Show the curved-arrow mechanism for the Claisen condensation of ethyl ethanoate treated with ethoxide ion. Include all formal charges and nonbonding electrons. In each step, draw only the species that react in that step. If an enolate resonance form is possible, draw only the carbanionic form. If a CHx group is being deprotonated, draw all H\'s on the reacting site. Tip: always omit ethanol byproducts.

Answer:

0.94 L

Explanation:

Step 1: Write the balanced reaction

2 Al + 3 Br₂ = 2 AlBr₃

Step 2: Calculate the moles of Br₂ required to produce 12 moles of AlBr₃

The molar ratio of Br₂ to AlBr₃ is 3:2. Then,

[tex]12molAlBr_3 \times \frac{3molBr_2}{2molAlBr_3} =18molBr_2[/tex]

Step 3: Calculate the mass of bromine corresponding to 18 moles

The molar mass of bromine is 159.81 g/mol. Then,

[tex]18mol \times \frac{159.81g}{mol} =2.9 \times 10^{3} g[/tex]

Step 4: Calculate the volume of bromine corresponding to 2.9 × 10³ g

The density of bromine is 3.1 g/mL. The volume of bromine is:

[tex]2.9 \times 10^{3} g \times \frac{1mL}{3.1g} \times \frac{1L}{1000mL} = 0.94 L[/tex]

Answer:

Free expansion is also known as the joule expansion, this happens when a gas does not have an expansion limit and its volume increases until it is allowed.

That is why as the initial volume passes at the end the pressure decreases since the molecules are more distant from each other without a barrier that stops or compresses them.

It is an irreversible process and the equation would be:

Initial pressure X Initial volume = Final pressure X Final volume

Explanation:

Where P is the pressure, V is the volume, and i and f refers to the initial and final states. Since the gas expands, Vf> Vi, which implies that the pressure drops (Pf <Pi).

Answer:

Explanation:

A) False.

Glucosidase (not calnexin nor calreticulin) helps to remove glucose residue.

Both calnexin and calreticulin rather have an affinity for last glucose residue of misfolded protein (Only misfolded proteins are marked by glycosyltransferase by attaching glucose residue). They attach with misfolded protein and with the help of other proteins like ERp57 (a type of protein disulfide isomerase) and try to fold it properly. If protein is properly folded then glucosidase removes the glucose residue thereby releasing the properly folded protein from calnexin or calreticulin. and now protein is transported to the Golgi body. If folding is still not proper then the same cycle of glycosylation -binding of calnexin/calreticulin and effort to fold it properly is repeated.

B) True.

Transketolase is a key enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway. It contains thiamine diphosphate (TPP) as a cofactor. it does transfer 2 carbon residue from a ketose to aldose. So, effectively it converts one ketose sugar to aldose with 2 carbonless and aldose to ketose with 2 carbon more.

C) True.

Theoretically, for the evolution of one molecule of oxygen, only 8 photons are required. But in practice, it is known that there are many variants like wavelength and the energy of the photon. The larger the wavelength, like the one which is used in PS1 (more than 700nM), the lesser the energy. Secondly, the energy of the photon is also wasted as heat energy. Because of these factors, more than 8 photons are needed in reality.

D) Wrong.

Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate is a key substrate and affects both the enzymes- phosphofructokinase and fructose bisphosphatase allosterically during gluconeogenesis. It strongly favors the breakdown of glucose during glycolysis by activating phosphofructokinase but it inhibits fructose bisphosphatase. Hence it activates the kinase enzyme while inhibiting the phosphatase and maintains a huge supply of glucose in the system.

E) Wrong.

The Calvin cycle shares similarity with the pentose phosphate pathway as both are involved in the synthesis of sugar (Triose and Ribose). However, it does not share similarity with enzymes of glycolysis (which is primarily focused on the breakdown of glucose) and gluconeogenesis.

Answer:

The major product and the mechanism is shown below.

