Answer:
B) 6*10^-5
Explanation:
When you want to know the mutation rate per-locus you only have to multiply the number of base pairs of that locus by the mutation rate per base pair. Its a matter of what is the probability that every base pair in that locus could mutate.
(4*10^-8)*(1500)=6*10^-5
Which of the following medications produces a significant pharmacokinetic interaction when administered with azathioprine?
A. allopurinol
B. fluconazole
C. sirolimus
D. probenacid
E. tacrolimus
Answer:
A - allopurinol
Explanation:
When one drug interacts with another at the level of metabolism, absorption or excretion then such interaction is known as Pharmacokinetic interaction.Due to these Pharmacokinetic interactions, the effect of the drugs administered together is different than when the drugs are administered individually. Concomitant use of allopurinol with azathioprine results in significantly increased azathioprine-induced toxicity as it shows significant pharmacokinetic interaction when administered with azathioprine.Therefore, it necessary to decrease its dosage.In order to insert a human gene into a plasmid, both must _____1. have identical DNA sequences2. originate from the same type of cell3. code for the same gene product4. be cut by the same restriction enzyme5. be the same length
Answer:
4. be cut by the same restriction enzyme
Explanation:
Restriction enzymes are the endonucleases and cut the DNA molecules at specific sites. These sites are unique for each restriction enzyme and are called restriction sites. Since restriction enzymes cut DNA only at their respective restriction sites, digestion of two DNA molecules with the same restriction enzyme creates DNA fragments with complementary ends.
The restriction digested DNA fragments then can be ligated with each other with the help of enzyme DNA ligase. Therefore, to insert a human gene into a plasmid, both must be digested with the same restriction enzyme to create restriction fragments with complementary ends which in turn would facilitate their ligation.
To insert a human gene into a plasmid, both the gene and the plasmid must be cut by the same restriction enzyme to ensure that their ends are compatible for ligation.
Explanation:In order to insert a human gene into a plasmid, both must be cut by the same restriction enzyme. This process involves cutting the gene of interest with a restriction enzyme, and doing the same to the expression plasmid DNA to generate compatible ends. The DNA fragment, usually isolated by PCR and/or restriction digestion, is then cloned into a plasmid that has been cut with a compatible restriction enzyme. These enzymes recognize specific DNA sequences and cut them in such a way that the cut ends have single-stranded overhangs, which are complementary and can therefore anneal to each other. The plasmid and the human gene are then joined using DNA ligase, creating a recombinant DNA molecule that can be introduced into a bacterial cell for replication and gene expression.
Leona is making lemon pudding from "scratch." Her ingredients include fat-free milk, corn starch, lemon juice, egg yolks, salt, sugar, and butter. When she added some of the ingredients together, little clumps formed in the mixture before she could heat it. What happened to those ingredients?a. The acid in the lemon juice denatured the milk proteins. b. The cholesterol in the raw egg yolks reacted with the butter. c. The salt activated the sugar after being mixed with the egg yolks.
Answer:
The acid in the lemon juice denatured the milk proteins.
Explanation:
The important biomolecule of the living organism is protein. Proteins are made of the repeating units of the alpha amino acids that are attached together through the peptide bond.
The proteins get denatured if they are subjected to the change in the temperature conditions or the additions of the chemicals. The addition of the lemon juice that acts as the acid coagulates the protein present in the milk and results in the clump formation.
Thus, the correct answer is option (a).
The majority of lipid absorption occurs in the small intestine with the help of a spherical compound called a(n) __________.
Answer: micelle
Explanation:
Micelle can be defined as the small aggregate of bile acids and mixed lipids which are suspended in the ingesta. An ingesta can be defined as the mixed, micelles bump that is present on the brush border of the small intestine. The kind of lipids responsible for formation of micelle includes the monoglycerides and the fatty acids.
Answer:
The correct answer is micelle
Explanation:
Lipids are mainly digested in the small intestine. The digestion of lipids requires emulsification which is done by bile that is produced by the liver. During emulsification, the lipids are broken down into small globules of lipids.
This small lipid globule is converted into fatty acids and glyceraldehydes by lipase enzyme. Bile salt than surrounds these smaller and simpler lipid molecules and convert them into tiny sphere called micelle.
