The pKa of propanoic acid (propionic acid), CH3CH2COOH, is 4.87. Consider an equilibrium mixture of propanoic acid and its conjugate base with a pH of 4.87. Draw the structure of the form (acid or conjugate base) that predominates after a decrease in [H3O ]. Include all hydrogen atoms and any appropriate formal charges.

Answer:

The major product and the mechanism is shown below.

Explanation:

In the reaction of 1,3-butadiene, with one equivalent of HBr, the addition product 1,2 is generated primarily at 40 ° C. When 1,3-butadiene reacts with HBr, a mixture of two products is obtained. One of them, 3-bromo-1-butene, is formed by the addition of HBr to one of the double bonds of the classic structure of this compound.

In contrast, the second and major product, 1-bromo-2-butene, does not have any of the terminal double bonds but contains a double bond between the C2-C3 carbons.

Answer:

Carbon

Explanation:

carbon in C2H4 has oxidation state of +2, in CO2 is +4

In the reaction C₂H₄(g) + 3 O₂(g) → 2 CO₂(g) + 2 H₂O(g), carbon in C₂H₄ is oxidized.

Let's consider the following balanced redox reaction.

C₂H₄(g) + 3 O₂(g) → 2 CO₂(g) + 2 H₂O(g)

We will determine the oxidation numbers of carbon in different compounds, by considering that the sum of the oxidation numbers of the elements is equal to the charge of the compound (zero in neutral compounds).

The oxidation number of C in C₂H₄ is:

[tex]2 C + 4 H = 0\\\\2C + 4(1) = 0\\\\C = -2[/tex]

The oxidation number of C in CO₂ is:

[tex]C + 2 O = 0\\\\C + 2(-2) = 0\\\\C = 4[/tex]

As we can see, carbon is oxidized because its oxidation number increases from -2 to +4.

In the reaction C₂H₄(g) + 3 O₂(g) → 2 CO₂(g) + 2 H₂O(g), carbon in C₂H₄ is oxidized.

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Answer:

0.72 M

Explanation:

Given data

Step 1: Calculate the final volume (V₂)

The final volume of the solution is equal to the sum of the initial volume of the solution and the volume of water.

[tex]V_2 = V_1 + VH_2O = 200 mL + 300mL = 500mL[/tex]

Step 2: Calculate the concentration of the diluted solution (C₂)

We will use the dilution rule.

[tex]C_1 \times V_1 = C_2 \times V_2\\C_2 = \frac{C_1 \times V_1}{V_2} = \frac{1.8M \times 200mL}{500mL}= 0.72 M[/tex]

Answer:

The remaining concentration of H2SO4 is 0.152 M

Explanation:

Step 1: Data given

Volume of H2SO4 = 0.950 L

Molarity H2SO4 = 0.410 M

Volume of KOH = 0.900 L

Molarity of KOH = 0.240 M

Step 2: The balanced equation

H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + 2H2O

Step 3: Calculate moles

Moles = molarity * volume

Moles H2SO4 = 0.410 M * 0.950 L

Moles H2SO4 = 0.3895 moles

Moles KOH = 0.240 M * 0.900L

Moles KOH = 0.216 moles

Step 4: Calculate the limiting reactant

For 1 mol H2SO4 we need 2 moles KOH to produce 1 mol K2SO4 and 2 moles H2O

The limiting reactant is KOH. It will completely be consumed (0.216 moles).

H2SO4 is in excess. There will react 0.216/2 = 0.108 moles. There will remain 0.3895 moles - 0.108 moles = 0.2815 moles

Step 5: Calculate the concentration of H2SO4 remaining

[H2SO4] = moles / volume

[H2SO4] = 0.2815 moles / 1.85 L

[H2SO4]= 0.152 M

The remaining concentration of H2SO4 is 0.152 M

Answer:

349 mL

Explanation:

Given data

If we consider the has as an ideal gas, we can calculate the initial volume of the gas sample using the Charles' law.

