PLEASE HELP
Growth hormone and insulin are protein hormones that regulate carbohydrate metabolism by hepatocytes (liver cells) through the activation of intracellular signaling pathways. Researchers investigated whether the two hormones trigger the same or different intracellular signaling pathways in hepatocytes. The researchers added either growth hormone or insulin to parallel cultures of hepatocytes. At several time points after the hormone addition, they purified total intracellular protein from the cells and quantified the level of the phosphorylated forms of two proteins involved in two different signaling pathways (Figure 1, A and B).
(a) Describe the first interaction that triggers signaling to begin in a target cell.
(b) Identify a dependent variable in the experimental design. Identify a negative control for the effects of hormone addition. Identify a likely reason why the researchers continued their experiment for 240 minutes.
(c) Describe the hormone and signaling protein combination that produced the greatest and most prolonged response. For the phosphorylated STAT5 response that reached 100 percent at 10 minutes in Figure 1A , calculate the rate of decrease (percent decrease per minute) in the detected level of phosphorylated STAT5 from 10 to 30 minutes.
(d) The researchers claim that the similar regulation of carbohydrate metabolism by hepatocytes when the cells are treated with growth hormone or insulin results from the activation of different signaling pathways. Use the data from the researchers’ experiment to support their claim.
Answers
Answer a:
In the case of growth hormone, it activates the STAT5 signaling pathway. Therefore, initially, as the hepatocytes sense growth hormone, they imitate the STAT 5 pathway, which after some time maintains a steady rate.
In the addition of insulin, it activates Protein kinase B pathway initially.
Answer b:
The dependent variable in the experiment is the level of STAT 5 and protein kinase B proteins. Those proteins are depending upon the independent variables growth hormone and insulin. A negative control should be the addition of the same amount of water into hepatocytes, which will give no effect to the protein levels.
The researcher wants to identify short and long term effects of both hormones in terms of whether the signaling pathway interacts with each other or not and to identify the steady-state of the signaling pathway. That is why the researcher run the experiment for 240 minutes.
Answer c:
Insulin and protein kinase B interaction is the greatest and most prolonged response as is seen in the graph. Protein kinase B level reached to 100 after 30 minutes as insulin added while the level remained to near 80 even after 240 minutes.
The level of STAT 5 at the 10th minute = 100
The level of STAT 5 at 30th minute = 35
From 10 to 30 minutes, the level of STAT 5 = 100 – 35
From 10 to 30 minutes, the level of STAT 5 = 65
Duration = 30 – 10 minutes
Duration = 20 minutes
Rate of decrease = 65/20
Rate of decrease = 3.25 levels/min
Answer d:
The claim by the researcher is supported because of the known functions of insulin and growth factors. Both hormones have a tendency to respond to the presence of glucose. The growth hormone initiates STAT5 signaling for producing the Igf-1 factor that is important for utilizing glucose. The insulin hormone is well known for utilizing glucose.
Related Questions
Sex-linked genes are usually located on
A. the autosomal chromosomes.
B. the X chromosome only.
C. both the X chromosome and the Y chromosome.
D. the Y chromosome only.
Answers
Answer:
c, both x and y chromosomes
Explanation:
different genders
Sex-linked genes are usually located on both the X and the Y chromosomes, playing a vital role in determining an organism's sex and carrying diseases such as hemophilia and color blindness.
Explanation:The term sex-linked genes refers to genes that are located on the sex chromosomes. These genes typically play a role in determining an organism's sex, and they can have differing expressions in males and females. They are usually located on both the X and the Y chromosomes. So, the correct answer to your question is C. both the X chromosome and the Y chromosome.
Diseases that are caused by mutations in sex-linked genes are often passed down in predictable patterns in families. For example, hemophilia and color blindness are X-linked recessive disorders.
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Genes for traits that help an organism be more successful reproductively can be expected to
A) cause it to evolve into a new species
B) eventually be eliminated by natural selection
C) cause the extinction of the species
D)become more common in the future
Answers
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Genes for traits that help an organism be more successful reproductively can be expected to become more common in the future. Therefore, option D is correct.
How traits are responsible for evolution?The term "evolution" refers to the shift in an organism's population's inherited features over time. Living things pass on a variety of traits to their offspring when they reproduce.
Different phenotypes can be introduced into an organism by genetic changes that change gene activity or protein function. The likelihood of a genetic variant being passed down to the following generation increases if a trait is favorable and aids the individual in surviving and procreating (a process known as natural selection).
Thus, genes for traits that help an organism be more successful reproductively can be expected to become more common in the future. Therefore, option D is correct.
