Sally is seriously depressed at age 18. research using the q-sort suggests that as a child, sally probably would have been described as

Code-switching is changing the way you communicate depending on whom you are talking to. For example, you would talk with your teacher differently than you would with your friends. In Amy Tan’s “Mother Tongue,” the reader is presented with two different types of English language—Amy Tan’s perfect American English and her mother’s limited and sometimes incoherent English.

Although Amy Tan, who was educated in the United States, speaks Standard English, she sometimes code switches to a different kind of English—a language of intimacy, as she calls it—that she uses only while speaking to her mother or husband:

I again found myself conscious of the English I was using, the English I do use with her. We were talking about the price of new and used furniture, and I heard myself saying this: "Not waste money that way." My husband was with us as well, and he didn't notice any switch in my English. And then I realized why. It's because over the twenty years we've been together I've often used that same kind of English with him, and sometimes he even uses it with me. It has become our language of intimacy, a different sort of English that relates to family talk, the language I grew up with.

The reader also comes across another example of code-switching as Tan relays in perfect English what her mother is saying in “broken” English:  

My mother was standing in the back whispering loudly, "Why he don't send me check, already two weeks late. So mad he lie to me, losing me money."

And then I said in perfect English on the phone, "Yes, I'm getting rather concerned. You had agreed to send the check two weeks ago, but it hasn't arrived."

Tan’s mother’s English is limited and grammatically incorrect. A stranger might have a difficult time understanding her; however Tan grew up listening to this English and so she can perfectly understand it and interpret it for the rest of the world because her mother’s “impeccable broken English” helped her stay connected with their Chinese heritage and also helped her become the kind of writer she wanted to be:

I began to write stories using all the Englishes I grew up with . . . I wanted to capture what language ability tests can never reveal: her intent, her passion, her imagery, the rhythms of her speech and the nature of her thoughts.

Final answer:

A sign is a symbol that represents or signifies something, perceivable by our senses in a given context. The word 'chair' serves as a sign for the physical object as well as the concept associated with it. Flags also serve as signs representing a nation's identity and values.

Explanation:

The correct answer to the question is b. sign. A sign is something physical and perceivable by our senses that represents or signifies something to somebody in some context. In other words, a sign is a symbol, which can be a word, icon, picture, object, or number that is used to express and convey a concept, thing, or experience beyond its mere physical form. For example, the word 'chair' is a sign that refers not only to the physical object that we can sit on but also to our concept of the chair as an item of furniture designed for sitting.

It is important to understand that a sign functions within a certain context to convey meaning. A flag, which is an object with its own physical properties, becomes a sign when it represents the broader concepts of a country, its history, culture, and nationalism to the people who perceive it as such. Therefore, a sign can carry multiple meanings and associations beyond its tangible form.

CFU is more applicable to a culture of Streptococcus than to a culture of E. coli due to the differences in their growth characteristics and colony morphology. Streptococcus species form distinct colonies that can be easily counted, while E. coli colonies tend to merge and form a lawn.

The CFU (colony-forming unit) is a measure used in microbiology to estimate the number of viable bacteria or fungal cells in a sample. CFU is more applicable to a culture of Streptococcus than to a culture of E. coli because of the differences in their growth characteristics and colony morphology.

Streptococcus species, such as Streptococcus pyogenes, form distinct colonies when grown on agar plates. These colonies can be easily counted and used to estimate the number of viable cells in the culture. In contrast, E. coli colonies tend to merge and form a lawn, making it difficult to accurately count individual colonies.

Additionally, Streptococcus species are often found in lower numbers in culture samples compared to E. coli. The CFU range of 30-300 is suitable for counting Streptococcus colonies, as it allows for a statistically reliable count without the occurrence of multiple bacterial cells forming a single colony.

Social comparison during middle childhood is critical for developing self-concept as children compare their abilities to peers, impacting their sense of competence. Parents and teachers can help by focusing on efforts and achievements, providing diverse opportunities for success, and being mindful of societal pressures on appearance and social norms.

