The increasing inability of federal law enforcement agencies to effectively collect evidence derived from electronic communications via the Web is referred to as Going dark.
Option A.
Explanation:The federal agencies are unable to collect information available on the Web/secured data, that may be relevant to national security. It has been reported as an increasing issue and is referred to as 'going dark'. It happens when defaulters are able to cover up their tracks and information using advanced encryption. It creates innumerable obstructions for the federal law enforcement agencies while they try to collect stored data by lawful means. The obstruction may also be caused by the usage of new and advanced technologies.
Going dark is a major concern for federal bodies as well as Intelligence Communities as the data which is being held back is mostly relevant to criminal activities. These activities may include drug dealings, trafficking or planning and organisation of certain crimes and so on.
Answer:
Going Dark
Explanation:
Going dark means that people who are given responsibility to protect our us are unable to access the evidence they need to prosecute crime and prevent terrorism despite having lawful authority.
The government agencies have the legal authority to intercept , access communications but lack the technical ability to do so, because all the types of data available to law enforcement agencies are encrypted.
The data is divided into two categories, e-mail, live chat sessions and phone calls are called data in motion while data stored in devices is known as data at rest. Earlier it was easier to conduct surveillance as the authorities just had to tap the phone call but it is not easy to do so now.
What are the recent trends in American juvenile justice, and how has this portion of the American criminal justice system improved or gotten worse?
Final answer:
Recent trends in American juvenile justice indicate a complex system with growing incarceration rates, a history of racial bias, and debates on whether to be harsher or more rehabilitative. Despite this, the crime rate is decreasing, and efforts to improve the justice system continue.
Explanation:
Recent trends in American juvenile justice have sparked significant debate. Some argue that a harsher justice system deters crime, yet others contend that it fails to rehabilitate and unfairly targets certain demographics. Notably, juvenile justice has seen shifts with the Supreme Court influencing the legal use of the death penalty and sentencing of minors.
The American criminal justice system is notorious for its approach to mass incarceration, leading to the highest number of imprisoned individuals globally. Since the 1980s, 'get tough on crime' campaigns have substantially increased the incarcerated population, peaking in 2017 with over two million people. This system faces criticism for being overly punitive, having racial biases, and ignoring holistic methods of crime prevention like addiction treatment.
Despite high incarceration rates and the persistence of social challenges, recent trends show a declining crime rate and proactive attempts to remedy the system's deficiencies. The inequitable enforcement of laws remains a problematic issue, with ongoing efforts to improve these outcomes.
Proposed bills go through committees of congress members. True or False
Answer:
TRUE
Explanation:
TRUE
Bill can come from anyone and members of the congress can as well initiate a bill in the congress, at any time they are in session.
When the idea of the bill is fully developed, a member of the congress then brings it up before the congress, officially, while he or she becomes the sponsor of the bill.
When the bill passes the first reading before the house, it then gets sent to a special committee and they debate on the bill being proposed. They may decide to make changes to it. Before the changes happen, members of the committee can vote to either accept or reject it.
Although principally conducted to evacuate U.S citizens, Non-combatant Evacuation Operations (NEO's) also may include citizens from the host nation as well as citizens from other countries. NEO's are directed by the President and managed by:__________a. The Joint Staff b. Combatant Commanders c. Chief of the Diplomatic Mission d. Department of State
Answer:
D. Department of State.
Explanation:
Non combatant evacuation operations are carried out to evacuated nonessential military personnel and civilians from and overseas country to a safe haven. These operations are carried out in case of military uprising, civil unrest, natural disaster and environmental issues. These operations are managed by the Department of the State and directed by the president of the US. Initially it was conducted exclusively for US citizens but now NEO's can include citizens from the host country or any other country.
Non-combatant Evacuation Operations (NEOs) are directed by the President of the United States of America and managed by Department of State.
What is NEO?
NEO is an acronym for Non-combatant Evacuation Operations and it can be defined as an operation that involves the planning, coordinating, and executing of the evacuation of civilians from a particular country, especially due to war, crisis or a deteriorating security situation.
Non-combatant Evacuation Operations (NEOs) are directed by the President of the United States of America and managed by Department of State.