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Which of the following attributes of and organism cannot be seen by observing the organism?
A.phenotype
B.genotype
C.traits
Answers
The attribute of an organism that is not directly observable is the genotype. While phenotype and traits often manifest in observable ways, genotype refers to the genetic makeup, which requires specific tests to investigate.
Explanation:Out of the given options (phenotype, genotype, and traits), the attribute of an organism that cannot be observed just by looking at it is the genotype. Phenotype is the outward, physical manifestation of the organism. These include traits such as height, color, and shape which can definitely be seen by physical observation. Traits, generally speaking, refer to the individual characteristics of an organism, many of which can also be observed externally. On the other hand, genotype refers to the organism's entire set of genes, the sequences of DNA that code for specific traits, but are hidden within the cells, which can only be determined by genetic testing, not by simple observation.
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How are text messages encoded in radio waves?
Answers
Text messages are encoded into radio waves through a process called modulation where they are converted into digital data (binary codes), modulated onto a radio wave, then transmitted. This data is then decoded back into the original text message on the receiver's end.
Explanation:Text messages are converted into binary codes, consisting of ones and zeros, which form a digital data. This data can then be modulated onto an electromagnetic wave, essentially a radio wave. The modulation can occur in the amplitude (AM), frequency (FM), or phase of the wave. This is the method of encoding the digital data into the radio wave.
For example, a common technology that operates in the radio-wave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is 4G cellular signals, which are around 880 MHz. Satellite-transmitted information is typically carried on microwaves, which require a clear line of sight between the transmitter and receiver due to the short wavelengths involved. Once the radio waves reach the recipient's device, they are decoded back into digital data and finally back into the original text message.
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If there are 300 kittens born for every 1000 cats In a year what is per capita birth rate?
Answers
Birth rate: 300,000
Answer:
0.3 is the answer
Explanation:
I took the quiz got it right
Give an example of mutualism and explain how it works.
Answers
Answer:
The bees fly from flower to flower in search of nectar, which they transform into food, which benefits these insects.
On the other hand, whenever the bees are placed on a flower, particles of pollen adhere to their body; Such particles are transported to other flowers, resulting in plant pollination.
Explanation:
Mutualism is based on a version of the labor theory of value which it uses as its basis for determining economic value. According to mutualist theory, when a worker sells the product of their labor, they ought to receive money, goods, or services in exchange that are equal in economic value, embodying "the amount of labor necessary to produce an article of exactly similar and equal utility"
Rachel was very sick with a bacterial infection. The infection was treated with antibiotics. Rachel seemed to get well, but in a few weeks, she was sick again. How can this be explained? the antibiotics did not kill the bacteria; it forced them to be dormant the stronger, more resistant bacteria survived the antibiotics and reproduced antibiotics only kill a portion of the bacteria, regardless how much medicine Rachel takes
Answers
Answer:
Selective pressure: The bacteria become susceptible to the drug and can withstand it.
Which of the following best describes the relationship between the sun and Jupiter?
A
Jupiter is the closest planet to the sun in our solar system.
в)
Jupiter and the sun have a similar composition.
Jupiter is larger and colder than the sun.
D
Jupiter and the sun are both stars.
Answers
Answer: B) Jupiter and the sun have a similar composition.
Explanation:The only significant difference between the sun and Jupiter is in the sizes i.e jupiter is smaller compared to the size of the sun.
However their similarities is in their composition i.e what they are made up (helium and hydrogen).
The core of Jupiter is made up of liquid metallic hydrogen and the sun's core or center is also made up 34% mass plasma of hydrogen.
So option B (Jupiter and the sun have a similar composition) best describes the relationship between Jupiter and the sun.
All living things are made of cells, and all living things reproduce in one of several ways. Which of these is a process involved in the sexual reproduction of living things?
A
fertilization
B
budding
C
spore formation
D
vegetative reproduction
Answers
The study of a living being is called biology.
The correct answer is A.
The production of new offspring from the parent which may and may not be similar to itself is called reproduction. Reproduction requires a process called fertilization.
The Process of fusion of the two different gametes is called fertilization.
Hence, the correct option is A that is fertilization.
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Which of the following is true when an individual exhibits two identical recessive alleles?
A.the individual will be homozygous
B.the letters will be capitalized
C.the individual will be heterozygous
D. The individual will exhibit the dominant allele only
Answers
The individual will be homozygous when an individual exhibits two identical recessive alleles, hence option A is correct.
What are recessive alleles?Only those who are homozygous also known as having two copies of the gene will experience the effects of recessive alleles.
For instance, because the gene for blue eyes is recessive, you need two copies of the 'blue eye' allele to have blue eyes.