V₁ / T₁ = V₂ / T₂

V₁ = V₂ × T₁ / T₂

V₁ = 436 mL × 291 K / 364 K = 349 mL

Answer: 4 moles of Na are needed to produce 4 moles of NaCl

Explanation:

The balanced chemical equation is :

[tex]2Na+Cl_2\rightarrow 2NaCl[/tex]

According to stoichiometry :

2 moles of [tex]NaCl[/tex] are formed from = 2 moles of [tex]Na[/tex]

Thus 4 moles of [tex]NaCl[/tex] will be formed from = [tex]\frac{2}{2}\times 4=4moles[/tex]  of [tex]Na[/tex]

Thus 4 moles of Na are needed to produce 4 moles of NaCl

Answer:

See explaination

Explanation:

Chiral carbons are carbons that have four different groups, so C atoms 1, 4, and 5 are chiral carbons and thus H atoms are shown for those atoms.

Answer:

The change in the Gibbs function of reaction on going from crust to core, dG=291442.4 J/mol

Explanation:

dG=vdp-sdT

Where T is the temperature .

P is the pressure.

S is entropy

V= 1cm3 =10-6 m3

P= 3*10∧6 atm = 3*10∧11 pa

The temperature at the center of the earth, Tc = 4*103 °C. : The temperature at the sufrace (crust) of the earth, Ts =298K.

Subistuting the values

dG = (10-6 *(3*1011-105) - (2.1(4373-298))

dG=291442.4 J/mol.

Answer: Based only on vapor pressure data, ethyl ether (vapor pressure at 293 K = 450 torr) has the weakest intermolecular attractions. The correct option is B.

Explanation:

Vapour pressure can be defined as the pressure created by vapour of a substance( gas or liquid) in thermodynamic equilibrium state in a closed container at a certain temperature.

Factor which affects the vapour pressure of a substance includes:

- surface area

- intermolecular forces and

- temperature.

Strong intermolecular attractions between molecules in a medium produce a lower rate of evaporation and a lower vapour pressure. While weak intermolecular attraction between molecules in a medium produce a higher rate of evaporation and a higher vapour pressure.

From the options listed above, ethyl ether has the highest vapour pressure at the same temperature with others, therefore it will have the weakest intermolecular attractions.

Answer:

hello

Explanation:

Answer:

Free expansion is also known as the joule expansion, this happens when a gas does not have an expansion limit and its volume increases until it is allowed.

That is why as the initial volume passes at the end the pressure decreases since the molecules are more distant from each other without a barrier that stops or compresses them.

It is an irreversible process and the equation would be:

Initial pressure X Initial volume = Final pressure X Final volume

Explanation:

Where P is the pressure, V is the volume, and i and f refers to the initial and final states. Since the gas expands, Vf> Vi, which implies that the pressure drops (Pf <Pi).

Answer: grams=0.048g, ounces=0.0017oz, 0.00011lb

Explanation:

Stoichiometry

48 mg x  1 g

          ÷  1000 mg  = 0.048 g

48 mg x  1 g            x 16 oz        

          ÷ 1000 mg  ÷ 453.6 g     = 0.0017 oz

48 mg x  1 g            x 1 lb        

          ÷ 1000 mg  ÷ 453.6 g     = 0.00011 lb

A slice of Swiss cheese contains 48 mg of sodium mass in grams is 0.048 grams and mass in ounces of 0.0016 and mass in pounds of 0.0001.

Swiss cheese is a type of cheese used on different types of food items like pizza and pasta it is a semi-solid type at room temperature and gets melted on heat and some amount of sodium is added as a preservative.

The 48 mg of sodium is converted to grams,

                gram = 48mg / 1000 = 0.048

The 48 mg of sodium is converted to 16 oz = 453.6 g

              ounces = 0.048 × 16/ 453.6 = 0.0016 ounces

The 48 mg of sodium is converted to1 lb = 453.6 g

            pounds = 0.048  × 1/ 453.6 = 0.0001  pounds

Therefore, 0.048 grams and mass in ounces of 0.0016 and mass in pounds of 0.0001 if a slice of Swiss cheese contains 48 mg of sodium.

