
PlZ HeLp 20 Points Which of the following is an example of reducing?
A
using the same bag every time you go shopping
B
taking a shorter shower
C
turning old aluminum cans into new ones
D
throwing your trash in the garbage
Answer:
B. taking a shorter shower
Explanation:
Using the same bag would be reusing
Taking a shorter shower reduces the amount of water you use.
Turning old cans into new ones is recycling.
Throwing your trash in the garbage is wasteful.
Final answer:
The correct answer is C) turning old aluminum cans into new ones, as it exemplifies reducing by recycling materials and thereby conserving resources.
Explanation:
Understanding Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling
In the context of environmental conservation, the term reduce refers to the strategy of minimizing the amount of waste produced by consuming fewer products or choosing products with a lower environmental impact. The act of turning old aluminum cans into new ones recycles materials, thereby reducing the need to extract and process new raw materials. This is beneficial for the environment as it saves energy and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. On the other hand, using the same bag every time you go shopping is an example of reusing, which extends the life of products. Taking shorter showers helps conserve water and energy but is not directly related to waste reduction, and throwing trash in the garbage is merely waste disposal without reducing or recycling.
Answer: C) turning old aluminum cans into new ones is an example of reducing because it involves processing used materials to create new products, thereby reducing the need to use new resources.
Which term is used to describe a group of arctic foxes that live in part of Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge?
Population is the term that is used to describe a group of arctic foxes that live in part of Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The correct option among all the options given in the question is the third or the second last option. The area covered by Arctic National Refuge is approximately 19.6 million acres. It has a variety of wild animals living in it.
The term used to describe a group of arctic foxes that live in part of Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is C. population.
Population refers to all inhabitants of a particular area - since all of these arctic foxes live in the same place, they are a population.
You are a plant cell. You must make your own food through photosynthesis. What organelle is necessary for this process
The organelle necessary for the process of photosynthesis is chloroplasts.
Which of the following options best depicts the flow of information when a gene directs the synthesis of a cellular component?A) RNA → DNA → RNA → protein B) DNA → RNA → protein C) protein → RNA → DNA D) DNA → amino acid → RNA → protein E) DNA → tRNA → mRNA → protein
the answer is E) DNA-tRNA-mRNA-protein
According to the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology, the proper order for the information flow in gene expression is DNA → RNA → protein. Therefore, option B) is accurate.
The flow of information when a gene directs the synthesis of a cellular component follows the sequence described by the Central Dogma of molecular biology, which delineates the process of gene expression. This flow of genetic information in cells is correctly represented by DNA → RNA → protein. In the first step, known as transcription, the information stored in a gene's DNA is transferred to a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. Then, during translation, the mRNA works with ribosomes and tRNA to synthesize a protein, which is a sequence of amino acids determined by the mRNA. Hence, the correct option is B) DNA → RNA → protein.
Which of the following is not a way carbon dioxide travels in the blood?
Answer:Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood from the tissue to the lungs in three ways:1 (i) dissolved in solution; (ii) buffered with water as carbonic acid; (iii) bound to proteins, particularly haemoglobin.
Approximately 75% of carbon dioxide is transport in the red blood cell and 25% in the plasma. The relatively small amount in plasma is attributable to a lack of carbonic anhydrase in plasma so association with water is slow; plasma plays little role in buffering and combination with plasma proteins is poor.
There is a difference between the percentage of the total carbon dioxide carried in each form and the percentage exhaled from them. For example, 5% of the total is in solution but 10% of exhaled carbon dioxide comes from this source; 10% is protein bound, particularly with haemoglobin, but this supplies 30% of the exhaled amount.
Electron transport chains associated with ATP production in plant cells are located in
A) the thylakoid membranes only.
B) the outer chloroplast membranes only.
C) the thylakoid and outer chloroplast membranes.
D) the thylakoid and mitochondrial inner membranes.
E) the mitochondrial inner membranes only.
Answer:
D) the thylakoid and mitochondrial inner membranes.
Explanation:
Electron transport chain in plant cells is used for extracting sunlight energy via redox reactions through the process of photosynthesis. This process occurs in chloroplast (thylakoid membrane), where light energy is transformed into chemical energy, that leads to the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP+ to NADPH with transfer of H+ ions across chloroplast membranes. Formed H+ gradient is used for the ATP synthesis.
In all eukaryotes, including plants, electron transport chain is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation (production of ATP) through the action of ATP synthase.
What type of rock forms layers that can be seen in heavily weathered regions such as the Grand Canyon?
A. Igneous
B. Basaltic
C. Metamorphic
D. Sedimentary
D. Sedimentary
Explanation;The Grand Canyon was formed by the processes of weathering and erosion. The Colorado River and its tributaries formed the canyon as the Colorado Plateau was being geologically uplifted. The formation of the Grand Canyon was accomplished by the constant erosion of the rock by the Colorado River over some 17 million years.The three main types of sedimentary rocks at Grand Canyon are sandstone, shale, and limestone.Answer:
sedimentary
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Which statement accurately describes reproduction in animals?
All animals can reproduce asexually, and some can reproduce sexually.