Only when an individual possesses two copies of the same recessive gene can the features manifest. Being homozygous means having the same 2 copies of each allele. A person would have blue eyes if they had two recessive copies of the blue eye gene.
Therefore, the individual will be homozygous when an individual exhibits two identical recessive alleles, hence option A is correct.
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Which statements describe dichotomous keys? Check all that apply.
A dichotomous key uses characteristics to separate organisms from one another.
A dichotomous key uses characteristics to separate organisms into two groups.
Dichotomous keys use questions or statements to identify organisms.
Dichotomous keys may be created with yes–no questions.
Dichotomous keys may have three or more answers for each question or statement.
Answers
Answer:
1,3,4
A dichotomous key uses questions or statements to help identify organisms, it also uses characteristics in it's questions ( that may be yes-no) and statements to help separate organisms from one another.
Hope this helped and plz mark as brainliest!
Explanation:
Answer:
A, C, D.
Explanation:
Sorry for the late answer, hope this helps, have a great day.
A ____________ is a living thing that gets food by consuming, or eating, other living things.
Answers
Consumer.
Explanation:
A consumer is a living organism that gets food from consuming other living things. Consumers, like a rabbit, will eat grass which is a living thing. Consumers are also called heterotrophs, meaning they can't make their own food. The opposite of this would be autotrophs, like plants, that make their own food.
There are different levels of consumers, a rabbit would be a primary consumer, since they only eat producers such as grass. On the other hand, secondary consumers only eat the primary consumers, like a fox eating a rabbit.
Answer:
CONSUMER
Explanation:
Anything that consumes/digests another living thing is called a CONSUMER!
HOPE THIS HELPS!
Different kinds of fungi
Answers
Answer:
Types of Fungi: Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota.
Explanation:
[Around 120,000 species of fungi have been described by taxonomists, but the global biodiversity of the fungus kingdom is not fully understood. ]
Describe the characteristics of Caribbean culture,
Answers
Answer:
The term Caribbean culture summarises the artistic, musical, literary, culinary, political and social elements that are representative of Caribbean people all over the world.
Explanation:
Much of it is ocean and the Caribbean region includes about 700 islands, islets, reefs, and cays in and surrounding the Caribbean Sea. Across the Caribbean region, there is diverse topography including coral reefs, mountains, tropical forests, low-lying plantations, valleys, waterfalls, and volcanoes.
Answer: Caribbean culture summarizes the artistic, musical, literary, culinary, political and social elements that are representative of Caribbean people all over the world. The Caribbean's culture has historically been influenced by that of African, Amerindian, Indian And European traditions.
The African and Amerindian traditions have influenced the Caribbean's culture.It is a multi-racial, multi-cultural society with varied beliefs, religions, political, culinary, musical, artistic elements
Help! I am the worst at Anatomy! 70 points!
A hereditary disease of the platelets would result in which of the following? Excessive bleeding that will also be prevalent in other family members Excessive bleeding that will not be prevalent in other family members Fatigue and exhaustion that will also be prevalent in other family members Fatigue and exhaustion that will not be prevalent in other family members
Answers
Answer:
Hi there, so the answer to that question would be A. Excessive bleeding that will also be prevalent in other family members. Hope this helps out with your question <3.
Explanation:
Answer:
The answer is "Excessive bleeding that will also be prevalent in other family members."
Explanation: I took Anatomy freshman year.
As ecosystems move through the stages of succession, the populations of organisms in them
change. Which of the following describes the stages of succession likely to have the most
species diversity * TT
(1 Point)
A newly formed volcanic island
An agricultural field that has not been plowed for one year
A temperate forest that has never been cleared by logging
A field that is regularly mowed
Answers
Answer:
A temperate forest that has never been cleared by logging
Explanation:
The forest has never been chopped down, so it would have the most species diversity but if there should be 2 answers then include the one about the agricultural field then.
Answer:
A temperate forest that has never been cleared by logging.
Explanation:
I had this question on three biology tests.
Brainliest plz?...
what do white blood cells protect against
Answers
Answer:
they protect you from illness and diseases. fight viruses and bacteria
Explanation:
Answer:
They protect you against illness and disease. They flow through your bloodstream to fight viruses, bacteria, and other invaders that threaten your health.
Hope this helped
1) How long ago were fossil fuels created?
2) Algae grown in open pond systems are susceptible to invaders, what are they and
how do they impact the algae?
3) What are some of the resource requirements for open pond marine algae
production?
4) What are the advantages of using wastewater in marine algae growth?
Answers
How long were fossil fuels created?: long before the dinosaurs even ruled the world.