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Answer:

have the same molecular formula and coordination number

Explanation:

Coordination sphere isomers refer to two or more coordination compounds which have the different compositions within the coordination sphere (i.e., the metal atom plus the ligands that are bonded to it) i.e., the connectivity between atoms is different.

Let us show a typical example;

[Cr(NH3)5(OSO3)]Br and [Cr(NH3)5Br]SO4

The molecular formula and coordination number of the both compounds are the same but atom-atom connections differ. In one compound, sulphate ion is outside the coordination sphere while in its isomer, the sulphate ion is inside the coordination sphere.

According to structural isomerism, co-ordination sphere isomers have the same molecular formula and coordination number , thus option B is correct.

Structural isomers are defined as the isomers  in which  atoms are completely  arranged  in a different order but the molecular formula remains the same.

They are the molecules which have same molecular formula but different  connectivities  of atoms  which depend on the order they are put together.An increase in the number of carbon atoms leads to an increase  in the structural isomers.

There are 3 types of structural isomerism which are as follows:

1)Chain isomerism

2) position isomerism

3) functional group isomerism

Thus, option B is correct.

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Answer:

+1

Explanation:

Atomic number 27, that means atom has 27 protons, nucleus charge = + 27'

26e− have charge -26.

+27-26 = +1 is ion charge

Answer:

295.4K

Explanation:

Step 1:

Obtaining an expression which relates density, pressure and temperature together.

This is can done by using the ideal gas equation as shown below:

PV = nRT........... (1)

Recall:

Number of mole (n) = mass (m) /Molar Mass (M) i.e

n = m/M

Substituting the m/M for n in equation 1 above

PV = nRT

PV = mRT/M

Divide both side by P

V = mRT/MP

Divide both side by m

V/m = RT/MP

Invert the above equation

m/V = MP/RT.....(2)

Density (D) = mass (m) /volume (V)

D = m/V

Replacing m/V with D in equation 2.

m/V = MP/RT

D = MP/RT

Step 2:

Data obtained from the question. This includes the following:

Density (D) = 2.22 g/L

Pressure (P) = 1.04 atm

Molar Mass of (M) = 51.7 g/mol.

Temperature (T) =.?

Gas constant (R) = 0.082atm.L/Kmol

Step 3:

Determination of the temperature.

D = MP/RT

2.22 = 51.7 x 1.04 / 0.082 x T

Cross multiply to express in linear form

2.22 x 0.082 x T = 51.7 x 1.04

Divide both side by 2.22 x 0.082

T = (51.7 x 1.04) /(2.22 x 0.082)

T = 295.4K

Therefore, the temperature of the gas is 295.4K

Answer:

The correct answer would be stoichiomtery!

Answer:

This is known as stoichiometry. Stoichiometry, by definition, is the calculation of the quantities of reactants or products in a chemical reaction using the relationships found in the balanced chemical equation.

Answer:

just took the test and it was blood sugar

The question is incomplete; the complete question is:

Write electron configurations for each of the following elements. Use the symbol of the previous noble gas in brackets to represent the core electrons. Express your answer in condensed form in order of increasing orbital energy as a string without blank space between orbitals. For example, (He)2s^22p^2. For: Te, Br, I, Cs

Answer:

Te- [Kr]4d^10 5s^2 5p^4

Br- [Ar] 3d^10 4s^2 4p^5

I - [Kr] 4d^10 5s^2 5p^5

Cs - [Xe]6s^1

Explanation:

We could write a short hand electron configuration for any element. All we need to do is to study the long hand electron configuration of the element and decode its noble gas core. Every element is composed of an inert gas core configuration showing the inner electrons followed by the outermost shell electrons.

The inert gas core could be shown by writing the symbol of the particular noble gas involved within square brackets followed by the element's outer electron configuration as shown in the answer above.

The electron configuration for Tellurium (Te) is [Kr]4d^105s^25p^4, determined by filling in the core electrons from the previous noble gas (Krypton) and by its position in the Periodic table.