These micelle are than absorbed in the small intestine therefore the correct answer is micelle.
Biotic stresses such as pest and disease damage account for 10-30% of crop yield losses while abiotic stresses _______
Answer:
The correct answer will be- such as poor water management and nutrient management leads to 70-90% reduction in the yield.
Explanation:
The productivity of the crops is directly influenced by both biotic factors and abiotic factors.
The factors which are living and reduces the yield of the crops creates biotic stress like pest and disease which result in 10-30% loss in the yield o crops.
The factor which is non-living and creates stress for the crops is known as abiotic stress like poor water and nutrient management which leads to the loss of 70-90% productivity.
_____ influences are stronger predictors of bipolar disorder than of depressive disorders.
Answer:
Genetic
Explanation:
Genetics has an influence of 60-85 % of chances of inherting bipolar disorder.
The responsible for this is GRK3. The recommended genetic test is called PSYNOME.
Its operational principle is to look for 2 mutations in the gene above.
Basically bipolar disorder is a state of mentally health conditions in which there is a shift in mood of an induvidual,his energy and behavior.it is always refer to as Manic depression because of the switch in the mood and sometimes aggressive behaviours.
The individual cells making up a tissue differ from single-celled organisms such as Paramecium in that only the latter:
A. reproduce by mitosis.
B. have subcellular organelles.
C. are capable of extended independent life.
D. can metabolize nutrient molecules.
Answer:
C. are capable of extended independent life.
Explanation:
The single-celled organisms such as Paramecium have only one cell in their bodies. The cells of the unicellular organisms are capable of independent existence as an individual organism. On the other hand, the cells that make up a tissue are not able to survive as an individual organism. The cells of the tissue are specialized to perform some specific functions and cannot perform all the life process independently as the single cell of Paramecium does.
"Cells, cells they're made of organelles
Try to pull a fast one, the cytoplasm gels
The nucleus takes over controllin' everything
The party don't stop 'till the membrane blocks the scene
Inside the vacuole, we can float around for hours
Running around with chloroplasts, lovin' sunlight showers."
Haha this song is a vibe at this point.
This question is about organelles in cells and is answered using lyrics from a song.
Explanation:This question uses lyrics from a song to introduce various organelles found in cells. The song describes the functions of these organelles such as the nucleus, cytoplasm, membrane, vacuole, and chloroplasts. It provides a fun and memorable way to learn about cell biology.
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Bowhunters should avoid _______ shots, because the vital areas are protected by bone from this angle.
A. quartering-away
B. quartering-toward
C. broadside
D. rear-end
Answer:
The correct answer is B. quartering-toward
Explanation:
Shot angle is important to do a successful hunt. It is the angle that denotes the position of animals concerning to he hunter. The best shot angle is the broad shot angle for big game animals.
Quartering towards is the marginal shot angle which can result in the ruining of edible meat in large amounts. The risk of failing in making a clean and quick kill is also low in this angle because bones can protect the vital organs of the animal at this angle and the animal can change its position quickly as it can see the action of hunter.
Suppose that you are a member of a public health agency that will assist in the investigation of a local outbreak of gastroenteritis that officials suspect may be related to egg salad sandwiches served at a school athletic event. The first step in the investigation of the infectious disease outbreak is:
Answer:
The first step of investigation is to verify the existence of the infectious disease outbreak
Explanation:
Answer:
The first step of investigation is to verify the existence of the infectious disease outbreak
Explanation:
In Epic, which tool should you use to find information related to a particular condition?
Answer and Explanation:
The tool is Chart Search or just hit 'Ctrl+Spacebar'
Using Epic,
In a patient’s chart, press 'Ctrl+Spacebar' (or you may just use the Search box located in the top right corner)
Through the Chart Search, you can enter keywords (for instance, - Alzheimer's). You can now sort the search results swiftly into various categories like (problems, notes, meds, labs, etc.) in a way that makes it possible to find out any information related to that particular condition you're searching out.