Algae grown in open pond systems are susceptible to invaders, what are they and
how do they impact the algae? Algae cultivation takes place in large ponds, or in enclosed systems enhanced with CO2. Algae cultivation has many commercial and industrial uses and looks to be a promising long-term sustainable source of biomass and oils for fuel, food, feed and other co-products. Algae have evolved to produce and store energy in the form of oil. They are more efficient than many other natural or engineered
Algae cultivation takes place in large ponds, or in enclosed systems enhanced with CO2. Algae cultivation has many commercial and industrial uses and looks to be a promising long-term sustainable source of biomass and oils for fuel, food, feed and other co-products. Algae have evolved to produce and store energy in the form of oil. They are more efficient than many other natural or engineered: Idk..
What are the advantages of using wastewater in marine algae growth?: Idk sorry
I really hopes at least have of this helps :D
List of questions have the following answers.
Fossil fuels were created between 10 to 180 million years ago. That is the period of middle life to recent life. About 10% of them happen in the Paleozoic deposits.The growth and development of algae blooms are due to the increase of nutrition and a combination of other environmental factors such as temperature, sunlight. The rise of algae is due to the concentration of nutrients or sediments in the water.Carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and phosphorus are some of the key elements that are needed for the growth of marine algae.The advantage of using wastewater it can grow high strains of algae which are capable of removing 90% nitrates and about 50% phosphorous from the wastewater.Learn more about the answer to the list of following questions.
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why the oceanic white tip shark is a good predator
Answers
Answer: The oceanic whitetip shark is one of the most widely ranging sharks, common throughout the warm latitudes of all oceans. It lives in the open ocean, where it is a predator at the top of pelagic food webs. ... They are a primary component of shark feeding frenzies caused when mixed groups of predatory species feed together.
Explanation:
The oceanic white tip shark is an effective predator due to its powerful jaws with sharp teeth, advanced sensory organs for detecting prey, and versatile feeding behavior. These attributes collectively make it a highly skilled and adaptable predator in marine ecosystems.
The oceanic white tip shark is a formidable predator for several reasons:
Physical AttributesThe jaws of a shark are equipped with multiple rows of sharp, serrated teeth, making them highly effective at tearing into their prey. Their streamlined bodies allow for strong and agile swimming capabilities, which are crucial for both chasing prey and avoiding threats.
Sensory AbilitiesOceanic white tip sharks possess a network of sensory organs called the ampullae of Lorenzini. This system can detect electrical fields, which helps them locate prey even when it is hidden or camouflaged.
Feeding BehaviorThese sharks are not picky eaters and have been known to feed on a variety of fish and marine animals. Such versatility in diet contributes significantly to their survival as apex predators in the marine ecosystem.
Thus oceanic white tip shark is a good predator.
How do scientists use anatomy, embryology, fossils and DNA to support the theory that all living things are related?
Answers
Why are emperor penguins considered a species?
They all look alike.
They can mate and produce offspring that can mate.
They can mate and produce offspring that cannot mate.
They all walk in a similar manner.
Answers
Answer:
B-They can mate and produce offspring that can mate
Explanation:
HELP PLZ 12+points and i NEED IT NOW PLZ
Type your response in the box.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas. It traps the heat in the atmosphere. Humans have used fossil fuels for only the last few hundred years. When burned, fossil fuels release CO2 into the atmosphere. Why do you think our fossil fuel use is a concern for environmental scientists?
Answers
Answer:
humans really heavily on fossil fuels, but unfortunately the more humans use it the more CO2 is being released,and the more greenhouse gases being trapped in our atmosphere, one of the reasons that are causing global warming
Explanation:
I think I could have done better but I cant find the right words to use (sorry)
Answer:
Burning fossil fuels increases the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. A high level of CO2 throws the carbon cycle out of balance. With more CO2 in the atmosphere, the temperature on Earth increases.
Explanation:
edmentum answer !! so change it up a little .-.
a.
Why are carbon dioxide concentrations expected to increase?
Carbon dioxide concentrations are expected to increase, because fossil fuel burning is expected to
increase.
b. Carbon dioxide concentrations are expected to increase, because of an increase in agriculture.
C. Carbon dioxide concentrations are expected to increase, because more land will have to be cleared
for increasing populations and agricultural use.
d. All of the above
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
Answers
Answer:
D. all above
Explanation:
;3
Would the same symptoms occur if the immune system were functioning properly ?
Answers
Answer:
The immune system can be broadly sorted into categories: innate immunity and adaptive immunity.Innate immunity is the immune system you're born with, and mainly consists of barriers on and in the body that keep foreign threats out, according to the National Library of Medicine (NLM). Components of innate immunity include skin, stomach acid, enzymes found in tears and skin oils, mucus and the cough reflex.