The electron configuration for the element Te (Tellurium) can be determined by understanding its position in the periodic table. Tellurium belongs to Group 16 and Period 5. Therefore, filling the electrons until we reach Te, we start from the noble gas at the end of Period 4, which is Krypton [Kr]. From there, we proceed to fill the 5th orbital. In order, this looks like: [Kr]4d^105s^25p^4. Thus, the electron configuration of Te is [Kr]4d^105s^25p^4.

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Answer:

A single replacement reaction.

Explanation:

AB + C ---> CB + A

A single replacement reaction.

Answer:

It will be classified as REPLACEMENT reaction

Explanation:

Hope it helps

Answer:

see explaination

Explanation:

1. A metabolic pathway that OXIDIZES an energy-rich source to produce ATP from ADP.

Oxidation reactions are exergonic and can be coupled to produce ATP from ADP + Pi

2. Electrons are transferred from electron DONORS to compounds with a STRONGER reduction potential.

Electrons are moved from compounds with low reduction potential to compounds with high reduction potential.

3. As electrons move through the electron transport chain, ETC, the energy in the electron is used to pump PROTONS across a membrane.

In respiration, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the perimitochondrial space.

4. The pumping of these molecules against their concentration gradient is a form of FACILITATED transport.

Since protons are charged particles, they require a carrier protein for their transport. The movement of these molecules back into the cell (down their concentration gradient) releases energy which the cell couples to the formation of ATP.

6. The energy in PHOTON/LIGHT is absorbed by an electron in a photocenter. This energy is converted from light energy into chemical energy into kinetic energy as the energized electron is used in back to back REDOX reaction in the electron transport chain, ETC.

7. The ETC creates A PROTON GRADIENT which is used by the cell to power the formation of ATP.

8. In CYCLIC ELECTRON TRANSPORT, the electron returns to the photocenter.

9. In NON-CYCLIC photosynthesis the electron reduces NADP+ to form NADPH.

Answer:

Check the explanation

Explanation:

1. A metabolic pathway that OXIDIZES an energy-rich source to produce ATP from ADP.

Oxidation reactions are exergonic and can be coupled to produce ATP from ADP + Pi

2. Electrons are transferred from electron DONORS to compounds with a STRONGER reduction potential.

Electrons are moved from compounds with low reduction potential to compounds with high reduction potential.

3. As electrons move through the electron transport chain, ETC, the energy in the electron is used to pump PROTONS across a membrane.

In respiration, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the perimitochondrial space.

4. The pumping of these molecules against their concentration gradient is a form of ACTIVE transport.

6. The energy in PHOTON/LIGHT is absorbed by an electron in a photocenter. This energy is converted from light energy into chemical energy into kinetic energy as the energized electron is used in back to back REDOX reaction in the electron transport chain, ETC.

7. The ETC creates A PROTON GRADIENT which is used by the cell to power the formation of ATP.

8. In CYCLIC ELECTRON TRANSPORT, the electron returns to the photocenter.

9. In NON-CYCLIC photosynthesis the electron reduces NADP+ to form NADPH.

Answer:

A. move materials through the body

Explanation:

The blood circulatory system (cardiovascular system) transports materials and delivers nutrients and oxygen to all cells in the body.

Answer:

18.018 seconds.

Explanation:

Given that the half life of Manganese, Mn = 3 seconds. The initial sample mass = 90.0 gram, the final sample mass = 1.40 gram.

The general idea to the question is to look for the time it will take to decay from the initial mass that is 90 gram to 1.40 gram.

Therefore, we will be making use of the formula below;

J(t) = J(o) × (1/2)^t/t(hL).

Where t(hL) is the half life, t is the time taken, J(t)= mass after time,t and J(o) is the initial mass. So, let us slot in the values into the equation above.

1.4 = 90 × (1/2)^ t/3.

1.4/90 = (1/2)^t/3.

t/3 = log(0.5) (1.4/90).

+Please note that the 0.5 of the log is at the subscript).

That is the base 0.5 logarithm of (1.4/90) 0.01556 is 6.0060141295.

t = 3 × 6.0060141295.

t = 18.018 seconds.