All animals can reproduce sexually, and some can reproduce asexually.
Animals only reproduce sexually.
Animals only reproduce asexually.
B) All animals can reproduce sexually, and some can reproduce asexually
Answer: All animals can reproduce sexually, and some can reproduce asexually.
Explanation:
Animals can range from simple to complex eukaryotic organisms. These belongs to the kingdom Animalia. Depending upon the complexity of their body they can reproduce asexually or sexually. Majority of the animals exhibit complex body types hence they are capable of forming the gametes. The fusion of these gametes produces offsprings this mode of reproduction is called as sexual reproduction. For example, dogs and cats. But some animals may exhibit simple body types or they are incapable of finding mates such organisms undergo asexual reproduction such as hydra, some lizards and sharks.
Explain in your own words the order in which the creature's traits may h ave evolved, starting from the first likely trait. (Hint: Which trait is most common across the creatures?)
Traits in creatures evolve starting with the most common features. These shared ancestral characters are present in all organisms within a group due to descent with modification. New variations give rise to shared derived characters, which help form new branches on the phylogenetic tree.
Explanation:When considering the evolution of creature traits, we start with the most basic and common features spread across a group of organisms. The process generally begins with a change in the genetic makeup, leading to a new and persistent trait.
A shared ancestral character is a trait found in the ancestor of a group and present in all organisms within that group. For example, the presence of a backbone in vertebrates is such a character. Descent with modification means that over time, new variations emerge, some of which are adaptive and become new traits. This leads to the formation of a new branch in the phylogenetic tree, indicating a shared derived character that's not present in all ancestral lines but only in the descendants from a certain point onward.
The presence of traits like hair in lizards, frogs, and rabbits based on a phylogenetic tree, must clarify that only descendants of the last common ancestor that had the trait will possess it. For example, not all vertebrates have hair because it evolved later and is only seen in mammals, which are not directly ancestral to lizards or frogs.
The first likely trait to evolve is the most common trait found across all creatures, followed by the emergence of less common traits.
To determine the order of trait evolution, start by identifying the trait that is most universally present among the creatures, as it indicates a fundamental and early adaptation. This trait likely provided a significant survival advantage, allowing it to become widespread.
Subsequent traits likely evolved as creatures adapted to more specific environmental niches or challenges. For example, if a common trait is a basic structural feature like bilateral symmetry, it likely evolved first, providing a foundation for more complex traits such as specialized limbs or sensory organs.
By comparing the distribution of traits across different creatures, we can infer the sequential evolution of these adaptations, with the most pervasive and fundamental traits appearing earliest in the evolutionary timeline.
7. the skeleton that protects the body's vital organs immune system
The immune system works to keep germs out of the body and destroy any that get in. The immune system is made up of a complex network of cells and organs thatprotect the body from infection. Lymph nodes are part of the immune system. They release lymphocytes, a certain type of white blood cell that fights infection.
Why is Tokyo considered the world leader in stopping water leakage?
Answer for plato users:
Tokyo has developed the largest flood defense in the world. It consists of five enormous underground storm-water tanks. These tanks can store water from a heavy downpour. This type of effort makes Tokyo the world leader in stopping water leakage.
Answer:
Tokyo has developed the largest flood defense in the world. It consists of five enormous underground storm-water tanks. These tanks can store water from a heavy downpour. This type of effort makes Tokyo the world leader in stopping water leakage.
Explanation:
Which light-sensitive vitamin is abundant in milk? riboflavin alpha-tocopherol vitamin c thiamin?
I would say the thiamin is more light sensitive.
Vitamin D, which is present in fortified milk and produced by exposure to sunlight, is the light-sensitive vitamin mentioned in the question.
Explanation:Among the options provided, the light-sensitive vitamin that is abundant in milk is vitamin D. This vitamin is often added to products such as milk through a process called fortification. Besides milk, certain types of fatty fish also have high quantities of Vitamin D. It can also be produced by our body when our skin is exposed to sunlight. People, especially those of darker complexion or those living in higher latitudes with less sunlight, often don't produce enough Vitamin D and may need supplements.
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Why do enzymes only work on their specific substrates
Enzymes only work on their specific substrates because enzyme catalysis involves enzyme and substrate binding to form an enzyme substrate complex.
In other words, the of substrate substances an enzyme can bind to leading to the specificity of enzyme activity aids in causing the correct reaction in the particular structure.
Enzymes only work on their specific substrates because there is a specific match between the enzyme and its substrates. This match is known as induced fit and it allows the enzyme to bond with the substrate at its active site. Enzymes are known for their specificity, but some enzymes can act on several similar substrates.
Explanation:Enzymes only work on their specific substrates because there is a specific match between an enzyme and its substrates. The enzyme's active site, which is the location on the enzyme where the substrate binds, has a shape that allows it to bond to a specific substrate. This specific match is known as induced fit, where the enzyme structure slightly changes to find the best fit between the substrate and product. Overall, enzymes are known for their specificity, but there is some flexibility as some enzymes can act on several different structurally related substrates.
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Why would too much salt intake cause someone to develop high blood pressure?