Which study performed earlier this century established that the fourteenth-century black plague was spread from rats to humans via fleas?
descriptive
epidemiological
experimental
observational
Answer:
epidemiological
Explanation:
Epidemiological studies are the ones that are conducted on human populations to determine the cause of the disease and also to evaluate the protective factors against the disease in a given population. These studies aim to identify a disease in the population, identify when, where and how it occurred so as to identify a definite cause and then to look for ways to eradicate the disease from the population or to decrease its frequency. The epidemiological studies were conducted in 14th century to determine the cause of black plague which caused the death of millions and the death was termed as black death.The epidemiological studies led to the conclusion that the deaths were caused due to the transmission of the plague from rats to humans via fleas.Once macrophages "gobble up" cholesterol-laden LDL and become enlarged, they are transformed into
Answer:
Foam cells
Explanation:
Foam cells are a form of macrophage that is restricted to fatty deposits on blood vessel walls. It feeds on low-density lipoproteins to become enlarge with lipids forming a foam like substance. Hence, it's name foam cells
What is the end of the muscle that connects to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts?
The movable end of a muscle that attaches to the bone being pulled when the muscle contracts is called the muscle's insertion. A muscle is also attached to a fixed bone at its other end, known as the origin, and the tension created during muscle contraction is transferred to the bone via tendons.
Explanation:The end of the muscle that connects to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts is called the muscle's insertion. Muscles are attached to bones through tendons, which are strong, dense bands of connective tissue. These tendons transfer the tension created by the contraction of the muscle fibers during movement. A muscle also has an origin, which is the end attached to a fixed or stabilized bone. When muscle contraction occurs, the insertion end of the muscle pulls on the bone to allow movement.
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In most people, a systolic BP of _______ is sufficient to perfuse the brain and other vital organs.
Answer:
80 – 90 mm Hg.
Explanation:
Blood pressure may be defined as the pressure exerted on the walls of hearts during the blood flow. The maintenance of the blood pressure is important for the proper functioning of the body.
Systolic blood pressure is pressure exerts during the heart contraction. This is the arterial pressure during the contraction of the especially left ventricles of the heart. The sufficient systolic blood pressure of the body that are sufficient for the body is 80 – 90 mm Hg.
Thus, the answer is 80 – 90 mm Hg.
A systolic blood pressure of approximately 93.33 mm Hg is generally sufficient to ensure adequate perfusion of vital organs. The mean arterial pressure should ideally range between 70 and 110 mm Hg to avoid complications such as ischemia and hypoxia.
Explanation:In most people, a systolic BP of approximately 93.33 mm Hg is sufficient to perfuse the brain and other vital organs. To maintain adequate tissue perfusion and avoid conditions such as ischemia (insufficient blood flow) and hypoxia (inadequate oxygenation), the mean arterial pressure (MAP) typically needs to be within the range of 70 to 110 mm Hg. Studies suggest that a lower systolic pressure around 115 mm Hg can lead to fewer health issues and better long-term cardiovascular health compared to a higher pressure. Optimal blood pressure for an adult is less than 120/80 mm Hg, with new guidelines listing hypertension as higher than 130/80 mm Hg and elevated BP between 120-129/80 mm Hg. Maintaining a systolic pressure above 90 mm Hg is generally necessary to ensure effective circulation, particularly during situations such as exercise when systolic pressure may increase dramatically to accommodate increased blood flow.
Which of the following foods, when combined, provide the amino acids to make a complete protein?A. banana and pineappleB. tofu and broccoli with almondsC. spinach and tomatoesD. corn tortilla and butter
Answer:
Answer is B. Tofu and broccoli with almonds.
Explanation:
Tofu is created or made from the coagulation of dog milk. It is very low in calories and contains a relatively high percentage of protein.
Broccoli is a plant from cabbage family, and it's very rich in nutrients. Some of the nutrients that can be derived in broccoli are vitamins and fibers among others.
Almonds are edible oval nuts with nutrients like proteins, fats, vitamins, fiber etc.
The broccoli is capable of regulating or reducing cholesterol and can prevent cancer.
Tofu combined with broccoli and almonds makes a complete protein, as tofu is a complete protein on its own, and the additional foods contribute to a balanced amino acid profile.