To find the time it takes for a 90 gram sample of Manganese-58 to decay to 1.4 grams, you need to calculate the number of half-lives by continuously halving 90 until you reach 1.4. Afterwards, multiplying the number of half-lives by the half-life duration (3 seconds) gives the total decay time.

This question refers to radioactive decay and the concept of a half-life. The half-life of a substance is the time it takes for half the substance to decay. In the case of Manganese-58, its half-life is approximately 3 seconds.

Looking to find the time it takes for a 90 gram sample to decay to approximately 1.4 grams, this would involve multiple half-lives. You would need to calculate how many half-lives it takes for 90.0 g to become 1.40g. With each half-life, the amount of the original substance decreases by 50%. The answer you will get by dividing 90 by 2 repeatedly until you reach 1.4 shows you the number of half-lives that have passed. Multiply the number of half-lives by the duration of a single half-life (in this case, 3 seconds) to get the total decay time.

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200 million year to 550 million years old

Answer:

Homemade soaps

Restaurant grade cleaners

Alcohol.

Explanation:

The two options are a mixture of more than one chemical constituents.

Soap is made from saponification reaction of of hydrocarbons and then mixed with other ingredients for better usability, and cleaning agent have one or more substances dissolved in another.

A chemical contaminants will include restaurant grade cleaners which may be found in food.

Contaminants are substances which are not normally present in a substance and which alters the chemical and physical properties of the substance.

Chemical contamination results when substances are not stored or labelled properly.

A contaminant makes a substance impure.

Chemical contaminants will include restaurant grade cleaners which may be found in food.

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Answer:

Check the explanation

Explanation:

The balanced reaction

C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) = 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)

Standard heat of reaction

Hrxn = 6*Hf(CO2) + 6*Hf(H2O) - 6*Hf(O2) - Hf(C6H12O6)

= 6*(-393.5) + 6*(-285.8) - 6*(0) - (-1274.4)

= - 2801.4 kJ/mol

Part b

Energy consumed by a person = 150 kJ/kg x 57 kg = 8550 kJ

Moles of glucose required = 8550 kJ / (2801.4 kJ/mol)

= 3.052 mol

Mass of glucose required = moles x molecular weight

= 3.052 mol x 180.156 g/mol

= 549.84 g

Part c

1 person requires = 3.052 mol

275 million person require = 275*10^6*3.052 = 8.39 x 10^8 mol

From the stoichiometry of the reaction

1 mol glucose produces = 6 mol CO2

8.39 x 10^8 mol glucose produces = 6*8.39*10^8

= 5.036 x 10^9 mol CO2

Mass of CO2 produced = moles x molecular weight

= 5.036 x 10^9 mol x 44 g/mol

= 2.22 x 10^11 g x 1kg/1000g

= 2.22 x 10^8 kg x 1million/10^6

= 222 million kg

The balanced chemical equation for glucose oxidation is C6H12O6 (s) + 6 O2(g) → 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l) + energy, with an energy release of 670 kcal/mol. A 57 kg person requires approximately 549 grams of glucose per day as an energy source. The U.S. population would emit around 261,625 tonnes of CO2 daily through respiration, ignoring temperature effects.

The balanced chemical reaction for the oxidation of glucose is:

C6H12O6 (s) + 6 O2(g) → 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l) + energy

The standard heat of reaction at 298 K for the oxidation of glucose is 670 kcal/mol or equivalently, 2804 kJ/mol (converting kcal to kJ by multiplying with 4.184, the conversion factor from kcal to kJ). Assuming glucose is the sole energy source, an average person who consumes about 150 kJ/kg of body mass daily would require the following mass of glucose:

Total energy required for a 57 kg person: 57 kg × 150 kJ/kg = 8550 kJ/day

Moles of glucose required: 8550 kJ/day × 1 mol/2804 kJ = 3.05 mol/day

Mass of glucose required: 3.05 mol/day × 180 g/mol (molar mass of glucose) ≈ 549 g/day

This calculation indicates that approximately 549 grams of glucose would be required daily to sustain a person weighing 57 kg.

The CO2 production can be estimated for the U.S. population by considering the reaction stoichiometry. Each mole of glucose produces six moles of CO2. For the daily glucose requirement of 57 kg body mass:

Total moles of CO2 produced per person: 3.05 mol of glucose × 6 mol of CO2/mol of glucose = 18.3 mol CO2

Mass of CO2 produced per person: 18.3 mol × 44 g/mol (molar mass of CO2) = 805.2 g or about 0.805 kg

Mass of CO2 produced daily by the U.S. population: 0.805 kg/person × 325 million persons ≈ 261,625,000 kg/day or 261,625 tonnes/day

Answer:pressure of the krypton = 350torr,Total pressure= 560torr

Explanation:

Note:The partial pressure of an individual gas = to the total pressure multiplied by the mole fraction of that gas.

Given

Argon=3moles    

pressure for Argon  =PAr= 210 torr

Krpton  = 5 , Kr pressure = ?

a) PArgon  = mole fraction of Argon  x total pressure

  3/3+5 x total pressure = 210

total pressure = 210x 8/3

Total pressure= 560torr

b) pressure for Krypton = Krypton mole fraction x total pressure

                                   5/8 X 560

                            = 350torr

pressure of the krypton = 350torr

Marcus and Olivia have a 50% chance of having children with blue eyes because Marcus has the genotype bb and Olivia is heterozygous (Bb). Claudia's genotype cannot be determined without more information. The number of family members with blue eyes cannot be provided due to a lack of information.

The question involves understanding genetic inheritance, particularly in relation to eye color which is controlled by multiple genes. Marcus has a genotype of bb for eye color, which means he has blue eyes since 'b' is the recessive allele. Olivia has brown eyes and is heterozygous for the trait, which means her genotype is Bb.

a. When Marcus (bb) and Olivia (Bb) have children, each child has a 50% chance of inheriting a 'b' allele from Marcus and a 50% chance of inheriting either a 'B' or 'b' allele from Olivia. This results in a 50% chance of their children having blue eyes (if they inherit a 'b' from both parents, resulting in bb) and a 50% chance of having brown eyes (if they inherit a 'B' from Olivia and a 'b' from Marcus, resulting in Bb).

b. The information regarding Violet and Jonas is insufficient to determine Claudia's genotype. Without knowing the genotypes or the relationship between these individuals, we cannot conclude Claudia's genotype for eye color.

c. Since the number of people in the family and their genotypes are not provided in the question, we cannot determine how many people have blue eyes.

This answer explains how to write the balanced half-reactions for the given redox reaction. The reduction half-reaction is Cl2 + 2e- -> 2Cl-, which involves Chlorine gas gaining electrons to form chloride ions. The oxidation half-reaction is Bi3+ + 6OH- -> BiO3- + 3H2O + 5e-, where Bismuth loses electrons to form Bismuthate ion and water.

The balanced half-reactions for the following redox reactions are determined by separating the redox reaction into two parts: the reduction half-reaction and the oxidation half-reaction. The reduction is the gain of electrons, whereas the oxidation is the loss of electrons.

For the reduction half-reaction, Chlorine gas (Cl2) gains electrons to form chloride ions (Cl-):

Cl2 + 2e- -> 2Cl-

For the oxidation half-reaction, Bismuth (Bi3+) loses electrons to form Bismuthate ion (BiO3-), and water (H2O) is produced from Hydroxide ions (OH-):

Bi3+ + 6OH- -> BiO3- + 3H2O + 5e-

The electrons lost in the oxidation half-reaction equal the electrons gained in the reduction half-reaction, which maintains the balance of the overall redox reaction.

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Final answer:

Balanced half-reactions involve separating a redox equation into two parts: oxidation and reduction. The oxidation half-reaction for Bi3+ to BiO3- includes balancing oxygen with water, hydrogen with protons, and charges with electrons, and the reduction half-reaction for Cl2 to Cl- is balanced by adding electrons.

