The temperature in the stratosphere is −24°c. calculate the root-mean-square speeds of n2, o2, and o3 molecules in this region.

The reaction between ethyl iodide and sodium acetate is a substitution reaction, likely involving an SN2 (nucleophilic substitution bimolecular) mechanism.

In the transition state for an SN2 reaction, the nucleophile (acetate ion) is attacking the substrate (ethyl iodide) from the backside, leading to inversion of configuration. The reaction between ethyl iodide and sodium acetate is a substitution reaction, with an SN2 (nucleophilic substitution bimolecular) mechanism most likely at work.

In the transition state:

The leaving group (iodide in this case) is partially leaving.

The nucleophile (acetate ion) is partially bonded to the carbon, approaching from the backside.

The carbon undergoing substitution is in a tetrahedral arrangement with the nucleophile, the leaving group, and two other substituents.

The frequency of the n = 6 line in the Lyman series of hydrogen is [tex]\boxed{{\mathbf{3}}{\mathbf{.196 \times 10 }}{{\mathbf{s}}^{{\mathbf{ - 1}}}}}[/tex].

Further Explanation:

The given problem is based on the concept of the emission spectrum of a hydrogen atom.

Lyman series:

When an electron undergoes transition from any higher energy orbit [tex]\left({{{\text{n}}_{\text{f}}}=2,{\text{ }}3,{\text{ }}4,...}\right)[/tex] to first energy orbit [tex]\left({{{\text{n}}_{\text{i}}} = 1}\right)[/tex] then it emits the energy to complete the process. This spectral lines formed due to this emission is known as the Lyman series of hydrogen atom.

The formula to calculate the energy of transition in the hydrogen atom is,

[tex]\Delta E={R_{\text{H}}}\left({\frac{1}{{{{\left({{{\text{n}}_{\text{i}}}}\right)}^2}}}-\frac{1}{{{{\left({{{\text{n}}_{\text{f}}}}\right)}^2}}}}\right)[/tex]

Where,

[tex]\Delta E[/tex] is the energy difference between two energy levels.

[tex]{R_{\text{H}}}[/tex] is a Rydberg constant and its value is [tex]2.179 \times {10^{ - 18}}{\text{ J}}[/tex].

[tex]{{\text{n}}_{\text{i}}}[/tex] is the initial energy level of transition.

[tex]{{\text{n}}_{\text{f}}}[/tex] is the final energy level of transition.

Substitute the 1 for [tex]{{\text{n}}_{\text{i}}}[/tex] , 6 for [tex]{{\text{n}}_{\text{f}}}[/tex] and [tex]2.179\times {10^{ - 18}}{\text{ J}}[/tex] for [tex]{{\text{R}}_{\text{H}}}[/tex] in the above formula to calculate the value of energy of the given transition.

[tex]\begin{aligned}\Delta E &={R_{\text{H}}}\left({\frac{1}{{{{\left( {{{\text{n}}_{\text{i}}}}\right)}^2}}} \frac{1}{{{{\left({{{\text{n}}_{\text{f}}}}\right)}^2}}}}\right)\\&=\left({2.179 \times {{10}^{ - 18}}{\text{ J}}} \right)\left({\frac{1}{{{{\left( {\text{1}}\right)}^2}}}-\frac{1}{{{{\left({\text{6}} \right)}^2}}}}\right)\\&={\mathbf{2}}{\mathbf{.118 \times 1}}{{\mathbf{0}}^{{\mathbf{ - 18}}}}{\mathbf{ J}}\\\end{aligned}[/tex]

Now we can calculate the frequency of the given transition by using the following formula.

[tex]\Delta E = hv[/tex]

Where,

[tex]\Delta E[/tex] is the energy difference between two energy levels.

[tex]h[/tex] is a Plank’s constant and its value is [tex]6.626\times {10^{ - 34}}{\text{ Js}}[/tex].

v is a frequency of the transition.