Explanation:When discussing complete proteins in the diet, the focus is on consuming all of the essential amino acids that our bodies cannot produce on their own. Complete proteins contain an adequate proportion of each of the nine essential amino acids. Animal products, such as meat, dairy, and eggs, generally provide complete protein. However, for vegetarians and vegans, combining different plant-based foods can provide all the essential amino acids.
Of the options provided, B. tofu and broccoli with almonds is the combination that offers complete protein. Tofu, made from soybeans, is a plant-based protein that contains all nine essential amino acids, making it a complete protein on its own. However, incorporating broccoli and almonds adds additional nutrients and may ensure an even more balanced amino acid profile.
In contrast, the other options listed do not provide complete proteins when combined. Foods like banana and pineapple, spinach, and tomatoes, or corn tortilla and butter are lacking in one or more of the essential amino acids, particularly lysine and methionine, which are commonly deficient in plant-based diets.
Which of the following statements about the role of the respiratory system in maintenance of blood pH is not true?Select one:
a. Increasing the breathing rate rids the body of hydrogen ions because more carbon dioxide is breathed out.b. The respiratory center in the medulla oblongata increases the breathing rate if the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood rises.c. The lungs are able to rid the body of a wide variety of acidic and basic substances, thereby directly adjusting the pH of the blood.d. Breathing readjusts the proportion of carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions in the blood.e. When the buffer system of the blood is overwhelmed by an acidic or basic substance, the respiratory center adjusts the breathing rate to compensate.
Answer:
c. The lungs are able to rid the body of a wide variety of acidic and basic substances, thereby directly adjusting the pH of the blood
Explanation:
Lungs help maintain the blood pH by regulating the partial pressure of CO2 and thereby, the amount of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions in the blood. As CO2 enters the blood, it is converted to carbonic acid (H2CO3) which in turn dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions. As the H+ concentration increases, the blood pH decreases. The increased breathing rate and increased gaseous exchange in the lungs compensate for the change in the blood pH. Removal of CO2 from blood reduces the H+ concentration in the blood and thereby, the blood pH is increased towards the normal range.
A message in the brain is "ferried" across the synapse by a _____, which pours out information contained in chemicals when it crosses the synapses.
Answer:
Answer is neurotransmitter.
Explanation:
The neurotransmitters are regarded as chemical messengers that carry messages or transmit signals to neighboring cells.
Examples of neurotransmitters include serotonin, glutamate, endorphin among others.
Acid precipitation lowered the pH of the soil in a terrestrial ecosystem that supported a diverse community of plants and animals. The decrease in pH eliminated all nitrogen-fixing bacteria populations in the area.
Which prediction most accurately reflects the impact this will have on the community?
A. The decrease in pH actually increases the availability of soil nutrients, so other nutrients that were less available cause an increase in primary production and an increase in biomass at other trophic levels.
B. Primary producers will suffer from nitrogen deficiency and the entire community will experience a decrease in carrying capacity.
C. Plants can obtain the nitrogen necessary for growth from the atmosphere, but bacterial communities will be negatively impacted.
D. Since phosphorus can replace nitrogen as an essential nutrient, the impact will be minimal.
Answer: B. Primary producers will suffer from nitrogen deficiency and the entire community will experience a decrease in carrying capacity.
Explanation:
Carrying capacity is the ability of the environment to support the growth and abundance of maximum number of members of the species or diversity of species on the basis of the availability of the resources in the environment.
According to the given situation, acid precipitation will lower the pH of the soil. This will likely to eliminate the nitrogen fixing bacteria. The lack of appreciable concentration of nitrogen in the soil will likely to affect the population of primary producers like plants. The reduction in abundance of plants or primary producers will cause the decrease in carrying capacity of the entire community of animals, birds and humans which are dependent on primary producers as a source of food.
The emergent property of "life" appears at the level of the ____, when many molecules become organized.
a. population
b. atom
c. organism
d. cell
Answer:
D. Cell
Explanation:
Cells are the structural and functional unit of life. Cells are made up of various organelles, the liquid cytosol and nucleus in the case of eukaryotic cells. Biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, etc. form various cell organelles. However, cells have level has emergent properties, the features that are not found at lower levels. For instance, cells are able to perform the life processes and distinguish the living things from non-living ones.
The emergent property of 'life' appears at the cell level when many molecules become organized. This phenomenon is a classic example of an emergent property in biological systems.
