DNA replication is the process of doubling a DNA double chain. In cells, DNA replication occurs before cell division. Prokaryotes continually replicate DNA. In eukaryotes, the timing of DNA replication is highly regulated, ie in the S phase of the cell cycle, before mitosis or meiosis I. The multiplication utilizes the DNA polymerase enzyme which helps form bonds between the nucleotides that make up the DNA polymer. The process of DNA replication can also be carried out in vitro in a process called a polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Further ExplanationA slow strand (Lagging strand) is a DNA strand located on the opposite side of the leading strand on the replication fork. These strands are synthesized in segments called Okazaki fragments. In this string, primases form RNA primers. The DNA polymerase can thus use OH 3 'free groups in the RNA primer to synthesize DNA in the direction of 5' → 3 '. The primary RNA fragments are then removed (for example by RNase H and DNA Polymerase I) and new deoxyribonucleotides are added to fill the gaps that were previously occupied by RNA. DNA ligase then connects the Okazaki fragments so that the synthesis of lagging strands is complete.
Primers both on the steering strand and on the lagging strand will elongate with the help of Holoenzyme DNA polymerase III. This multisubunit complex is a dimer, half will work on the steering strand and the other half will work on lagging strands. Thus, the synthesis of the two strands will run at the same speed.
Each dimer part of the two strands consists of subunit a, which has the actual polymerase function, and subunit e, which has an editing function in the form of exonuclease 3'– 5 ’. In addition, there is a subunit b that attaches polymerase to DNA.
Once the primers in the remaining strand are removed by DNA polymerase III, they will be removed immediately and the gaps caused by the loss of the primer are filled with DNA polymerase I, which has 5 '- 3' polymerase activity, 5 '- 3' exonuclease, and editing 3 exonuclease '- 5'. Eksonuklease 5 '- 3' discard the primer, while the polymerase will fill the gap caused. Finally, the Okazaki fragments will be united by the DNA ligase enzyme. In vivo, the dimoenzyme DNA polymerase III and primosomes are believed to form large complexes called replisomes. With the replisom DNA synthesis will take place at 900 bp per second.
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Grade: College
Subject: Biology
keywords: DNA, RNA, replication.
Primers should be located in the 5' end of the sequence because only in this direction, DNA polymerase enzyme work properly.
Further Explanation:
DNA synthesis is a very organized and highly systemic process. The addition of bases in both strands takes place from 5’ to 3’ end of the new DNA strand using all the DNA polymerase. The only difference is the continuous and discontinuous synthesis of DNA in leading and lagging strands, respectively. Three types of DNA polymerase are found, and each has some specific function during DNA replication. A common feature of all three polymerases is the addition of nucleotides from 5’ to 3’ direction of the new DNA strand.
DNA primase plays an essential role in the synthesis of primers. These primers, in turn, are used by DNA polymerase to synthesize new strands. DNA polymerase requires primers to start the synthesis of the new strands. Enzyme primase is responsible for the synthesis of these primers. In vitro DNA synthesis occurs with the help of PCR. To amplify a genetic sequence with the help of polymerase chain reaction require a reverse primer and forward primer.
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Answer Details:
Grade: High School
Subjects: Biology
Chapter: Molecular Biology
Keywords:
DNA polymerase, synthesis, primer, PCR, forward, primer, continuous, strand, systemic feature, leading lagging, replication, primase.
9n an experiment that subjected participants to increasing isolation in a computerized ball-tossing game, fmri scans showed activity in the cingulate cortex, a region of the brain that is active during
Whereas luteinizing hormone (lh) and follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) are produced by the _______ and act on the _______, estrogen and progesterone are produced by _______ and act on the _______?
which substance is an inorganic molecule?
A) starch B) DNA C) water D) fat
Water is an inorganic molecule.
Further Explanation:
The organic compounds are the substance that consists of hydrogen and carbon atom. The organic compounds held together through covalent bond. On the other hand, the inorganic compounds are the substance which does not consist hydrogen and carbon atom altogether but exception are there. They held together by hydrogen bonds. These bonds are stronger than dipole interaction and Vander wall forces but on they are week from covalent bonding or ionic bonding.
The major examples of inorganic compounds are salts, metal, hydrochloric acid and water. The exception in the inorganic compound is carbon dioxide which contains carbon but still they are inorganic. The chemical formula of water is [tex]{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}[/tex] , it does not consist any carbon that’s why it is referred as inorganic compound. Water contributes in the normal body weight of an individual. The water plays a significant role in the human body that’s why it is crucial to drink enough water on daily basis.
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Answer Details:
Grade: High School
Subject: Biology
Topic: Inorganic compound
Keywords
Water, inorganic compound, organic compound, drink, human body, metal, salt, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen, carbon atom, Vander-wall forces, covalent bond.