Rearrange the above formula to calculate the frequency of the given transition and substitute the value of [tex]\Delta E[/tex].

[tex]\begin{aligned}\Delta E&=hv\hfill\\v&=\frac{{\Delta E}}{h}\hfill\\&=\frac{{{\text{2}}{\text{.118}} \times {\text{1}}{{\text{0}}^{ - {\text{18}}}}{\text{ J}}}}{{6.626 \times {{10}^{ - 34}}{\text{ Js}}}} \hfill\\&={\mathbf{3}}{\mathbf{.196 \times 10 }}{{\mathbf{s}}^{{\mathbf{ - 1}}}} \hfill \\\end{aligned}[/tex]

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Answer details:

Grade: Senior School

Subject: Chemistry

Chapter: Structure of atom

Keywords: Lyman series of hydrogen, hydrogen, n=6 transition, emission spectra, Plank’s constant, transition, energy orbits.

Answer: Option (a) is the correct answer.

Explanation:

A compound formed by sharing of electrons is known as a covalent compound.

A covalent compound has weak intermolecular forces due to which it is brittle in nature. Hence, when we hit hammer on a covalent compound then it breaks easily.

Thus, we can conclude that when a hammer strikes a compound formed by covalent bonds, then most likely it will break into many pieces.

Answer:

option A.

Explanation:

have a good day.

:)

It the chemical law of conservation of matter

Answer:

Newton is the unit of force, abbreviated as "N"

Explanation:

Let us understand the given units:

a) m/s: it is meter per second. It is SI unit of speed or velocity.

b) m/s: it is meter per second square. It is SI unit of acceleration (velocity per second).

c) N : it is unit of force. It stands for Newton.It is equal to 1 kilogram meter per second squared.

d) N/s: it is newton per second. It is unit of momentum.

Isotopes of the same element differ in their mass numbers due to varying numbers of neutrons, while their chemical properties remain the same since they have identical numbers of protons and electrons.

Isotopes of the same element have different mass numbers. This is because although isotopes have the same number of protons, and therefore the same atomic number, they contain different numbers of neutrons. Remember that the mass number (A) is the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. Since neutrons add to the mass but do not change the chemical properties, isotopes typically exhibit identical chemical behavior.

The difference in neutron count is why isotopes have varying atomic masses. For example, Chlorine-35 has 18 neutrons and Chlorine-37 has 20 neutrons, but both have the same atomic number as they both contain 17 protons. Instead of affecting chemical reactivity, this variance influences the atomic weight of the element as it appears on the periodic table.

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HClO₄ has a higher [H⁺] than HClO (0.100 M vs. 5.4 × 10⁻⁵ M).

HClO₄ has a lower pH than HClO (1.00 vs. 4.3).

HClO₄ is a strong acid. Thus, of HClO₄ is 0.100 M, H⁺ will be 0.100 M as well. We can use this value to calculate the pH for this acid.

pH = -log [H⁺] = -log 0.100 = 1.00

HClO is a weak acid. Thus, [H⁺] ≠ [HClO]. Given the acid dissociation constant (Ka) and the concentration of the acid (Ca), we can calculate [H⁺]  and pH using the following expressions.

[tex][H^{+} ] = \sqrt{Ca \times Ka } = \sqrt{0.100 \times (2.9 \times 10^{-8} ) } = 5.4 \times 10^{-5} \\\\pH = -log 5.4 \times 10^{-5} = 4.3[/tex]

HClO₄ has a higher [H⁺] than HClO (0.100 M vs. 5.4 × 10⁻⁵ M).

HClO₄ has a lower pH than HClO (1.00 vs. 4.3).

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Heating oxygen difluoride gas yields oxygen gas and fluorine gas

2OF2(g) —> O2(g) + 2F2(g)

Oxygen atom belongs to group of chalcogen represented in  the periodic table which is one of the abundant and essential element and participate in combustion reaction abundantly found in the Earth’s crust.

oxygen is colorless, odorless whereas liquid oxygen is paramagnetic, forms oxides with element except helium, neon, krypton, and argon.