Explanation:The emergent property of 'life' appears at the level of the d. cell, when many molecules become organized. In biological systems, an emergent property is a property that a collection or complex system has, but which the individual members do not have. A classic example of this is the transition from amino acids to a living cell. Amino acids alone do not exhibit the characteristics of life. When combined in certain ways to form proteins and then further organized into cells, however, life appears as an emergent property.
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A 9-month old baby with a macular rash is brought to the hospital. Parents report that the rash started on the face, spread to the rest of the body, and was preceded with coldlike symptoms. There are small reddish spots in the baby's mouth. What is the diagnosis?
a) shingles
b) smallpox
c) chickenpox
d) rubeola
Answer: d) rubeola
Explanation:
Rubeola is a virus which causes measles. The virus lives inside the nose and throat mucus of the infected adult or child. The infection of the virus remains for 4 days. The infection spread through the infected droplets from an infected person. The symptoms include fever, cough and red rashes which firstly appear on face and then to entire body.
What microbe might grow in the pores of the face and on the tongue and glow pink under UV light?
Answer:
Name of Microbe-Staphylococcus. aureus,
Explanation:
"The microbe which grows on a human being skin is called as Staphylococcus. aureus which is a Gram-positive coccus."
Bacterial Efficacy under UV-light:As after exposure to the UV light for an optimum duration of time, to the sample taken on the test plates the bacteria is determined and about 89.1% of the colonies are identified by about 5 minutes of radiation.
Infections Caused:The cause of the bacterial presence is in the form of broken skin or within a blocked sweat or sebaceous gland, resulting in boils, pustules and abscesses.
The plasma membrane prevents all potassium ions from leaking out but allows all sodium ions to cross into the cell from the extracellular fluid.True / False.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation:
The plasma membrane has both Na –K channels across it walls. They are membrane transport proteins which hydrolyse ATP s for the active transport mechanisms for transport of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membranes .
Naturally,there are more potassium ion channels than sodium channels in plasma membrane; potassium is also extracellular while sodium is extracellular
Therefore ,when some potassium ions diffused into the Axoplasm, from the extracellular medium;;some potassium ions still move out BACK into the extracellular environments. Not all potassium are restricted from leaving .
This leakage occurs because of more available potassium ions channels than sodium ions, and higher number of available potassium ions
Thus the answer is FALSE
the ratio of diffusion is 3 sodium out to 2 potassium in
Final answer:
The claim in the question is false; the plasma membrane lets potassium ions leak out due to its high permeability to K⁺, while it is normally impermeable to sodium ions.
Explanation:
The statement given is false. The plasma membrane does not prevent all potassium ions (K⁺) from leaking out; in fact, it is very permeable to potassium ions, especially at rest. Potassium ions can diffuse out of the cell at a faster rate than sodium ions (Na⁺) can enter because there are more potassium leakage channels. It is also important to note the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting potential of the cell membrane. This pump actively transports three sodium ions out of the cell and brings two potassium ions into the cell, which contributes to the negative charge inside the cell relative to the extracellular fluid. While potassium has high permeability at rest, the membrane is normally impermeable to sodium ions.
The number of individuals that a particular habitat can support with no degradation of that habitat is called _____.
a. biotic potential
b. carrying capacity
c. community
d. survivorship
e. niche
Answer:
carrying capacity (carrying capacity is the total population size that a particular environment can comfortably support with little increase or decrease over a relatively long period of time) given the food, habitat, water e.t.c. that is available in the environment.
disorders involve a real physical illness that is largely caused by psychological factors such as stress and anxiety (tension headaches area good example) while _____ disorders have an apparent physical illness for which there is no organic cause; in other words physical symptoms are occurring without an identifiable physical cause.
Answer: somatoform or somatic symptom disorder
Explanation:
It is any mental or psychological disorders where patients experience unexplained physical symptoms of illness which are idiopathic and not consistent with general medical guidelines.
Symptoms These depend on the age group of individuals , it usually begins as reoccurring stomachaches, followed by headache in early childhood. As age increases, the symptoms changed to insomnia, fatigues, depression and at chronic state seizure, and paralysis,
Which of the following distinguishes prophase 1 of meiosis from prophase of mitosis?