Social comparison is particularly powerful during middle childhood because it's a critical period for the development of self-concept and identity. Children in this stage are working through Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority where their accomplishments and abilities are pitted against those of their peers. Success leads to a sense of competence, while perceived failure can lead to feelings of inferiority.

Parents and teachers can foster a positive self-concept by encouraging children's efforts, troubleshooting with them instead of for them, and providing diverse opportunities for achievement. Moreover, shifting focus from appearance to skills and character traits can help combat the negative impact of societal emphasis on physical attractiveness, as noted by Lisa Bloom. Reference groups, like athletes or peer groups, influence how children see themselves and strive to fit certain norms.

Lastly, socioeconomic status can influence parental socialization strategies regarding obedience and creativity, as discussed by the National Opinion Research Center, which further affects how children view themselves and their potential. By understanding these factors, parents and teachers can more effectively nurture children’s self-confidence and ability to navigate their social worlds.

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Auto companies should focus on innovation and improving efficiency, while airlines need to adapt to market changes by diversifying revenue and forming strategic alliances. Both industries should maintain quality and safety, but revise cost structures and operational efficiencies. Toyota's structure, emphasizing continuous improvement and quality management, serves as a valuable model.

Organizational Changes for Auto Companies and Airlines

When considering organizational changes for the auto companies, it is essential to focus on innovation and customer satisfaction. Implementing advanced technologies such as electric or hybrid vehicles and improving customer service could be beneficial. Enhancing production efficiency through lean manufacturing practices might also be key to staying competitive.

For the airline industry, adapting to market changes is crucial. After the September 11 terrorist attacks and increasing fuel costs, airlines should look to diversify revenue streams. This could include charging for previously complimentary services or forming strategic alliances to reduce operating costs. Mergers can also help airlines achieve economies of scale and improve financial stability.

Elements to Retain and Revise

Elements that should remain the same in both industries include a commitment to quality and safety. For auto companies, maintaining high standards in vehicle safety and reliability is crucial. In the airline industry, ensuring safety remains the top priority is essential.

Elements that need revision might include cost structures and operational efficiencies. For instance, auto companies could revise their supply chain management to mitigate global disruptions. Airlines might need to innovate their pricing models and customer service strategies.

Important Elements of Toyota's Organizational Structure

Some key elements of Toyota’s organizational structure include a strong emphasis on continuous improvement (Kaizen), a focus on quality management, and efficient production systems like the Toyota Production System (TPS). These elements contribute significantly to Toyota’s global success and could serve as a model for other auto companies seeking organizational improvements.

Separation anxiety in infants is a normal developmental milestone, indicating a healthy attachment to parents.

The separation anxiety that Rebecca is experiencing at 6 months of age indicates a normal developmental milestone in infants. It is a sign that she has formed a healthy attachment to her parents. Separation anxiety typically peaks around 8-12 months of age and gradually diminishes as the child grows older. It is a normal and expected response to the fear of being separated from familiar caregivers.

Separation anxiety in infants is a normal developmental milestone that is a sign of a healthy attachment to parents. It is a common and natural phenomenon that occurs in infants between 6 and 18 months old. During this stage, infants become more aware of their surroundings and begin to understand that their caregivers are separate from themselves. This newfound awareness can lead to feelings of anxiety and distress when the infant is separated from their primary caregivers.

Separation anxiety is a normal and necessary part of a child’s development, as it helps them develop a sense of security and attachment to their caregivers. It is important for parents and caregivers to understand that separation anxiety is not a reflection of their parenting, but rather a natural part of their child’s development.

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A discriminative stimulus in operant conditioning is a stimulus that signals the presence of reinforcement; it indicates whether a response will be followed by reinforcement.

A discriminative stimulus is a concept in operant conditioning, which refers to a stimulus that signals the availability of reinforcement following a particular response. In other words, it signals the presence of reinforcement for a specific behavior. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is:

d. signals the presence of reinforcement

A discriminative stimulus sets the occasion for a specific operant response because it indicates that a response will be followed by reinforcement. For example, a green traffic light is a discriminative stimulus that signals that it is safe to drive through an intersection, thereby reinforcing the behavior of driving through.

Native Americans had several grievances against the English colonists, including land deprivation, exploitation and displacement, forced religious conversion, dishonest trading, attempts to enslave them, and the British Empire building, which further infringed on their sovereignty.

The grievances of Native Americans toward English colonists were manifold. They were first and foremost bothered by the English's usurpation of their land. In New England, for example, Native Americans were frustrated by dishonest English traders who cheated them out of fair trade and by the colonists' attempts to convert them to Christianity.

Additionally, Native Americans were angered by English colonists wanting to enslave them. The English often captured Natives during attacks on their villages and even bought war captives from other tribes. This exploitation and enslavement occurred in both southern and northern English colonies.

Another grievance of the Native Americans was related to English Empire building. In the wake of their victory over France, the English maintained troops in North America, which infringed on territories and the sovereignty of Native American tribes. Thus, British Empire building exacerbated already strained relationships and increased resentment towards English colonists.

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Final answer:

Organizational theory and design is a field that investigates how organizations are structured to align their operations with their goals, encompassing managerial practices influenced by theories such as Theory X and Theory Y. It also explores the characteristics of formal organizations like bureaucracies and the principles of design that contribute to organizational effectiveness.

Explanation:

Organizational theory and design refers to a field of study encompassing the patterns and structures that shape organizational behavior and how these structures are designed to align the organization's goals with practice. It examines various organizational structures and how they contribute to efficiency, effectiveness, and the capacity to adapt to new circumstances. A key element of organizational theory involves understanding the dynamics of human behavior within organizations, as suggested by Douglas McGregor's influential concepts of Theory X and Theory Y management styles.

Theory X posits that employees inherently dislike work and must be coerced or controlled to achieve organizational objectives, while Theory Y suggests that work is a natural activity, and employees can be self-directed and creative if properly motivated. These theories guide managerial practices and the subsequent design of the workplace environment and protocols. Moreover, understanding formal organizations, such as the characteristics of bureaucracies, has considerable implications for organizational design.

The principles of organizational design are also pertinent in visually organizing the elements of a design, suggesting a cross-over with principles more traditionally associated with the arts. The term McDonaldization has been used to describe the increasing rationalization and standardization in organizational processes, reflecting broader societal shifts. Overall, organizational theory and design is a complex, multidisciplinary area within the field of business that draws on psychology, sociology, and management studies.

The best interpretation of the word credit is when it is used as a term in business and finance.

The best interpretation of the word credit is when it is used as a term in business and finance.

In this context, credit refers to the ability to borrow money or receive goods/services with the promise of payment at a later date. For the example, when you use a credit card to make sure a purchase and you are using the bank's money and agreeing to repay it to be later.

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Credit can be defined as the trust that allows a party to provide resources to another party who will repay at a later date. Examples include using a credit card or buying something on account. It could also refer to the trust in the issuer of commodity-backed currencies to meet their repayment obligations.

The term credit is typically used in financial contexts. It can be defined in two main ways depending on the scenario. One interpretation is that it's the trust which allows one party to provide resources to another party where that second party does not reimburse the first party immediately, but promises either to repay or return those resources at a later date. This is common in many different financial transactions, whether it's getting a loan from a bank, using a credit card, or buying something on account.

For example, when you use a credit card, you are essentially borrowing money from the credit card company, which you then promise to pay back. The credit card company transfers the money to the seller and at the end of the month, you owe the amount spent to the credit card company.

Another interpretation of credit is in the context of commodity-backed currencies, such as dollar bills or other currencies with values backed up by gold or another commodity. These forms of credit are promises to pay a certain amount of the commodity. The 'credit' of these currencies is based on the trust that the issuer will be able to meet their obligations to pay the commodity.

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