Answer: salt intake increases the sodium level in the blood and will make the body retain excess water thereby giving the heart more work to do.
Explanation: Eating salt increases the quantity of sodium in blood and it creates an imbalance in the sodium and potassium levels. The high level of salt reduces the ability of the kidneys to excrete water. Too much sodium increases blood pressure because it holds excess fluid in the body and that results to an added burden on the heart. Excess sodium intake will increase risk of osteoporosis, stomach cancer, stroke, heart failure and kidney disease.
The result is a higher blood pressure due to the fact that the body will have the tendency of retaining more fluids because of the excess salt.
A national caterer determined that 87% of the people who sampled their food said that it was delicious. a random sample of 144 people is obtained from a population of 5000. the 144 people are asked to sample the caterer's food. if modifyingabove p with caretp is the sample proportion saying that the food is delicious, what is the mean of the sampling distribution of modifyingabove p with caretp?
The survey has only 2 answers- yes or no- and these answers are non-numeric, and therefore catigorical. Categorical data cannot be represented by a distribution curve so no, the data cannot have a normal distribution. If on the other hand the people were asked to rate the food on a numeric scale ( say, 1 to 10 or 1 to 100) you could plot the responses and get a distribution curve, which could be normal.
Hloroplasts are energy organelles found in _____. animal cells plant and animal cells all living cells plant cells
I am going to assume you meant "chloroplasts" instead of "Hloroplasts"
Your answer will be plant cells
Chloroplasts makes the energy for the plant by conducting photosynthesis, therefore, they are only found in plant cells.
Which statement is an example of a scientific theory?
Answer:
B
Explanation:
B is referring to cell theory, which basically states that all living things are made of cells and all cells come from other cells withe the exception of the first life forms.
The specific heat of a substance is the energy required to produce a certain change in _____________. A. state B. temperature C. appearance D. volume
Answer:
Its actually TEMPERATURE
Explanation:
STUDY ISLAND
The specific heat of a substance is the energy required to produce a certain change in temperature. The correct option is B. temperature.
The specific heat capacity, often simply called specific heat, is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius. The relationship between heat energy (Q), specific heat (c), mass (m), and the change in temperature (
riangle T) is commonly expressed in the formula Q = mc
riangle T. This property is intrinsic to the material and differs among substances. For instance, water has a high specific heat capacity, meaning it requires more energy to raise its temperature than substances with a lower specific heat capacity. This concept is crucial in areas like calorimetry, where the aim is to measure the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes, as well as in practical applications such as climate science and engineering.
The purpose of an experiment is to compare results with a ____ A hypothesis B theory C answer D variable
The purpose of an experiment is to compare results with a hypothesis. Hypothesis is defined that the theory or ideal is not proven yet.
Fungi have an extremely high surface-area-to-volume ratio. What is the advantage of this to an organism that gets most of its nutrition through absorption?
A) The larger surface area allows for more material to be transported through the cell membrane. B) The lower volume prevents the cells from drying out too quickly, which can interfere with absorption.C) This high ratio creates more room inside the cells for additional organelles involved in absorption.D) This high ratio means that fungi have a thick, fleshy structure that allows the fungi to store more of the food it absorbs.
The correct answer is: A) The larger surface area allows for more material to be transported through the cell membrane.
Fungi are usually in the form of complex network of filaments -mycelium. Mycelium consists of hyphae that are long, thin and branched which gives them high surface area to volume ratio. This property makes fungi well-adapted for absorption of nutrients from soil and other substrates.
A larger surface area allows for more material to be transported through the cell membrane, providing fungi with efficient nutrient absorption necessary for their survival.
Fungi have a high surface-area-to-volume ratio, particularly in the structure of their mycelia and hyphae. This ratio is advantageous because it increases the efficiency of absorption. Since fungi are heterotrophic and rely on absorbing nutrients through their mycelia, having a larger surface area compared to their volume means there is more 'space' exposed to the environment, facilitating a greater and faster intake of nutrients. Furthermore, fungi release enzymes, like cellulase, into the environment that digest large organic molecules into smaller, absorbable forms. This digestion occurs externally, and the products are then absorbed by the fungi. Therefore, the larger surface area allows for more material to be transported through the cell membrane, making option A the correct answer.
How did scientists discover that rocks farther away from the mid- ocean ridge were older than those near it?
Scientist discovered that rocks farther away from the mid-ocean ridge were older than those near it by determining the age of rock samples obtained by drilling on the sea floor.
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Protein synthesis can be compared to building a doghouse. Sondra wanted to build a doghouse and found a book in the reference section in the local library. She copied the pages of directions using wood and nails to make the doghouse. Taking the directions to her workbench, Sondra used a hammer to put nails into their correct positions in the wood to make the doghouse. In the story, what genetic structure would be analogous to the copies from the reference book?
The correct answer is mRNA.
mRNA or messenger RNA is synthesized during the process of transcription, from DNA molecule which is used as a template. mRNA contains information about protein synthesis (translation) in the form of nucleotide triplets or codons.
In the example above: reference book is DNA molecule (template for copies), copies are mRNA, wood is amino acids (building blocks) and doghouse is protein.