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Which of the following documents has served as a model for human rights protections for many newly democratic nations around the world?Geneva Conventions and ProtocolsThe Bill of Rights to the U.S. ConstitutionUniversal Declaration of Human RightsCharter of the United Nations
Answer:
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Explanation:
The Universal Declaration of Human Right was first published in 1948 by the United Nations.
It consists of 30 articles expressing individuals rights, and has been used as a model for human rights around the world since them.
So the correct answer is:
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Which of the following can minimize engine effort and save fuel?
Answer: drive on low gear
Explanation:
Answer:
A. Using cruise control
Explanation:
I answered it incorrectly on my Driver's Ed quiz, so as you can see below, it gave me the correct answer after.
Why do you think the assimilation policy of the dawes act failed
Answer:
Dawes Acts was enacted into law in 1887, purposely to make native Americans, true Americans, by redistributing tribal lands to individual owners. Assimilation policy of Dawes failed because of the following reasons:
(1) The government didn't support the assimilation policy.
(2) The Natives of American are not interested in property own by individual.
The assimilation policy of the Dawes Act failed because it disrupted Native American culture, resulted in the loss of their land, and had negative consequences for Native American families.
Explanation:The assimilation policy of the Dawes Act can be considered a failure for several reasons.
From the Native American perspective, the Dawes Act was seen as an assault on their way of life. It ended their communal lifestyle, which was central to their social, economic, and religious practices. Dividing the land into small individual plots prevented them from hunting and disrupted their traditional practices.
Moreover, the Dawes Act led to the loss of millions of acres of Native American land. The government controlled 12 million acres within just two years of implementing the act. The land that was not allocated to Native Americans became property of the federal government, who redistributed it to Anglo settlers.
Additionally, the Dawes Act had a detrimental impact on Native American families. About 60 percent of those who accepted land allotments lost control of their land within two generations.
The size of the copycat crime pool is affected both by the level of media distribution of the criminogenic content and by other social context factors such as all of the following EXCEPT:
a. Social norms regarding deviance and violence
b. The lack of social conflicts
c. The number of opportunities available to the potential offender to copy a crime technique
d. The nature, credibility, and pervasiveness of the mass media
Answer: Option B -- The lack of social conflicts
Explanation:
Copycat crime is defined as one of the criminal acts, that's imitated by the previous crime committed. Copycat effect started in 1916 when a crime was imitated or modeled by Jack the Ripper. It was affected by the level of media distribution of the criminogenic content and by social context factors, which include:
(i) Social norms regarding deviance and violence
(Ii) The number of opportunities available to the potential offender to copy a crime technique
(iii) The nature, credibility, and pervasiveness of the mass media
When investigators take a statement from witnesses as part of the evidence-gathering process, they have the witness put a digital signature on a digital copy of the statement. Which of the following refers to ensuring that the signer cannot later deny what was signed?
(A) Authenticity
(B) Confidentiality
(C) Integrity
(D) Non-repudiation
Non-repudiation refers to ensuring that the signer cannot later deny what was signed.
Option D
Explanation:
During the collecting of the evidence from the witness’s proper procedure will be carried out according to the law. And while collecting the evidence the witnesses will briefed about the how the information are to be collected digitally and also the value of the digital signature its authenticity.
Non-repudiation is a legal setting which means the author of the statement cannot deny the validity of the contract associated.
According to the available clauses in the law, witness is examined and collected evidence is being authenticated by the digital signature of the witnesses which are submitted for prosecution before the court. Later the authenticated documents or evidence cannot be denied by the witness.
Answer:
(D) Non-repudiation
Explanation:
This is an example of the legal concept of non-repudiation. When investigators take a statement from witnesses, they require them to provide a digital signature. The main reason for this is to ensure that the validity of this document is not later questioned. Paper signatures can be forged relatively easily. However, digital signatures are much harder to break. This is why such certificates provide non-repudiation.
When the united states’ use of military force is successful in maintaining national security, it means to say that the ________
Answer: It means the United States has determined towards improving how to take over all states or countries
Explanation:
When the united states' use of military force is successful in maintaining national security, the United States : It means the United States has determined towards improving how to take over all states or countries by Occupying them.
The military force did this purposely to prevent any occurrence of threat, war or destruction in the nearest future. After the national security has been duly maintained, fixing of the problems shall follow suit in a peaceful way.
How are the ideas of the Magna Carta evident in the founding documents of the US?
