The energy released in the fission of a 235u nucleus is about 200 mev. how much rest mass (in kg) is converted to energy in this fission?

The cobalt(II) chloride (CoCl2) changes color with humidity, making it useful for hygrometers. The color change property of CoCl2 and the process of measuring heat flow in a calorimeter both involve assessment of change under different environmental conditions. Utilizing these tools can answer scientific questions related to improvements in models of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and temperature control.

CoCl2, also known as Cobalt(II) Chloride, is used in hygrometers due its property to change color depending on the moisture in the environment. When it is anhydrous (dry, no water) it is blue. When it becomes hydrated in a moist environment, it turns pink.

Relating to the concept of the calorimeter from your experiments, both involve the concept of change with environmental conditions. Just as CoCl2 changes color with humidity, the calorimeter measures change in temperature under constant volume or pressure, giving insights into the heat flow during chemical reactions.

These processes allow for data collection and informed predictions in different fields of study. For instance, understanding the properties of CoCl2 can allow us to effectively measure humidity levels and create models of atmospheric conditions, effectively answering your scientific question of improving models of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations that control temperature. Similarly, understanding how to use a calorimeter can assist in calculating the energy produced by specific reactions, leading to beneficial applications in various industries, including food, civil engineering, and environmental studies.

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Answer :

(1) The correct option is, (b) orbital shape.

(2) The correct option is, (d) 8

(3) The correct option is, (c) 2

Explanation :

Part 1 :

As we know that there are four quantum numbers :

Principle Quantum Numbers : It describes the size of the orbital and the energy level. It is represented by n. Where, n = 1,2,3,4....

Azimuthal Quantum Number : It describes the shape of the orbital. It is represented as 'l'. The value of l ranges from 0 to (n-1). For l = 0,1,2,3... the orbitals are s, p, d, f...

Magnetic Quantum Number : It describes the orientation of the orbitals. It is represented as [tex]m_l[/tex]. The value of this quantum number ranges from [tex](-l\text{ to }+l)[/tex]. When l = 2, the value of [tex]m_l[/tex] will be -2, -1, 0, +1, +2.

Spin Quantum number : It describes the direction of electron spin. This is represented as [tex]m_s[/tex] The value of this is [tex]+\frac{1}{2}[/tex] for upward spin and [tex]-\frac{1}{2}[/tex] for downward spin.

As per question, the letter "p" is the symbol [tex]4p^3[/tex] indicates the shape of the orbital.

Hence, the correct option is (b) orbital shape.

Part 2 :

Electronic configuration : It is defined as the representation of electrons around the nucleus of an atom.  

Number of electrons in an atom are determined by the electronic configuration.

The element oxygen belongs to group 16 and atomic number 8.

As per question the electronic configuration of oxygen atom will be,

[tex]1s^22s^22p^4[/tex]

The total number of electrons = [2 + 2 + 4] = 8

Hence, the correct option is (d) 8

Part 3 :

The element sulfur belongs to group 16 and atomic number 16.

As per question the electronic configuration of sulfur atom will be,

[tex]1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^4[/tex]

In 3p orbital there are 4 electrons and 'p' orbital can contain 6 electrons. So, the number of paired electrons and unpaired electrons will be 2 and 2 respectively.

Hence, the correct option is (c) 2

According the the first of thermodynamics, energy is neither created nor destroyed, energy is simply converted to other forms of energy. So in this case, heat is also a type of energy so when it flows out of the system, therefore this means that some of the initial potential energy was converted to heat and then flowed out of the system. Therefore potential energy will decrease.

Answer:

neon

Explanation:

neon and oxide ion

both have configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6

The complete balanced reaction for this is:

N2   +   3H2   -->   2NH3

First we convert the given masses into number of moles.

Molar mass of N2 = 28 g/mol

Molar mass of H2 = 2 g/mol

Therefore,

moles N2 = 14.01 / 28 = 0.5 moles

moles H2 = 3.02 / 2 = 1.51 moles

Then we find which has lower moles/coefficient ratio:

N2 = 0.5 / 1 = 0.5

H2 = 1.51 / 3 = 0.503

Since N2 has lower moles/coefficient ratio, therefore it is the limiting reactant.

So total moles of ammonia formed is:

moles NH3 =  0.5 moles N2 * (2 moles NH3 / 1 mole N2) = 1 mole NH3

The molar mass of NH3 is 17.031 g/mol, hence:

mass NH3 = 1 mole * 17.031 g/mol

mass NH3 = 17.031 grams

The mass of ammonia formed when 14.01 g of N2 reacts with 3.02 g of H2 is 16.97 g. This is determined by using the balanced chemical reaction and stoichiometry to find the limiting reactant, which is H2, and then calculating the amount of NH3 that can be produced from that reactant.

To determine the mass of ammonia formed when 14.01 g of N2 reacts with 3.02 g of H2, we first write the balanced chemical equation: N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g).

In this reaction, one mole of nitrogen gas reacts with three moles of hydrogen gas to form two moles of ammonia gas. To find out which reactant is the limiting reactant, we need to convert the masses of N2 and H2 to moles using their molar masses (N2: 28.02 g/mol, H2: 2.02 g/mol).

Calculating moles of reactants:

Using stoichiometry to find the limiting reactant:

The mass of NH3 formed is calculated from the mole ratio of H2 to NH3 (3:2) and the limiting reactant (H2):

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Answer: Option (B) is the correct answer.

Explanation:

A property which tends to bring changes in chemical composition of a substance is known as chemical property.

For example, precipitation, reactivity, toxicity etc are chemical property.

So, when hydrogen peroxide reacts upon exposure to light then it depicts its chemical property.

On the other hand, a property that does not bring any change in chemical composition of a substance are known as physical properties.

For example, shape, size, mass, volume, density, etc of a substance are all physical properties.

Thus, we can conclude that a chemical property that can be used to identify hydrogen peroxide is that it reacts when its exposed to light.

After each cellular respiration cycle there are ATP molecules obtained after oxidizing each glucose molecule

Out of which 2 ATP molecules are obtained from glycolysis cycle, 2 ATP molecules from the Krebs cycle, and about 34 ATP molecules from the electron transport system.

So, in all 2 + 2 + 34 = 38 ATP molecules.

Final answer:

Thermonuclear weapons use both fusion and fission reactions. A fission bomb is first used to achieve the high temperatures required for fusion, leading to an extremely powerful explosion measured in kilotons or megatons.

Explanation:

Thermonuclear weapons rely on the type of nuclear reaction known as both fusion and fission. Initially, a fission bomb is detonated to produce the extremely high temperatures necessary for fusion to occur. In essence, the fission reaction is used to ignite the fusion process in these weapons. An example of a thermonuclear bomb is a hydrogen bomb, which contains a fission bomb that, upon explosion, triggers the fusion of hydrogen isotopes, releasing a tremendous amount of energy.

Nuclear fusion requires very high temperatures to initiate, which are typically around 15,000,000 K. In stars, fusion reactions occur naturally, providing the energy that powers these celestial bodies. For thermonuclear weapons, a similar process takes place where the generated heat creates conditions similar to those found at the core of stars, allowing fusion to occur.

These weapons produce a massive number of nuclear reactions in a very short time, with energy yields measured in kilotons or megatons of equivalent conventional explosives. A thermonuclear bomb's explosive power is far greater than conventional explosives, providing both immense thermal output and nuclear radiation.

Answer: C. Analyze data and draw conclusions

Explanation:

A scientific method of investigation is a step by step detailed process which involves studying the background and theory associated with the chosen topic of research, observation, forming hypothesis keeping in mind the observation, testing the hypothesis by using experimental procedures, analyzing the data and developing conclusion.  

On the basis of the above description, C is the correct option. The data and conclusion can be drawn after the entire experimental process.

Answer: The ions which are present in the solution of [tex]CuSO_4[/tex] are [tex]Cu^{2+}\text{ and }SO_4^{2-}[/tex], both in aqueous state.

Explanation: When [tex]CuSO_4[/tex] is dissolved in water, it forms an aqueous solution. The solution contains two ions, both in aqueous states.

Equation follows:

[tex]CuSO_4(aq.)\rightarrow Cu^{2+}(aq.)+SO_4^{2-}(aq.)[/tex]

Ions that are present in the solution of [tex]CuSO_4[/tex] are [tex]Cu^{2+}\text{ and }SO_4^{2-}[/tex]

The mass of the sample of Calcium carbonate is 0.195g

The heat capacity formula,

[tex]\rm \bold{ Q= mC\Delta T}[/tex]\

Where,

Q- Heat absorbed = 45.5 J

C- specific heat capacity of  [tex]\rm \bold{ CaCO_3 = 0.82 J/g/^\cdot C }[/tex]

[tex]\rm \bold{ \Delta T}[/tex]- change in temperature = 280.5 k

m - mass = ?

Solving Equation for m

[tex]\rm \bold {m = \frac{45.5 J}{0.82\times 280.5 K } }\\\rm \bold {m = 0.195 g }[/tex]

Hence , we can conclude that the mass of sample is 0.195g.

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For n = 4, s, p, d, and f subshells are found in the n = 4 shell of an atom, each with different values of m. The s subshell has one orbital, the p subshell has three orbitals, the d subshell has five orbitals, and the f subshell has seven orbitals.

For n = 4, l can have values of 0, 1, 2, and 3. Thus, s, p, d, and f subshells are found in the n = 4 shell of an atom. For l = 0 (the s subshell), m₁ can only be 0. Thus, there is only one 4s orbital. For l = 1 (p-type orbitals), m₁ can have values of −1, 0, +1, so we find three 4p orbitals. For l = 2 (d-type orbitals), m₁ can have values of -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, so we have five 4d orbitals. When l = 3 (f-type orbitals), m₁ can have values of -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3, and we can have seven 4f orbitals. Thus, we find a total of 16 orbitals in the n = 4 shell of an atom.

The total change in internal energy would simply be calculated using the formula:

ΔU = -P (V2 – V1) + ΔH

where ΔU is the change in internal energy; P is constant pressure = 30 atm = 3,039,750 Pa; V2 is final volume = 2 L = 0.002 m^3; V1 is initial volume = 7.20 L = 0.0072 m^3; while ΔH is the heat = -74,400 J (heat released so negative)

Therefore:

ΔU =-3,039,750 Pa * (0.002 m^3 - 0.0072 m^3) + (- 74,400 J)

ΔU = - 58,593.3 J = - 58.6 kJ

Answer:

n = 1 can hold a maximum of 2 electrons

n = 2 , maximum 8 electrons

n = 3, maximum 18 electrons

Explanation:

As per the principles of quantum mechanics, the number of electrons that can be added to a given energy level is deduced based on the three quantum numbers: n, l , m(l) and m(s)

'n' is the principal quantum number which defines the energy level. It can take on integer values: 0,1,2,3...

'l' is the angular momentum quantum number which defines the shape of the orbital that an electron occupies

l = 0,1,2...(n-1)

where: l = 0 corresponds to s-orbital

l = 1 corresponds to p-orbital

l = 2, corresponds to d-orbital

'm(l)' is the magnetic moment quantum number which defines the orientation of an orbital  in space.

m(l) = -l, 0, +l

'm(s)' is the spin quantum number which defines the orientation of an electron is an orbital

m(s) = +1/2 or -1/2

An s, p or d-orbital can accommodate a maximum of 2, 6 and 10 electrons respectively

For energy level with n= 1

l = 0, i.e. s-orbital or 1s.

Therefore, the maximum number of electrons for a 1s orbital would be 2 resulting in an electron configuration of 1s²

For energy level with n= 2

l = 0, 1 i.e. s and p-orbitals

The maximum number of electrons would be:

[tex]2(s,orbital) + 6(p,orbital) = 8[/tex]

Electron configuration: 2s²2p⁶

For energy level with n= 3

l = 0, 1, 2 i.e. s, p and d-orbitals

The maximum number of electrons would be:

[tex]2(s,orbital) + 6(p,orbital) + 10(d,orbital)= 18[/tex]

Electron configuration: 3s²3p⁶3d¹⁰

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. They have similar chemical properties but differ in their mass numbers. Some isotopes are stable, while others are radioactive.

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. They have similar chemical properties but differ in their mass numbers. For example, carbon has three isotopes: carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14.

The differences in the number of neutrons can affect the stability and radioactive properties of isotopes. Some isotopes are stable and remain unchanged over time, while others are radioactive and undergo decay. Radioactive isotopes are used in various applications such as carbon dating and medical imaging.

Isotopes can be represented by their symbol with the mass number as a superscript on the upper left and atomic number as a subscript on the lower left. For instance, carbon-12 is represented as ^12C.

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7.38 liters

Given:

Question:

The volume of Kr (in liters)

The Process:

Step-1: moles of Kr

We use the conversion formula from the number of atoms to moles.

[tex]\boxed{ \ n = \frac{N}{6.02 \times 10^{23}} \ }[/tex]

[tex]\boxed{ \ n = \frac{9.783 \times 10^{23}}{6.02 \times 10^{23}} \ }[/tex]

Hence, we get 1.625 moles of Kr.

Step-2: the volume of Kr

We use the formula for an ideal gas:

[tex]\boxed{ \ pV = nRT \ }[/tex]

Let us calculate the volume.

[tex]\boxed{ \ V = \frac{nRT}{p} \ }[/tex]

[tex]\boxed{ \ V = \frac{(1.625)(0.082)(512)}{9.25} \ }[/tex]

Thus, the volume of Kr is 7.38 liters.

Keywords: the volume, Kr, krypton, atoms, avogadro's number, moles, atm, pressure, temperature, ideal gas law

The oxidation of d-gulose, a form of sugar, results in the formation of a product named 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate-6P.

The oxidation of d-gulose forms a product known as 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate-6P. This occurs along the Entner-Doudoroff metabolic pathway which primarily converts glucose into ethanol, reserving a net ATP. Oxidation is generally a process wherein a particular molecule loses electrons and increases its oxidation state. In the context of sugars like d-gulose, this usually involves the loss of hydrogen atoms or the gain of oxygen atoms.

This is a molecule that is produced when d-gulose is oxidized in a metabolic pathway called the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. The oxidation of d-gulose in this pathway converts it to 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate-6P and also produces one ATP.

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On the periodic table, the element with the smallest anionic (negative-ionic) radius would be in Group 17, Period 2.

Scientists can quickly calculate an element's weight, number of electrons, electronic structures, and other distinguishing chemical properties thanks to the periodic table, often known as the periodic table of elements.

Every known element is grouped into groups with related properties in the periodic table of elements. As a result, it becomes an essential tool for researchers and chemists. You can forecast how chemicals will behave if you know how to use and comprehend the periodic table.

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