A. homologous chromosomes pair up
B. spindle forms
C. nuclear membrane breaks down
D. chromosomes become visible
Answer:
The correct answer is A). Homologous chromosomes pair up.
Explanation:
During prophase 1, it occurs chromosomes condensation. The principal difference with the mitosis prophase is that during meiosis prophase 1, each chromosome gets carefully in pair with its homologous chromosome. They do so to make the crossing-over possible, stage where they interchange their parts.
The distinguishing feature of prophase I of meiosis is the [ option a ] pairing of homologous chromosomes (synapsis), which does not occur in prophase of mitosis.
To distinguish prophase I of meiosis from prophase of mitosis, you need to identify what is unique to each process. This pairing, known as synapsis, is specific to prophase I of meiosis and does not occur during prophase of mitosis.
Here is a step-by-step comparison:
Prophase I of Meiosis: Homologous chromosomes pair up (synapsis). This is followed by crossing-over, where genetic material is exchanged between chromatids, contributing to genetic diversity.Prophase of Mitosis: Homologous chromosomes do not pair up. Instead, individual chromosomes condense and become visible, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and the spindle forms, but without the specific pairing of homologs.As the two parental (template) DNA strands separate at a replication fork, each of the strands is separately copied by a DNA polymerase III (orange), producing two new daughter strands (light blue), each complementary to its respective parental strand. Because the two parental strands are antiparallel, the two new strands (the leading and lagging strands) cannot be synthesized in the same way.
Drag each phrase to the appropriate bin depending on whether it describes the synthesis of the leading strand, the synthesis of the lagging strand, or the synthesis of both strands.
Answer:
Leading Strand: It is made continuously
only one primer is needed
the daughter strand elongates toward the replication fork
Lagging Strand: it is made in segments
multiple primers are needed
the daughter strand elongates away from replication fork
Both: synthesized from five prime to three prime
Could a person inherit homozygous recessive alleles for both alkaptonuria and and phenylketonuria? If so, what would the symptoms be?
Answer:
The correct answer is "It is possible to inherit homozygous recessive alleles for both alkaptonuria and and phenylketonuria, but only the symptoms of phenylketonuria will be present".
Explanation:
Alkaptonuria (AKU) and and phenylketonuria (PKU) are two homozygous recessive alleles located at different chromosomal loci, therefore it is possible that a person inherit the two conditions. However, under this condition only the symptoms of PKU will be present. The PKU would prevent the accumulation of homogentisic or melanic acid, which would remediate the symptoms of AKU.
Answer:
Explanation:Becos it will speed up the blood pressure and the heart beat rate. They also prevent high blood pressure drugs from working
Colchicine is a chemical that when applied to a cell during mitosis can be used to "freeze" cells in metaphase by preventing the chromosomes from moving away from the metaphase plate. What part of the cell does colchicine most likely affect?
a. chromosome structure
b. spindle fibers
c. nuclear membrane
d. cell membrane
Answer:
The correct answer is - spindle fibers.
Explanation:
The colchicine is the chemical that obtains from the plant which is used to treat gout and joint swellings. Colchicine freezes the cell metaphase stage by inhibiting microtubule polymerization.
This inhibits the function of the tubulin enzyme that prevents the assembly of the mitotic spindle fibers which separates the chromosomes to opposite poles from the metaphase plate.
Thus, the correct answer is - spindle fibers.
Which of the following hormones are synthesized in the cell bodies of neurosecretory cells found in the hypothalamus? Antidiuretic hormone
Calcitonin
Insulin
Growth hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Final answer:
The hypothalamus synthesizes the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin, which are then released from the posterior pituitary. Other hormones like growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) are produced by the anterior pituitary under the influence of the hypothalamus.
Explanation:
The hormones synthesized in the cell bodies of neurosecretory cells found in the hypothalamus are the antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, and oxytocin. They are transported to and released from the posterior pituitary gland into the circulatory system. These hormones are manufactured in the hypothalamus but stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary.
Other hormones, such as growth hormone (GH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), are produced in the anterior pituitary gland as a result of signaling from the hypothalamus but are not directly synthesized in the hypothalamus itself.