Explanation:

In the reaction of 1,3-butadiene, with one equivalent of HBr, the addition product 1,2 is generated primarily at 40 ° C. When 1,3-butadiene reacts with HBr, a mixture of two products is obtained. One of them, 3-bromo-1-butene, is formed by the addition of HBr to one of the double bonds of the classic structure of this compound.

In contrast, the second and major product, 1-bromo-2-butene, does not have any of the terminal double bonds but contains a double bond between the C2-C3 carbons.

Complete Question: Which solution will have the greatest electrical conductivity?

A. 0.50MHCl

B. 0.10MRbOH

C. 0.50MK3PO4

D. 2.0MC6H12O6

Answer:

Option C =>0.50M K3PO4.

Explanation:

Electrical conductivity has do do with the mobility of electrons or ion, that is to say for electrical conductivity to occur there should be the movement of ions or electrons.

So, let us take option (A) and option (B) first, that is 0.50MHCl and 0.10MRbOH respectively. Both HCl and RbOH are good conductors of electricity that is to say they are both strong electrolytes. But, between the two, (that is HCl and RbOH) HCl will be better conductor of electricity that RbOH.

Option (D) is incorrect totally, and option (C) 0.50M K3PO4 is a strong electrolytes too and it will be will be the CORRECT ANSWER in this question because it gives 4 ions( K3PO4 <======> 3K^+ + PO4^-3) unlike HCl that only gives 2 ions(that is HCl <=====> H^+ + Cl^-).

Option C. 0.50M K₃PO₄.

Let's understand the concept behind electrical conductivity:

Electrical conductivity tells us how well a material will allow electricity to travel through it. It is proportional to the product of mobility and carrier concentration.

Let's look at options one by one:

K₃PO₄(aq) → 3K⁺(aq) + PO₄³⁻(aq)

So out the following options K₃PO₄ will have the greatest electrical conductivity since it is the strongest electrolyte out of the given options.

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Answer:

just took the test and it was blood sugar

Answer: Based only on vapor pressure data, ethyl ether (vapor pressure at 293 K = 450 torr) has the weakest intermolecular attractions. The correct option is B.

Explanation:

Vapour pressure can be defined as the pressure created by vapour of a substance( gas or liquid) in thermodynamic equilibrium state in a closed container at a certain temperature.

Factor which affects the vapour pressure of a substance includes:

- surface area

- intermolecular forces and

- temperature.

Strong intermolecular attractions between molecules in a medium produce a lower rate of evaporation and a lower vapour pressure. While weak intermolecular attraction between molecules in a medium produce a higher rate of evaporation and a higher vapour pressure.

From the options listed above, ethyl ether has the highest vapour pressure at the same temperature with others, therefore it will have the weakest intermolecular attractions.

Answer:

hello

Explanation:

Considering the definition of oxidation and reduction, Na(s) is oxidized.

Oxidation is a reaction where an atom, ion or molecule loses electrons, increasing the oxidation state.

In other words, oxidation is the loss of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion. An element is oxidized when it loses electrons in a reaction; increasing in the oxidation state of the atom. The higher the oxidation state of an atom, the greater the degree of oxidation.

The reduction corresponds to the gain of electrons of an atom, ion or molecule, lowering the oxidation state.

In other words, an element is reduced when it gains electrons in a reaction, lowering its oxidation state. The lower the oxidation state of an atom, the greater the degree of reduction.

You know the half-reaction Na(s) → Na⁺ + e⁻

In this case, oxidation reaction takes place in which the oxidation of sodium changes from 0 to 1+, and the sodium loses 1 electron.

In summary, Na(s) is oxidized.

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Final answer:

Sodium (Na) is oxidized, which means it loses an electron in the half-reaction Na(s) → Na^+ + e−. This is indicative of an oxidation process at the anode.

Explanation:

In the half-reaction Na(s) → Na^+ + e−, sodium metal (Na) is losing an electron to form sodium ions (Na^+). This process is known as oxidation, which is the loss of electrons. Therefore, the correct answer to the given question is B. Na(s) is oxidized.

Oxidation occurs at the anode during a redox reaction. Comparatively, reduction, which is the gain of electrons, takes place at the cathode as in the half-reaction Y^+ (aq) + e → Y(s). The sodium atoms at the anode of an electrochemical cell would give up their electrons to become Na^+ ions, which is the process described by the given half-reaction.

Explanation:

It is known that like dissolves like. Therefore, polar solutes are soluble in polar solvents.

For example, salt is a polar compound and water is a polar solvent. Therefore, salt will dissolve in water.

On the other hand, oil is an inorganic solvent and hence, it is unable to dissolve any polar solute.

Therefore, we can conclude that following is true about the effect of polarity on solubility.

Hope this helps!

Please mark brainliest!

Answer:

Atoms make up every substance around you.​ True

Explanation:

Atoms can be seen with the naked eye. False because atoms are very very very smallllll....

Atoms do not have mass. False, atoms do have mass although it is very smallllllllll as welll

Atoms make up every substance around you.​ True, similar to how cells make up different things like tissues, and tissues make organs and so on, atoms make up everything around us.

Answer:

Explanation:

kindly check the file below to show the explanation . Thanks

Answer:

The correct answer would be stoichiomtery!

Answer:

This is known as stoichiometry. Stoichiometry, by definition, is the calculation of the quantities of reactants or products in a chemical reaction using the relationships found in the balanced chemical equation.

Both questions are answered below:

Explanation:

Some atoms of the solvent can be replaced by atoms of relatively similar sizes, allowing for atom exchange or substitution, Whenever these atoms can be substituted within the matrix, it forms a substitutional alloy. Examples include bronze and brass.

Alternatively, some atoms are much smaller in size and cannot successfully be exchanged  for the other. Instead, they get trapped within the matrix. these are called interstitial alloys, e.g steel.

Answer:

A single replacement reaction.

Explanation:

AB + C ---> CB + A

A single replacement reaction.

Answer:

It will be classified as REPLACEMENT reaction

Explanation:

Hope it helps

Answer:

See explaination

Explanation:

Chiral carbons are carbons that have four different groups, so C atoms 1, 4, and 5 are chiral carbons and thus H atoms are shown for those atoms.

Answer:

B) substitution

Explanation:

2,3 dichloropentane is a hydrocarbon that contains two chlorine atoms in its chain. It has a chemical formula: [tex]C_{5} H_{10} Cl_{2}[/tex]. In the compound, two hydrogen atoms has been substituted by two chlorine atoms.

A substitution reaction is a process by which an atom of a compound is being replaced by another atom to form a new compound due to a chemical reaction. This is one of the general properties of alkanes.

Answer:

Answer choice 'D' => Kc(2) = 581

Explanation:

2HD ⇄ H₂ + D₂ => Kc(1) = [H₂][D₂]/[HD]² => 0.28

5H₂ + 5D₂ ⇄ 10HD => Kc(2) = [HD]¹⁰/[H₂]⁵[D₂]⁵ = 1/(Kc(1))⁵ = 1/(0.28)⁵ = 581

For these type problems, one should 1st write the empirical Kc expression for each equation given. Then compare the expressions and ask 'how can the 1st Kc expression be changed into the 2nd Kc expression?' Apply and substitute given Kc(1) into the Kc(2) expression and solve for numerical results.  

The equilibrium constant for the second reaction 5 H2(g) + 5 D2(g) ⇌ 10 HD(g) is 0.0017 when the equilibrium constant for the first reaction 2 HD(g) ⇌ H2(g) + D2(g) is 0.28. This is calculated by taking the first reaction's Kc and raising it to the power of 5.

The chemical reaction you have given is a perfect example of equilibrium in chemistry. In the first reaction, 2 HD(g) ⇌ H2(g) + D2(g), the equilibrium constant Kc is already given as 0.28. If we look at the second reaction, 5 H2(g) + 5 D2(g) ⇌ 10 HD(g), we can see that it's technically the first reaction multiplied by 5. Therefore, to find Kc for the second reaction, we simply raise the Kc of the first reaction to the power of 5. So, Kc for the second reaction would be (0.28)^5 = 0.0017.

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Answer:

Carbohydrates------Benedict test

Starch and glycogen --------I2KI test

Proteins--------Biuret test

Lipids-------Paper test

Nucleic acids------None of the above

Explanation:

Benedict's Test is can be used to detect simple carbohydrates. The Benedict's test can detect reducing sugars (monosaccharide's and some disaccharides), having free ketone or aldehyde functional groups.

The Biuret Test shows the presence of peptide bonds, which are the basis for proteins. These bonds makes the blue Biuret reagent turn purple. The rest is carried out by adding an equal amount of NaOH to a solution of the food, mix carefully and add a few drops of 1% CuSO4, without shaking the mixture.

Lipids form a translucent stain on paper while starch/glycogen turns I2/KI solution blue-black

Answer:

295.4K

Explanation:

Step 1:

Obtaining an expression which relates density, pressure and temperature together.

This is can done by using the ideal gas equation as shown below:

PV = nRT........... (1)

Recall:

Number of mole (n) = mass (m) /Molar Mass (M) i.e

n = m/M

Substituting the m/M for n in equation 1 above

PV = nRT

PV = mRT/M

Divide both side by P

V = mRT/MP

Divide both side by m

V/m = RT/MP

Invert the above equation

m/V = MP/RT.....(2)

Density (D) = mass (m) /volume (V)

D = m/V

Replacing m/V with D in equation 2.

m/V = MP/RT

D = MP/RT

Step 2:

Data obtained from the question. This includes the following:

Density (D) = 2.22 g/L

Pressure (P) = 1.04 atm

Molar Mass of (M) = 51.7 g/mol.

Temperature (T) =.?

Gas constant (R) = 0.082atm.L/Kmol

Step 3:

Determination of the temperature.

D = MP/RT

2.22 = 51.7 x 1.04 / 0.082 x T

Cross multiply to express in linear form

2.22 x 0.082 x T = 51.7 x 1.04

Divide both side by 2.22 x 0.082

T = (51.7 x 1.04) /(2.22 x 0.082)

T = 295.4K

Therefore, the temperature of the gas is 295.4K

Answer:

Air is a good insulator because the molecules are far apart. This reduces mobility of air molecules hence conduction is difficult.

Explanation:

For other statements :

= Kinetic energy + Potential energy

Answer:

Air is a good insulator because the molecules are far apart. This reduces mobility of air molecules hence conduction is difficult.

Explanation:

:p

The molar concentrations of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in the original solution are 18.4 mM.

To calculate the molar concentrations of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in the original solution, we can use stoichiometry based on the net ionic equation provided:

MnO4- + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ -> Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O

From the equation, we can see that one mole of MnO4- reacts with 5 moles of Fe2+. In the first titration, 23.0 mL of 0.0200 M KMnO4 solution is required to react with all of the Fe2+ ions, which means there is a total of 23.0 mL x 0.0200 M = 0.460 mmol of Fe2+ in the original solution.

In the second titration, 40.0 mL of the same KMnO4 solution is required to react with all of the Fe2+ ions converted from Fe3+. This means there is a total of 40.0 mL x 0.0200 M = 0.800 mmol of Fe2+ in the original solution.

Since all of the Fe2+ ions are converted to Fe3+ in the first titration, the total amount of Fe3+ in the original solution is also 0.460 mmol.

Therefore, the molar concentrations of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in the original solution are:

[Fe2+] = 0.460 mmol / 25.0 mL = 18.4 mM

[Fe3+] = 0.460 mmol / 25.0 mL = 18.4 mM

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Answer: grams=0.048g, ounces=0.0017oz, 0.00011lb

Explanation:

Stoichiometry

48 mg x  1 g

          ÷  1000 mg  = 0.048 g

48 mg x  1 g            x 16 oz        

          ÷ 1000 mg  ÷ 453.6 g     = 0.0017 oz

48 mg x  1 g            x 1 lb        

          ÷ 1000 mg  ÷ 453.6 g     = 0.00011 lb

A slice of Swiss cheese contains 48 mg of sodium mass in grams is 0.048 grams and mass in ounces of 0.0016 and mass in pounds of 0.0001.

Swiss cheese is a type of cheese used on different types of food items like pizza and pasta it is a semi-solid type at room temperature and gets melted on heat and some amount of sodium is added as a preservative.

The 48 mg of sodium is converted to grams,

                gram = 48mg / 1000 = 0.048

The 48 mg of sodium is converted to 16 oz = 453.6 g

              ounces = 0.048 × 16/ 453.6 = 0.0016 ounces

The 48 mg of sodium is converted to1 lb = 453.6 g

            pounds = 0.048  × 1/ 453.6 = 0.0001  pounds

Therefore, 0.048 grams and mass in ounces of 0.0016 and mass in pounds of 0.0001 if a slice of Swiss cheese contains 48 mg of sodium.

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Answer:

The change in the Gibbs function of reaction on going from crust to core, dG=291442.4 J/mol

Explanation:

dG=vdp-sdT

Where T is the temperature .

P is the pressure.

S is entropy

V= 1cm3 =10-6 m3

P= 3*10∧6 atm = 3*10∧11 pa

The temperature at the center of the earth, Tc = 4*103 °C. : The temperature at the sufrace (crust) of the earth, Ts =298K.

Subistuting the values

dG = (10-6 *(3*1011-105) - (2.1(4373-298))

dG=291442.4 J/mol.

Answer:

349 mL

Explanation:

Given data

If we consider the has as an ideal gas, we can calculate the initial volume of the gas sample using the Charles' law.

V₁ / T₁ = V₂ / T₂

V₁ = V₂ × T₁ / T₂

V₁ = 436 mL × 291 K / 364 K = 349 mL

Marcus and Olivia have a 50% chance of having children with blue eyes because Marcus has the genotype bb and Olivia is heterozygous (Bb). Claudia's genotype cannot be determined without more information. The number of family members with blue eyes cannot be provided due to a lack of information.

The question involves understanding genetic inheritance, particularly in relation to eye color which is controlled by multiple genes. Marcus has a genotype of bb for eye color, which means he has blue eyes since 'b' is the recessive allele. Olivia has brown eyes and is heterozygous for the trait, which means her genotype is Bb.

a. When Marcus (bb) and Olivia (Bb) have children, each child has a 50% chance of inheriting a 'b' allele from Marcus and a 50% chance of inheriting either a 'B' or 'b' allele from Olivia. This results in a 50% chance of their children having blue eyes (if they inherit a 'b' from both parents, resulting in bb) and a 50% chance of having brown eyes (if they inherit a 'B' from Olivia and a 'b' from Marcus, resulting in Bb).

b. The information regarding Violet and Jonas is insufficient to determine Claudia's genotype. Without knowing the genotypes or the relationship between these individuals, we cannot conclude Claudia's genotype for eye color.

c. Since the number of people in the family and their genotypes are not provided in the question, we cannot determine how many people have blue eyes.

Answer:

Check the explanation

Explanation:

The balanced reaction

C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) = 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)

Standard heat of reaction

Hrxn = 6*Hf(CO2) + 6*Hf(H2O) - 6*Hf(O2) - Hf(C6H12O6)

= 6*(-393.5) + 6*(-285.8) - 6*(0) - (-1274.4)

= - 2801.4 kJ/mol

Part b

Energy consumed by a person = 150 kJ/kg x 57 kg = 8550 kJ

Moles of glucose required = 8550 kJ / (2801.4 kJ/mol)

= 3.052 mol

Mass of glucose required = moles x molecular weight

= 3.052 mol x 180.156 g/mol

= 549.84 g

Part c

1 person requires = 3.052 mol

275 million person require = 275*10^6*3.052 = 8.39 x 10^8 mol

From the stoichiometry of the reaction

1 mol glucose produces = 6 mol CO2

8.39 x 10^8 mol glucose produces = 6*8.39*10^8

= 5.036 x 10^9 mol CO2

Mass of CO2 produced = moles x molecular weight

= 5.036 x 10^9 mol x 44 g/mol

= 2.22 x 10^11 g x 1kg/1000g

= 2.22 x 10^8 kg x 1million/10^6

= 222 million kg

The balanced chemical equation for glucose oxidation is C6H12O6 (s) + 6 O2(g) → 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l) + energy, with an energy release of 670 kcal/mol. A 57 kg person requires approximately 549 grams of glucose per day as an energy source. The U.S. population would emit around 261,625 tonnes of CO2 daily through respiration, ignoring temperature effects.

The balanced chemical reaction for the oxidation of glucose is:

C6H12O6 (s) + 6 O2(g) → 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l) + energy

The standard heat of reaction at 298 K for the oxidation of glucose is 670 kcal/mol or equivalently, 2804 kJ/mol (converting kcal to kJ by multiplying with 4.184, the conversion factor from kcal to kJ). Assuming glucose is the sole energy source, an average person who consumes about 150 kJ/kg of body mass daily would require the following mass of glucose:

Total energy required for a 57 kg person: 57 kg × 150 kJ/kg = 8550 kJ/day

Moles of glucose required: 8550 kJ/day × 1 mol/2804 kJ = 3.05 mol/day

Mass of glucose required: 3.05 mol/day × 180 g/mol (molar mass of glucose) ≈ 549 g/day

This calculation indicates that approximately 549 grams of glucose would be required daily to sustain a person weighing 57 kg.

The CO2 production can be estimated for the U.S. population by considering the reaction stoichiometry. Each mole of glucose produces six moles of CO2. For the daily glucose requirement of 57 kg body mass:

Total moles of CO2 produced per person: 3.05 mol of glucose × 6 mol of CO2/mol of glucose = 18.3 mol CO2

Mass of CO2 produced per person: 18.3 mol × 44 g/mol (molar mass of CO2) = 805.2 g or about 0.805 kg

Mass of CO2 produced daily by the U.S. population: 0.805 kg/person × 325 million persons ≈ 261,625,000 kg/day or 261,625 tonnes/day

Answer:

Homemade soaps

Restaurant grade cleaners

Alcohol.

Explanation:

The two options are a mixture of more than one chemical constituents.

Soap is made from saponification reaction of of hydrocarbons and then mixed with other ingredients for better usability, and cleaning agent have one or more substances dissolved in another.

A chemical contaminants will include restaurant grade cleaners which may be found in food.

Contaminants are substances which are not normally present in a substance and which alters the chemical and physical properties of the substance.

Chemical contamination results when substances are not stored or labelled properly.

A contaminant makes a substance impure.

Chemical contaminants will include restaurant grade cleaners which may be found in food.

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The reactants in option C, Ag+ and Cu, will lead to a spontaneous reaction. This is determined by comparing the standard electrode potentials, where the half-reaction for Ag+ reduction is higher than that for Cu oxidation, resulting in a positive cell potential for the reaction.

The question relates to predicting whether a reaction will be spontaneous based on the standard electrode potentials of the reactants. Reactivity and cell potential can be used to determine spontaneity. A spontaneous reaction occurs when the standard cell potential (Ecell) is positive.

According to the standard reduction potentials, the half-reaction with the higher potential will act as the cathode (reduction) and the other as the anode (oxidation). For option C (Ag+ and Cu), Ag+ will be reduced to Ag(s) and Cu(s) will be oxidized to Cu+. This reaction pair is known to have a positive Ecell, making it spontaneous.

Answer:

A. breaking down food into nutrients

Explanation:

Homeostasis is the ability of the human body to regulate itself or achieve internal stability. If a body's conditions can not be regulated, it may result to the break down of its immune system leading to infections, diseases or disorder.

To maintain homeostasis, the circulatory system transports oxygen-rich blood to other parts of the body. So that the immediate condition can be regulated. It works with the respiratory system, delivering nutrients to other parts of the body. It also remove wastes from our body.

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Answer:

+1

Explanation:

Atomic number 27, that means atom has 27 protons, nucleus charge = + 27'

26e− have charge -26.

+27-26 = +1 is ion charge