Dioxygen form of oxygen is allotropic where as Trioxygen is the most reactive allotrope of oxygen which can damage to lung tissue and it is called as ozone.

These oxygen are used in the production and manufacturing of glass and stone products, it also be used in the process of melting, refining, and manufacturing of steel along with other metals.

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Adding a too small volume of sodium hydroxide solution during titration will give an acetic acid content for the vinegar that is too low.

The error that will give an acetic acid content for the vinegar that is too low is adding a too small volume of sodium hydroxide solution during titration. In this case, the student titrated 25.00 ml of the vinegar, and if the volume of sodium hydroxide solution added is insufficient, it will not neutralize all the acetic acid present in the vinegar. This will result in a lower calculated concentration of acetic acid in the vinegar.

its all of these trust me

It is A because in the introduction it talked about how Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann determined that all living things are made of cells (so any living organic organism) However, many other scientists like Rudolf Virchow contribute to the theory.

The jellyfish, mushrooms, oak trees, and bacteria contain cells. The component of cell theory does this best illustrate all living things are made of cells. Therefore, option A is correct.

According to the cell theory, cells make up every biological entity; they are the basic building block of life, and all life originates from earlier forms of life.

Nowadays, the cell idea has become one of the guiding concepts of biology due to its widespread acceptance.

The unicellular and multicellular organisms that have a full, distinct cellular structure with cell organelles, make energy by burning food, and reproduce include bacteria, algae, and fungus. All therefore fall within the category of living things and the cell idea.

Thus, option A is correct.

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To begin with the Lewis dot structure,

[tex]**\\ **Se^{2-} **\\ **[/tex]

Thus, the structure has 8 electrons represented by *.

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To completely react with 30.0 g of MnO2, 107.92 g of aluminum is required.

To determine the mass of aluminum required to completely react with 30.0 g of MnO2, we need to use the balanced chemical equation and the molar mass of MnO2. In the balanced equation, the coefficient of MnO2 is 3, which means that 3 moles of MnO2 react with 4 moles of Al.

First, calculate the molar mass of MnO2:

Next, convert 30.0 g of MnO2 to moles:

Using the mole ratio from the balanced equation, we can calculate the moles of Al required:

Finally, convert moles of Al to mass:

The mass of aluminum required to completely react with 30.0 g of MnO2 is 107.92 g.

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To completely react with 30.0 g of MnO2, 12.4 g of Al is required.

To determine the mass of aluminum required to completely react with 30.0 g of MnO2, we need to use the balanced equation for the reaction:

3MnO2 + 4Al -> 3Mn + 2Al2O3

From the equation, we can see that the mole ratio of MnO2 to Al is 3:4. We can use this ratio to calculate the mass of Al.

First, convert the mass of MnO2 to moles using its molar mass. Then, use the mole ratio to find the moles of Al. Finally, convert the moles of Al back to mass using its molar mass.

Let's calculate:

Therefore, 12.4 grams of Al are required to completely react with 30.0 grams of MnO2.

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The balanced chemical reaction here is:

C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) --> 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)

Calculating for the molar change in enthalpy:

Enthalpy change = 3(-393.5) + 4(-285.83) - (-103.85) = -2220.0 kJ/mole 

Now, propane has a molar mass of 44g/mol. So, for us to calculate the heat released by burning 14 grams of propane, we have: 
-2220 kJ/mole * ( 14g / 44g/mol) = -706.36 kJ 

Answer:

-706.36 kJ 

(negative means heat is released)

Answer is: 100.72 grams of calcium fluoride.

Balanced chemical reactions:

1) CaF₂ + H₂SO₄ → 2HF + CaSO₄.

2) 2HF → F₂ + H₂.