Magna Carta, which means 'The Great Charter', is one of the most important documents in history as it established the principle that everyone is subject to the law.
Explanation:
The equality before the law is the primary focus of the Magna Carta. Magna Carta still has a great respect in the legal communities of British and Americans. The legal fraternity’s term this has one of the supreme constitutional documents of all times which laid the foundation of freedom for the individual.
The US Constitution is one oldest constitution which has a major influence of the Magna Carta and formulation the legislation on the basis of the rights of the individuals, right to justice and right to have a fair trial.
The common law crime of larceny protects victims who voluntarily hand over their property to a caretaker who later decides to convert the property to his or her own use.a. Trueb. False
Answer: b. False
Explanation:
Larceny is a crime by law that involves the theft. In larceny the thief conduct a criminal trespass to a owner residence and carry away personal property with an intent to deprive the owner with the possession of the stolen property permanently. It is a crime of misdemeanor charge or penalty. It is not considered under heinous offense.
Law enforcement agencies such as the fbi are part of
Answer: the Department of Justice.
Explanation:
The Federal Bureau of Investigation is the independent intelligence security service in the United States it works under the jurisdiction of Department of Justice, US. It is a principle law enforcement agency. FBI is assigned with duties like protection against terrorist activity, protection against cyber attacks, protection of civil rights, detection of white-collar crime, detection of organized crimes and also helps in criminal detection proceedings.
Answer:The Federal Bureau of Investigation is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States and its principal federal law enforcement agency.
Explanation:
A fraternity brother stole a valuable piece of jewelry during a sorority rush party. His brothers do not want to get in trouble, so they do not turn him over to the police or university. However, they cannot permit such a violation of their values and norms. Their solution is to submit the offender to their own tribunal and devise a fitting punishment that reassures the community. This is an example of:a. Hegemony. b. Alternative legal structure. c. Agency. d. Civil society.
Final answer:
A fraternity handling a theft internally with their own tribunal instead of turning to formal law enforcement illustrates an example of an alternative legal structure.
Explanation:
The situation described where a fraternity brother who has stolen a valuable piece of jewelry is judged and punished by his peers rather than by formal legal authorities is an example of an alternative legal structure. This type of system operates alongside or outside the official legal system and relies on the community or group to enforce its own rules and norms. It stems from the society's desire to maintain order and address wrongdoings based on shared values rather than relying exclusively on formal laws and external enforcement. Such informal systems can be effective in small, close-knit groups where there is a strong consensus about values and expectations.
The relationship between IQ and delinquency is complex. Recent studies on the relationship have concluded:
Answer:
There is an inverse relationship between IQ and delinquency.
Explanation:
Recent studies in criminology have shown that the relationship between IQ and delinquency is an inverse one. People who have a lower IQ are generally more likely to engage in criminal behaviour. However, it is important to remember that this is a general trend, and not an absolute necessity. Moreover, many other factors can play a role in delinquency, including peer pressure and family problems.
The relationship between IQ scores and socioeconomic status is complex, with children in poverty potentially scoring lower due to environmental stressors. Research also indicates that social environment significantly affects juvenile delinquency rates, not ethnicity. Additionally, attributes like grit and perseverance can be more important than intelligence alone for academic success.
Explanation:The relationship between IQ scores and socioeconomic status (SES) is complex and multifaceted. Studies have shown that children living in poverty are subject to daily stressors that can affect their brain development and function, which may result in lower IQ scores. Research by Kishiyama and colleagues highlights that children in poverty may show brain function similar to those with prefrontal cortex damage, potentially impacting their cognitive abilities and performance on intelligence tests.
Regarding delinquency, the work of Shaw and McKay underscores that it is not ethnicity but the socioeconomic environment that plays a key role. When families move out of impoverished neighborhoods, the rate of juvenile delinquency declines, suggesting that the social environment, not ethnic background, is influential.
In a case study featuring Candace, a 14-year-old girl with an IQ score of 68, we see an example of how socioeconomic factors and school environment can mask learning difficulties. Candace's academic and behavioral issues could stem from the challenges posed by a lack of appropriate educational support considering her IQ level and potential learning disabilities, exacerbated by possible stressors related to her SES or experiences with discrimination.