Explanation:
Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder. The immune system attacks the tissue between joints, causing the joints to distort,as seen in model 1. The joints between bones have less cartilage, as shown in Model 2. People who do not have the disease do not have these symptoms, because their immune system does not treat healthy tissue as a threat.
Explanation: Edmentum
Living environemnt answers Scientists have incorporated a barley gene into a type of rice and produced rice plants that have muchlower methane emissions. It is most likely that the scientists incorporated the barley gene into therice, producing a new variety, using the process of:__________.
Answers
Answer:
genetic engineering
Explanation:
Genetic modification or Genetic engineering is the method of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to change an organism's genetic makeup.
In Genetic egineering a gene is isolated from the body of one organism and incorporated into the body of host cell in order to produce new gene variety with some advantages.
Here also, scientists have incorparetd a barley gene into a type of rice that developed a new rice variety with muchlower methane emissions.
Hence, the process used by scientists is genetic engineering.
Using the information provided in the picture, where would we find the water with the highest concentration of pollution?
Select one:
Point Z
Point Y
Point X
The Northern White River
Answers
Answer:
Point Z
Explanation:
It has passed all og the cities anf factories. Therefore, would have the most trash and pollution
(b) Explain why DNA replication cannot proceed to the regions of the chromosome labeled as I in Figure 1B unless topoisomerase binds ahead of each advancing replication fork in region II
Answers
Answer:
The explanation is found below
Explanation:
DNA replication is an important phenomenon that must occur prior to any cell division. Before DNA replication can take place, the double-helical structure of the DNA molecule must unwind. This separation into a Y-shaped replication fork at the origin of replication (where replication starts) is carried out by DNA HELICASE.
However, due to the double-helical nature of the DNA, each strand is so tightly wound to each other. To prevent the strands from getting too tightly wound to each other as the DNA is unwinded, an enzyme called TOPOISOMERASE binds at a binding site close to the replication fork.
Hence, in the diagram, replication will not proceed if TOPOISOMERASE does not bind ahead of each advancing replication fork in region II because the DNA molecule will become super coiled and difficult to separate/unwind in order to continue replication.
DNA replication is the process in which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division. The separation of two single strands of DNA creates a Y-shape fork and various enzymes play a crucial role in DNA replication.
DNA replication is a vital process in which parental genetic information is copied in the daughter cells before cell division.
The double-helical structure of the DNA is opened with the help of the enzyme DNA helicase.
Due to the double-helical structure of the DNA, each strand is tightly wounded. The strands after the replication bind with the enzyme topoisomerase, to close the replication fork.
The diagram shows replication, which will not proceed in region II because the DNA molecule will be super coiled and unwind it before the replication starts.
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What is free nitrogen?
nitrogen that is ready for plants to use
nitrogen that has been fixed by bacteria
nitrogen that cannot be used by organisms
nitrogen that is returned to the soil by decomposers
Answers
Answer:
It is C: Nitrogen that cannot be used by organisms. :)
Explanation:
From the after answer on Edge :) thanks. Brainliest if its helpful? :P
Answer:
C: nitrogen that cannot be used by organisms
Explanation:
Free nitrogen is simply molecular nitrogen (N2). Nitrogen, in its molecular form, consists of two nitrogen atoms bound together with a tripple bond. ... So basically, any nitrogen that is in an organic compound is considered “fixed” nitrogen and N2 is considered to be “free” nitrogen.
Hope this helps!!
:)
What makes up an owl pellet? feathers from the owl preening, or cleaning, itself pieces of food that the owl did not like pieces of food that could not be broken down by the owl’s stomach
Answers
Answer:After an owl eats the small rodents, birds, and bugs that are a part of its nightly diet, its stomach cannot
digest the fur, bones, teeth, feathers, and insect shells from that food. These “extra” parts are formed into a tight PELLET inside the owl and are then are later SPIT UP by the owl.
Explanation:
An owl pellet refers to the pieces of food that could not be broken down by the owl’s stomach.
What is a Pellet?These are the indigestible parts of the food such as the bones, fur etc which are often regurgitated.
The owl pellet will therefore make up pieces of food that could not be broken down by its stomach.
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A business traveler returning from sub-Saharan Africa noticed insect bites on his arm upon his return from his trip. He later develops symptoms of fever, fatigue, and nausea. Which test might a physician run on this patient based on location, potential vector encounters, and symptoms? A) Dysentery B) HIV C) Malaria D) SARS
Answers
Answer:
c. Malaria
Explanation: