Final answer:
Operant conditioning is the learning process that best explains voluntary behaviors, where actions are modified by their consequences, such as reinforcement or punishment.
Explanation:
The best type of learning to explain voluntary, or purposeful, behaviors is operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which an individual's behavior is modified by its consequences. The behavior might increase or decrease in frequency depending on whether it is followed by reinforcement or punishment. For example, a rat in a laboratory learns to press a lever to receive food, which is a voluntary action with a purpose: obtaining food. This is different from classical or Pavlovian conditioning, where an automatic response is conditioned to be triggered by a certain stimulus without the subject's intentional action. Observational learning involves learning by observing others, which also accounts for some voluntary behaviors but does not explicitly focus on the consequences of individual actions as operant conditioning does.
One example of an illicitly-manufactured amphetamine is
One conclusion that may be drawn about the certainty of the judgments made on both sides of the o.j. simpson murder trial (the african-american perspective that focused on the behavior of the los angeles police department and the white perspective that saw the case as one of spouse abuse and double murder) is the extent to which evidence from the opposing perspective was ignored or dismissed. this neglect of contradictory information is evidence of __________ in decision-making.
The neglect of contradictory evidence during the O.J. Simpson trial demonstrates 'confirmation bias,' where people prefer information that supports their beliefs, influenced by racial prejudice and stereotypes.
Explanation:The neglect of contradictory information in decision-making during the O.J. Simpson murder trial highlights a phenomenon known as confirmation bias. This bias refers to the tendency of people to favor information that confirms their existing beliefs or hypotheses, thereby dismissing evidence that may contradict these beliefs. In the context of the trial, different racial perspectives led to varying interpretations of the evidence, with some African-Americans focusing on the Los Angeles Police Department's behavior, viewing it as indicative of systemic bias, while some white audiences saw the case primarily as an instance of spouse abuse and double murder. This divergent viewpoint showcases how strongly racial prejudice and stereotypes can influence one's perception of justice and fairness within the criminal justice system.
What are the three major career fields in the landscape profession?
Fifteen-year-old spencer wants to be allowed to drive the family car, even though he does not yet have a driver's license. when his parents ask him why he thinks he should have driving privileges, he answers, "i know other kids who do it, and it's just stupid that i have to wait another three months until i turn 16." this is an example of what kind of thinking?
Spencer's desire to drive without a license exhibits egocentrism and a lack of formal operational thought, where he fails to consider the consequences and legality of his actions. He also lacks the experience-based practicality of postformal thought, which typically develops later in life and involves making decisions factoring in what is likely to happen.
The kind of thinking exhibited by fifteen-year-old Spencer, who wants to drive the family car without a driver's license, can be characterized by a few key psychological concepts. One such concept is egocentrism, which is typical of adolescent thinking wherein teenagers may have difficulty differentiating between their own perspective and that of others, leading them to make statements like 'other kids do it, so why can't I?' Additionally, Spencer's reasoning reflects a lack of formal operational thought, a stage of cognitive development where individuals are able to think abstractly and consider the potential consequences of their actions. This stage generally develops around the age of 11, but it takes time to fully mature, as observed in younger adolescents compared to adults in their late 30s. In this case, Spencer is also demonstrating a lack of postformal thought, which involves practical decision-making based on experience and understanding the difference between what is possible and likely.
Spencer's argument lacks the experience-based practicality that an adult might show in the same situation. Instead of understanding the legal and safety reasons for why he must wait to drive, he appeals to what he perceives as an unfairness, based on anecdotal evidence rather than logical reasoning or consideration of the potential risks involved. In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the ability to think logically and evaluate the likelihood of different outcomes — a characteristic of postformal thinking — usually develops later in life.
Compare and contrast generalization and specialization
Of nearly 1 billion adults worldwide who are illiterate two-thirds are women.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Got it right on edge
How was the time period in which Freud lived significant to the shaping and sharing of his ideas? Site 1: "Sigmund Freud: A Brief Biography"
Answer:
In the period of time in which Freud lived, technology and science still did not generate enough knowledge to clarify all doubts about the human mind. This lack of information influenced Freud to study, formulate and share his ideas about psychoanalysis.
Explanation:
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was a neurologist physician and important Austrian psychologist. He was considered the father of psychoanalysis, which influenced considerably on Contemporary Social Psychology.
Since childhood he has been a brilliant student. At the age of 17, he joined the University of Vienna in Medicine. During his college years, he became fascinated by research conducted in the physiological laboratory led by Dr. E. W. von Brucke.
After graduating, Freud realized that the knowledge he had gained during college and research was insufficient to explain a few points about the human mind. This lack of information sharpened Freud's appeal to research and influenced him to find the answers to the doubts about the human mind.
According to the text, an act carried out with the intention or perceived intention of causing physical pain or injury to another person is known as:
Answer:
The answer is physical aggression.
Explanation:
Aggression could be defined as an action in which an individual tries to inflict damage on another person. In humans, aggression can occur because of the existence of some triggers. It could be because of frustration or because a person feels disrespected.
It exists two types of aggression, direct and indirect. Direct aggression refers to the existence of physical or verbal behavior to harm another person. Indirect aggression consists of the existence of a specific behavior to affect the different relationships related to a group or a person.
How do pips mixed feelings about joe's visit reveal an inner conflict?
Answer:
In chapter 24 of Great expectations, Pip presented a mixed emotions on Joe's visit. Pip acknowledged that he has strong ties with Joe but he is not happy to introduce him to Bentley. He does not wanted to highlight his humble beginnings in front of people. Hence, a contrast of feelings and meanness despite having strong ties with Joe advocates mixed feelings of Pip.
Explanation:
Pip wanted to keep Joe away from him by paying money and was mean about his present reputation. However, he was also keen to impress Joe when he visits him by showing him his grandeur. He chose good food for dinner and lighted fire to make him comfortable. He also hired a servant boy to make Joe's stay extravagant.
When Joe visited Pip, both of them were uncomfortable and preoccupied. Pip was suffering from an inner conflict about whether to meet Joe wholeheartedly or keep him at a distance.
When child culture conflicts with adult morality, children will:?
Children's responses to conflicts between child culture and adult morality vary with their developmental stage. They move from reflecting adult influences towards shaping their own moral understanding. The interaction between culture and their evolving moral reasoning plays a critical role in this process.
When child culture conflicts with adult morality, children's responses may vary based on their stage of moral development. Piaget described younger children as showing moral heteronomy, where they are more likely to be influenced by adults' probing questions, whereas older children may adhere firmly to their initial positions. Furthermore, children develop moral reasoning over time. Initially, they might simply mirror adult behaviors, but as they grow, they strive to construct their own understanding based on their experiences. This suggests a move towards moral autonomy, where children stand by their beliefs even when challenged by adult moral perspectives.
Cultural norms and the pressures from the social environment can influence these conflicts. For example, if a child faces a moral dilemma involving both honesty and loyalty to a friend, they may need to consult with adults to navigate the competing moral principles, illustrating the influence of culture and morality in their decision-making process. Kohlberg's theory expands on this by stating that if they fail to reach a conventional stage, where societal rules are followed for their moral correctness, children might engage in harmful behavior, guided instead by either formal rules or by consideration of personal relationships. Turiel's work indicates that children differentiate between social conventions and moral rules, with moral rules being understood as universal truths like the idea that causing harm is wrong.
It is evident that as children grow, they develop moral judgments that can be influenced by, but ultimately distinct from, those of adults. This can lead to conflicts between child culture and adult morality, wherein children might display resistance, withdrawal, or even regression to earlier behaviors depending on the developmental stage they are in and the context of the moral conflict.
Pete's father is physically abusive toward him, often leaving bruises. his mother, also living in the home, witnesses the abuse but says nothing. she is:
Pete's father is physically abusive toward him, often leaving bruises. his mother, also living in the home, witnesses the abuse but says nothing. she is neglectful.
What does abuse do to a woman?Numerous chronic (long-lasting) health issues, such as heart issues, high blood pressure, and digestive issues, can result from physical abuse. Additionally, eating problems, anxiety, and despair are more prevalent in abused women. Alcohol and drug abuse are common coping mechanisms for abused women.
Child abuse or neglect is defined as the physical, mental, or sexual abuse, exploitation, or mistreatment of a child under the age of 18 by a person when there are indications that the child's welfare or health is at risk.
Your physical and mental health may suffer long-term consequences if you stay in an emotionally or verbally abusive relationship, such as chronic pain, sadness, or worry.
Learn more about abuse here:
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While bev was hypnotized, her therapist suggested that during the next several days she would have a strong desire to eat well-balanced meals. the therapist was apparently making use of?
A less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the eighteenth century is associated with
According to the authors of your text, once participants in milgram's studies delivered the first shock to the learner, this created internal pressure to obey. this dissonance made it more difficult later for participants to
Which theory states that people follow individual psychological motifs in relating to a love partner?
The theory that states that people follow individual psychological motifs in relating to a love partner is the styles of love in which is the theory of Lee. This theory focuses more on psychological motifs when an individual is involved with love or when relating his or her partner.
Egyptians used a different alphabet than people from Mesopotamia. Identify and describe the alphabets used by both ancient civilizations.
Answer:
Egyptians used the Hieroglyphics as the alphabet, and in Mesopotamia, it was used the Cuneiform alphabet.
Explanation:
In some respects the writing in Egypt and Maesopotamia is similar. Both are based on a phonetic alphabet and do not mark the vowels in the word. However, they have their differences.