1) From chemical reaction 2: n(F₂) : n(HF) = 1 : 2.

n(HF) = 2 · 1.29 mol.

n(HF) = 2.58 mol.

2) From chemical reaction 1: n(HF) : n(CaF₂) = 2 : 1.

n(CaF₂) = 2.58 mol ÷ 2.

n(CaF₂) = 1.29 mol; amount of substance.

m(CaF₂) = n(CaF₂) · M(CaF₂).

m(CaF₂) = 1.29 mol · 78.08 g/mol.

m(CaF₂) = 100.72 g.

Group 9 of the Periodic Table does not have a widely recognized common name but is part of the broader category known as transition elements or transition metals.

An element that belongs to Group 9 is part of the transition metals on the Periodic Table. Unfortunately, there isn't a widely used common name for Group 9 specifically, unlike other groups with well-known common names such as the alkali metals for Group 1 or the halogens for Group 17. However, elements in Group 9 are part of the larger family known as the transition elements, which share similar properties such as conducting electricity and heat, possessing a high density, and having a high melting and boiling points.

To determine the element, the mass in grams is converted to atomic mass units using the known mass of an atomic mass unit. The calculated atomic mass matches the approximate atomic masses of elements like Neon or Calcium. However, a precise identification may require isotopic composition.

The student is asking about the identity of an element based on a given mass and number of atoms. To find the answer, we use the concept of atomic mass units (u) and Avogadro's number. The mass of a single atomic mass unit is 1.661 × 10-24 grams. With 2.5 million atoms having a mass of 8.33 × 10-16 grams, we can calculate the average atomic mass of an individual atom.

First, we divide the total mass by the number of atoms:

8.33 × 10-16 g / 2.5 million atoms = 3.332 × 10-22 g/atom.

Next, we convert this mass into atomic mass units by dividing by the mass of one atomic mass unit:

3.332 × 10-22 g/atom / 1.661 × 10-24 g/u = 20.04 u/atom.

This calculated value can be compared to the atomic mass or atomic weight of elements listed in the periodic table to identify the element. The mass is approximately 20 u, which suggests the element could be Neon (Ne) with an atomic mass of approximately 20.18 u or Calcium (Ca) with an atomic mass of 40.08 u considering the natural abundance of isotopes. For a more precise identification, additional information such as isotopic composition would be needed.

Scenario 1:

Mass of  each of water, brick, iron, and plastic = 1 kg = 1000 g

Specific heat of water = 4.19 J/g⋅∘C

To raise the temperature of  1 g of water by 1∘C the heat required is 4.19 J

Therefore, to raise the temperature of  1000 g of water by 1∘C the heat required is 4.19  x 1000 = 4190 J

Specific heat of brick =  0.90 J/g⋅∘C

To raise the temperature of  1 g of brick by 1∘C the heat required is 0.9J

Therefore, to raise the temperature of 1000 g of brick by 1∘C the heat required is 0.90  x 1000 = 900 J

Specific heat of iron = 0.46 J/g⋅∘C

To raise the temperature of  1 g of iron by 1∘C the heat required is 0.46 J

Therefore, to raise the temperature of  1000 g of iron by 1∘C the heat required is 0.46  x 1000 = 460 J

Specific heat of plastic = 1.01 J/g⋅∘C

To raise the temperature of  1 g of plastic by 1∘C the heat required is 1.01 J

Therefore, to raise the temperature of  1000 g of plastic by 1∘C the heat required is 1.01  x 1000 = 1010 J

So it takes the greatest amount of heat in Joules to raise the temperature of water, followed by plastic, followed by brick and iron.

Now all of them are heated for an equivalent amount of time as a result water will have the lowest resulting or final temperature. The resulting or final temperature of plastic will be greater than water. The resulting or final temperature of brick will be greater than plastic. . The resulting or final temperature of iron will be greater than brick.

Water                   plastic    brick    iron

(lowest resulting temperature) -->  (highest resulting temperature)