While IQ can be an indicator of cognitive capacity, studies have also found that attributes like grit and perseverance are more predictive of academic success and achievement than raw intelligence. This indicates that personal characteristics and environmental variables can significantly influence educational outcomes.
The first visual media criminals were descendants of street gang members, often portrayed in dime novels.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
The answer would be b. false.
I hope this helped!
Answer:
b. False
Explanation:
A construction worker has been away from home doing commercial blasting. When he finishes a job, he realizes that he has a case of dynamite left over that isn't accounted for. He could really use that to blow some stumps on his farm when he gets home, but he obviously can't take it with him on the airline. He considers shipping it via air freight, declaring it as household goods. What are the possible adverse consequences of such an ac
Adverse consequences of the given act:
According to the Explosives law, the possession of explosive material like dynamite is considered to be punished under the federal explosives laws.
The law clearly states that those who possess explosives without the ATF licence will be arrested and produced before the court and the court will pronounce the quantum of punishment according type of explosives the person had at the time of arrest.
According to the federal explosive law the person arrested in this clause will be fined for $10,000 or 10 years of imprisonment or both according to the special court verdict.
Which of the following fiscal policies would most likely reduce unemployment?A. Increasing funding for local grantsB. Lowering reserve requirementsC. Raising taxes on small businessD. Selling more government securities
Answer:
I think your answer is A, but as I'm not sure of the answer I will leave some other actions that can be done.
Fundamental will also be to adopt unemployment mitigating measures, with actions that:
a) retain young people in schools for some time with some kind of income (scholarship);
b) mobilize temporary occupation - employment of public and / or community interest - for services (health, education, etc.) and works of collective interest (construction, paving, sanitation, etc.), which generate a good or service and income;
c) offer credit and support to micro and small enterprises;
d) encourage and support popular and solidary initiatives of economic activities in the production of goods and services;
e) mobilize resources and rules for debt renegotiation of companies and families, under appropriate conditions;
f) extend the protection of unemployment insurance.
Measures like these need to be put in place to help workers and businesses in this difficult transition
Hope this helps :) -Mark Brainiest Please :)
What is an exclusive power of the house of representatives?
Answer:
POWERS GIVEN TO THEM TO INITIATE BILLS AND REMOVE OFFICIALS
Explanation:
The U.S state House of Representatives, who form the national legislature of the country with the senate, are made up of 425 members duly elected across the fifty states of the nation.
These members of the lower house of the congress of U.S have certain powers exclusively given to them to initiate revenue bills, remove federal officials via impeachment and to elect the president when there seems to be a tie at the electoral college.
Answer:
The house of representatives has exclusive powers to: initiate revenue bills , dismiss federal officials and elect the President in case of a tie in the elections.
Explanation:
The House of Representatives is part of the legislative power of the federal government. These representatives serve for a period of two years. The number of representatives for each state is based on the population of that state. The bills originate in the House of Representatives but need to be approved with a majority of votes, that is, 2/3 (two thirds) of the Senate to become law.
In addition, it has exclusive powers, such as initiating revenue bills, dismissing federal officials and electing the President in case of a tie in the elections.
Why the Sixth Amendment is important to the accused in this country, but also to the criminal justice system in its entirety?
Answer:
Because establishes five principles regarding the rights of the accused in a criminal trial.
Explanation:
The sixth amendment of the United States Constitution establishes five principles regarding the rights of the accused in a criminal trial: the right to a rapid and public trial, the right to be tried by an impartial jury, the right to be informed about the charges, the right to summon witnesses and face them, and the right to a lawyer.
How does murder differ from euthanasia? Do the courts treat the two differently?
Although both murder and euthanasia result in the death of a person, these are very different concepts.
Euthanasia is a practice in which a person's life is purposely ended with the intention of relieving pain and suffering. Euthanasia, therefore, is usually administered to people in terrible conditions, insufferable pain or who suffer terminal diseases. This is a difference with murder, which can take place regardless of the conditions of the person.
Another important difference is that for a death to be considered euthanasia, the person has to consent for his life to be ended. This can also be called assistive sui.cide.
In terms of the law, courts treat these two situations very differently. Virtually all nations that have a code of law condemn murder and punish those who engage in such a practice. Most countries also consider euthanasia to be illegal. However, a number of countries have passed laws to make euthanasia legal under certain circumstances.
List and discuss the various clues that flames and smoke can offer the investigators in the arson investigation.
One of the main clues that it gives are what caused the fire, and could give if the fire was started on purpose or was accidental. This, in turn, can provide them with what caused the fire, and then they can figure out who had the product which the fire was started by.
I hope this helped. If so, please mark brainliest!
Flames and smoke are probably two of the main things that investigators use to judge an investigation. The color of the flames can indicate many different things like temperature and use of particular accelerants. The direction of the burn patterns left by the flames can also tell a great deal.
What determines whether the crime of arson has occurred?The "willful or malicious" part of the definition for arson is what truly determines whether the crime of arson has occurred.
What does a preliminary investigator look for in a fire? Matches Gas Lighterscigarettes bombsThey also look for things like the direction of the smoke, the flames, and the distance.
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Four surgeons conducted their medical practices through an LLC they owned. The LLC obtained a $1.5 million loan from Emprise Bank. It was secured by personal guarantees of the four doctors, each for $200,000, plus an additional joint $375,000. Two doctors then moved away. When the LLC failed to pay, Emprise moved to enforce the personal guarantees by the two remaining doctors and won a judgment. Those two doctors contended that they had the right to sue the doctors who left as they injured the LLC. Are all four doctors liable?
Answer:
Yes all are liable.
In many states, LLCs can have a limited life. When a member joins or leaves an LLC, some states may require the LLC to be dissolved and re-formed with new membership — unless they have already an agreement in place within the LLC for buying, selling, and transferring ownership.
Explanation:
An LLC has advantage of both the corporation and partnership business structures.
LLCs protect business owners from personal liability in most instances, their personal assets — like vehicles, house, and savings accounts — won't be at risk in case LLC faces bankruptcy or lawsuits.
Profits and losses can get passed through to your personal income without facing corporate taxes. But, the LLC members are considered self-employed and must pay self-employment tax contributions towards Medicare and Social Security.
in many states, LLCs can have a limited life. Some states may require the LLC to be dissolved and re-formed with new membership when a member joins or leaves an LLC. This will not be required however if there is already an agreement in place within the LLC for buying, selling, and transferring ownership.
LLCs are a good choice for medium- or higher-risk businesses, owners with significant personal assets that they want to be protect, and owners who want to pay a lower tax rate than they would with a corporation.
Think about how the media can be used to portray an image of a political candidate. How could the video give citizens a more favorable opinion of kennedy?
Answer:
In the video, the image of Kennedy looks much more favorable since it gives the impression of security when speaking directly to the camera without hesitation and with the conviction that he is speaking with the truth.
Explanation:
In the video, the image of Kennedy looks much more favorable since it gives the impression of security when speaking directly to the camera without hesitation and with the conviction that he is speaking with the truth. He moves his hands in a natural way and in general his body language seems secure. On the other hand, his opponent Nixon, seems nervous and expresses himself with a little of insecurity, it is possible to see when he speaks that his lips are dry and he tries to moisten them at all times, in addition, his hands seem tied to the lectern which sends an unconscious message to the spectators of their fear before the camera.
In the video, Nixon appeared to be nervous and uncomfortable. Those who listened to the debate on the radio would not have seen this as clearly. On the other hand, Kennedy appeared to be confident and comfortable, and he spoke clearly while focusing on the camera.
What is the leader of the house of representatives called?
Answer:
Speaker of the House
Explanation:
How did the kellogg-briand pact of 1927 promote international peace?
The correct statement is that the Kellogg-Briand pact promoted international peace, as it was a step in curbing war as a form of foreign national policies of the nations.
This pact between Briand and Kellogg was signed between the US and France before the countries worldwide were on the verge of breaking the World War II. during the mid-Twentieth Century.
Kellogg-Briand Pact There were a lot of wars happening between the US and European nations and signing of this pact was a historic step in promoting non-violence between US and France. This pact was signed between US and France in the year 1928 by the foreign ministers of the respective countries in a hope that France will get backing from US in case of European War.
Hence, the Kellogg-Briand pact of 1927 between France and the US promoted international peace by signing an agreement that the two nations will not indulge in war activities.
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Final answer:
The Kellogg-Briand Pact sought to promote peace by outlawing war as a tool of foreign policy, but it lacked enforcement mechanisms and did not prevent future conflicts.
Explanation:
The Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1927 was an international agreement that aimed to promote peace by renouncing war as an instrument of national policy. The pact was signed initially by fifteen nations in 1928, led by U.S. secretary of state Frank Kellogg and French foreign minister Aristide Briand, and was eventually endorsed by a total of more than sixty countries. However, the pact lacked enforcement mechanisms and failed to prevent future conflicts, including the outbreak of the Second World War. Despite these shortcomings, the Kellogg-Briand Pact represented an early attempt at collective security and played a role in the development of later international laws designed to prevent war, such as those embodied in the United Nations Charter.
____ is a legal proceeding for distributing to creditors the assets of those unable to pay their debts
Answer: Bankruptcy
Explanation:
Bankruptcy is a legal process for someone or an organization that can not repay its debts and seek opportunities for part or all of the debt to be forgiven so the person can start afresh.
Bankruptcy can be filled by a creditor or someone can personally declare bankruptcy.
Legal proceedings for declaring bankruptcy differs from one country to another.
In the united states, bankruptcy cases are heard in a federal court.
What is the difference between an executive agreement and a treaty
Answer:
an executive agreement is the agreement between 2 or more executives where as a treaty is the agreement between the states
Explanation:
The primary difference between an executive agreement and a treaty lies in their formation and ratification process. A treaty is a formal agreement between countries that requires negotiation by the president, consent by a two-thirds vote in the Senate, and ratification by the president. An executive agreement, which is more commonly used in recent times, is negotiated and approved by the president alone, or in the case of congressional-executive agreements, requires a simple majority vote in both the House and Senate.
The U.S. Constitution outlines a specific process for treaty-making in Article II, stressing the formalities involved, including Senate approval by a two-thirds vote. However, the majority of international agreements the U.S. enters today are in the form of executive agreements because they are less onerous to enact. Executive agreements have the same force as treaties while in effect, but unlike treaties, they do not require the Senate's approval, making them more flexible and easier to implement or rescind by subsequent administrations. For instance, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Paris Climate Agreement were both executive agreements rather than treaties. In the landmark United States v. Pink case, the Supreme Court deemed executive agreements as legally equivalent to treaties, as long as they do not change federal law.
Criminal trials for charges of murder and other serious crimes would be conducted in the
Answer: state court system
Explanation:
The state courts can be defined as the courts of general jurisdiction. These courts can hear all the cases not specifically selected for the federal courts. The trials for both civil and criminal cases can be conducted in the state courts. The state court follow and interpret the state laws. This helps the state to retain it's power in jurisdiction. Cases involving multiple states, foreign ambassador and non-citizen immigrants do not come under the jurisdiction of the state court.
Answer:
state court system unless the charges involved multiple states, non citizen immigrants or a foreign ambassador
Explanation:
A
The traditional crime of embezzlement by low-level employees has been replaced by: a. thefts masterminded by outsiders. b. low-level employees engaging in stock fraud. c. company owners building up companies and selling them to the highest bidder with consequent job loss. d. mismanagement and looting by upper-level management.
Answer:
B. Low-level employees engaging in stock fraud
Explanation:
A: The reason A is an incorrect option is because the question specifically refers to employees of the company. Meaning that interference by outsiders does not count as embezzlement.
C: This option is incorrect because this option involves company owners, which does not refer to low-level employees, and therefore is incorrect.
D: Also does not refer to low-level employees due to the referencing to upper-level management.
In order to obtain a search warrant, a law enforcement officer must show probable cause by reasonably establishing three issues. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
A. a crime has been committed
B. the item to be seized is contraband
C. evidence of the crime exists
D. the evidence presently exists in the place to be searched
Answer:
C. Evidence of the crime exists.
Explanation:
To obtain a search warrant, law enforcement must prove a crime has occurred, evidence of the crime exists, and that the evidence is in the place to be searched. The existence of contraband is not a necessary component to secure a warrant.
Explanation:In order to obtain a search warrant, a law enforcement officer must reasonably establish three issues, which are often referred to as the 'triad of necessity'. The three components of this triad are:
A crime has been committed.Evidence of the crime exists.The evidence presently exists in the place to be searched.Therefore, option B, 'the item to be seized is contraband', is NOT one of the requirements for obtaining a search warrant. It's important to note though, that while contraband might be sought, its existence doesn't specifically need to be proven for a warrant to be issued.
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