Explanation:

To write the balanced half-reactions for the redox reaction Cl2(g) + Bi3+ (aq) + 6OH-(aq) = 2Cl-(aq) + BiO3- (aq) + 3H2O (l), we first need to separate the reaction into two half-reactions: one for the oxidation process and one for the reduction process.

Oxidation Half-Reaction:

Bi3+ (aq) → BiO3- (aq)

Steps to balance:

Reduction Half-Reaction:

Cl2(g) + 2e- → 2Cl-(aq)

Steps to balance:

Final Half-Reactions:

Oxidation: Bi3+ (aq) + 3 H2O (l) → BiO3- (aq) + 6 H+ (aq) + 6 e-

Reduction: Cl2(g) + 2e- → 2Cl-(aq)

Now, we can combine the half-reactions, ensuring that the electrons lost in the oxidation are gained in the reduction, which results in the electrons canceling out when the half-reactions are combined.

Answer:

Explanation:

Benzaldehyde can be prepared from toluene through Etard reaction .In this reaction benzaldehyde is treated with reagent chromyl chloride ( CrO₂Cl₂ ) which oxidises it to benzaldehyde.

to form benzaldehyde .

                      CrO₂Cl₂

C₆H₅CH₃ ----------------------->  C₆H₅CHO

The reactants in option C, Ag+ and Cu, will lead to a spontaneous reaction. This is determined by comparing the standard electrode potentials, where the half-reaction for Ag+ reduction is higher than that for Cu oxidation, resulting in a positive cell potential for the reaction.

The question relates to predicting whether a reaction will be spontaneous based on the standard electrode potentials of the reactants. Reactivity and cell potential can be used to determine spontaneity. A spontaneous reaction occurs when the standard cell potential (Ecell) is positive.

According to the standard reduction potentials, the half-reaction with the higher potential will act as the cathode (reduction) and the other as the anode (oxidation). For option C (Ag+ and Cu), Ag+ will be reduced to Ag(s) and Cu(s) will be oxidized to Cu+. This reaction pair is known to have a positive Ecell, making it spontaneous.

Answer:

Explanation:

A) False.

Glucosidase (not calnexin nor calreticulin) helps to remove glucose residue.

Both calnexin and calreticulin rather have an affinity for last glucose residue of misfolded protein (Only misfolded proteins are marked by glycosyltransferase by attaching glucose residue). They attach with misfolded protein and with the help of other proteins like ERp57 (a type of protein disulfide isomerase) and try to fold it properly. If protein is properly folded then glucosidase removes the glucose residue thereby releasing the properly folded protein from calnexin or calreticulin. and now protein is transported to the Golgi body. If folding is still not proper then the same cycle of glycosylation -binding of calnexin/calreticulin and effort to fold it properly is repeated.

B) True.

Transketolase is a key enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway. It contains thiamine diphosphate (TPP) as a cofactor. it does transfer 2 carbon residue from a ketose to aldose. So, effectively it converts one ketose sugar to aldose with 2 carbonless and aldose to ketose with 2 carbon more.

C) True.

Theoretically, for the evolution of one molecule of oxygen, only 8 photons are required. But in practice, it is known that there are many variants like wavelength and the energy of the photon. The larger the wavelength, like the one which is used in PS1 (more than 700nM), the lesser the energy. Secondly, the energy of the photon is also wasted as heat energy. Because of these factors, more than 8 photons are needed in reality.

D) Wrong.

Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate is a key substrate and affects both the enzymes- phosphofructokinase and fructose bisphosphatase allosterically during gluconeogenesis. It strongly favors the breakdown of glucose during glycolysis by activating phosphofructokinase but it inhibits fructose bisphosphatase. Hence it activates the kinase enzyme while inhibiting the phosphatase and maintains a huge supply of glucose in the system.

E) Wrong.

The Calvin cycle shares similarity with the pentose phosphate pathway as both are involved in the synthesis of sugar (Triose and Ribose). However, it does not share similarity with enzymes of glycolysis (which is primarily focused on the breakdown of glucose) and gluconeogenesis.