In Egypt we have the famous hieroglyphics, a system based on small icons that are associated with figures of reality and that make their sense from the relation between the enunciation of terms and the name of the being that appears as an image. Meanwhile, the mesopotamian cuneiform is composed of less delimited figures, going through a process of abstraction of the figures and basing the marking of writing on three wedge shapes (the vertical, the horizontal and the open).
The use of the generic "man," "he," and "his" are examples of _____.
It is an example of non-gender free. It is because in order for it to be classified as a gender free word, or for it to be considered to be one, it has to have no connection in regards to a specific gender.
Imagine you have a problem to solve that has some similarities to problems you have previously solved. if focusing on the similarities leads you relatively quickly to a solution, you would be benefiting from the ____ heuristic; on the other hand, if focusing on the similarities prevents or slows your finding a solution, you would be hindered by the ____ barrier to problem-solving.
Define local culture and popular culture. in what ways do local and popular culture interact
Answer:
.
Explanation:
The government accountability office provides oversight powers for
The increased association regions of the right hemisphere suggest that it is better suited for
A family in which at least one partner has children from a previous marriage is known as a:
A member of your favorite study group from last semester is walking toward you in the mall, but you cannot remember her name. you are sure you would be able to remember her name if you were back on campus in the library room where the group met to study. maybe when you hear her voice, her name will come back to you. you are experiencing
The individual is likely experiencing the cue dependent forgetting. This is a way of having to fail in recalling memories or information and in order to remember or revive the memories or information, the person should associate the information with another memory that is in his or her mind.
Dani wants to measure the volume of a pebble. Which tool will give the most accurate measurement
It is actually a Graduated Cylinder on the Test
Which of the following is not a reason why a high dependency rate leads to low levels of social welfare?
The options of the question are, A) Resources are disproportionately spent on the oldest members of society. B) Dependents contribute little to the national economy. C) Dependents contribute little to the tax base. D) The average age of the national population is too low to support economic and social growth.
The correct answer is A) Resources are disproportionately spent on the oldest members of society.
The option that is not a reason why a high dependency rate leads to low levels of social welfare is “Resources are disproportionately spent on the oldest members of society.”
The Dependency Ratio is the measure that shows the ratio of the dependents in a family until the 14 years-old, from 14 to 64 and from 65 and older. The indicator helps to know the number of people that work in society and the number of people that don’t.
So, what is not a reason why a high dependency rate leads to low levels of social welfare is resources are disproportionately spent on the oldest members of society.
The structure of the national legislature under the Articles of Confederation was a ______________________ legislature.
a.
unicameral
b.
bicameral
c.
None of these
d.
two house
What population shift has taken place in present-day mexico and where is this most apparent?
Concern about the ethics of leaders is a relatively recent phenomenon.
a. True
b. False
Why is the use of too much phosphorus-rich fertilizers bad for the environment?
Final answer:
Excessive use of phosphorus in fertilizers can cause eutrophication, leading to overgrowth of algae, depletion of dissolved oxygen in water, and subsequent death of aquatic organisms. This nutrient pollution also endangers human health and contributes to ecological dead zones.
Explanation:
The overuse of phosphorus-rich fertilizers is detrimental to the environment due to the process of eutrophication. When phosphorus enters water bodies through runoff, it causes explosive algae growth, which depletes dissolved oxygen and leads to the death of aquatic life, such as fish, shellfish, and finfish. The proliferation of certain algae can also produce harmful toxins, endangering human health and contributing to dead zones in marine environments. The nutrient pollution is often exacerbated by agricultural runoff and residential misuse of fertilizers and has led to widespread environmental concerns globally.
Fertilizer runoff into water systems upsets the delicate ecological balance, causing the overgrowth of algae which blocks sunlight, depleting oxygen, and eventually killing other important organisms within the ecosystem. Various measures, like banning phosphate-containing detergents and promoting phosphate-free alternatives, have been implemented to combat eutrophication and protect aquatic life and human health.
Ultimately, the critical issue with excessive phosphorus usage is the disruption of nutrient cycles and the resulting over-enrichment of bodies of water, which negatively impacts ecosystem biodiversity and stability.
A rat is allowed to explore a maze for several trials. on the last trial he finds a piece of food at the end of the maze. having developed a cognitive map, his speed through the maze increases dramatically. this is an example of _____.
A rat's increased speed through a maze after finding food at the end is an example of latent learning, where a cognitive map had been formed during unrewarded exploration and utilized once a reward was introduced.
The scenario described in the question is an example of latent learning. In his experiments, psychologist Edward C. Tolman found that rats developed a cognitive map of a maze when exploring it without any reward. This mental representation of the maze allowed them, once a reward was introduced, to navigate quickly through the maze to reach the food.
This increase in speed after the introduction of a reward demonstrates latent learning, which is learning that occurs without reinforcement but becomes apparent when there is a motivation to exhibit it.