_____ phase is the period during the life of a cell between the end of mitosis and the synthesis of more genetic material. G0 phase G1 phase G2 phase S phase
Answer:
_____ phase is the period during the life of a cell between the end of mitosis and the synthesis of more genetic material. G0 phase G1 phase G2 phase S phase
G 1 phase
How does chromatid cohesion differ in mitosis and meiosis? how does chromatid cohesion differ in mitosis and meiosis?
While chromatid cohesion ensures accurate chromosome segregation in both mitosis and meiosis, the key differences lie in the type of chromosomes involved (sister chromatids in mitosis versus homologous chromosomes in meiosis) and the specific stages and outcomes of the processes.
Chromatid cohesion is a crucial aspect of both mitosis and meiosis, as it ensures that chromosomes are distributed accurately into daughter cells. However, the mechanisms and outcomes of chromatid cohesion differ between these two processes.
In Mitosis:
Chromatid cohesion occurs between sister chromatids, which are identical copies of the same chromosome.Cohesion is established during the S phase of the cell cycle when DNA replication occurs.This cohesion is maintained throughout the entire length of the sister chromatids.During metaphase of mitosis, the sister chromatids line up at the cell's equator. Spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores of the sister chromatids, and during anaphase, these chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.This ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes, maintaining the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell (diploid to diploid).In Meiosis:
Chromatid cohesion occurs initially between homologous chromosomes, which are pairs of similar but not identical chromosomes from each parent.Cohesion is established during prophase I of meiotic division.Initially, cohesion occurs along the entire length of homologous chromosomes, but it is particularly important at regions called chiasmata where crossover occurs.During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrads through a process called synapsis. Chiasmata, where crossover and exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids occur, ensure proper segregation. During anaphase I, cohesion at the centromeres persists but is removed from the arms, allowing homologous chromosomes to separate to opposite poles.This first division reduces the chromosome number by half (diploid to haploid), as each cell gets one chromosome from each homologous pair. In meiosis II, similar to mitosis, sister chromatids separate, ensuring genetic diversity and reduction in chromosome number.Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone all exhibit which symptom?
Which ear component tells your brain that you are doing a sit-spin on the ice?
Microorganisms that thrive in acidic environments are called __________.
Fish that can survive saline and freshwater environments can be found in estuaries, lakes or, streams?. coral reefs, ponds, or rivers are ecosystems found in warm, shallow portions of the ocean.
Select the correct answer from each drop-down menu.
Answer:
estuaries
Coral reefs
Explanation:
Which structure or compartment is separate from the apoplastic route?
A. as you move away from the sewage spill, the demand for oxygen falls and then rises.
b. the more raw sewage present, the less demand for oxygen.
c. when the dissolved oxygen is less than 4 gm/liter of water fish cannot live and the dissolved oxygen will continue to fall.
d. none of the above is true.
Final answer:
The presence of sewage increases the biochemical oxygen demand, decreasing dissolved oxygen in water, which is detrimental to aquatic life. As sewage gets decomposed by bacteria, oxygen is consumed at a faster rate than it is replenished, leading to potentially hypoxic conditions for aquatic organisms. Therefore, the correct answer is that none of the provided options accurately describe the relationship between sewage spill and oxygen demand in aquatic environments.
Explanation:
The question pertains to how the presence of sewage affects dissolved oxygen levels in water bodies and the resulting impact on aquatic life. Contrary to the options provided, the correct understanding involves recognizing that as sewage enters a water body, it increases the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). This is due to bacteria consuming more oxygen to decompose the organic matter present in the sewage.
Consequently, this process decreases the amount of dissolved oxygen available for aquatic organisms, such as fish, which require a certain level of oxygen to survive. Specifically, when the dissolved oxygen levels drop below 4 ppm (parts per million), many species of fish cannot survive because they are unable to obtain the necessary oxygen from the water.
Furthermore, the presence of excessive nutrients from sewage can lead to eutrophication, promoting algae growth which, upon decomposition, further depletes oxygen, potentially leading to hypoxic or anoxic conditions. As you move away from the source of pollution (the sewage spill), the demand for oxygen by decomposers initially falls and then rises again as the concentration of sewage diminishes and the water body is able to re-oxygenate through contact with the atmosphere or through photosynthetic activity in the water.
Thus, both a and b statements are incorrect, making option d the most accurate: none of the above is true. Detailed understanding of the oxygen cycle in aquatic ecosystems illustrates how sewage pollution significantly impacts dissolved oxygen levels and aquatic life.
What are 3 tings involved in a renal transplantation bc2535?
In the population, 8% of males have had a kidney stone. suppose a medical researcher randomly selects two males from a large population. let a represent the event "the first male has had a kidney stone." let b represent the event "the second male has had a kidney stone." true or false? a and b are independent events.
Which of the following strategies can help Earth's coal supply last longer?
A. Replant diminishing forests.
B. Install scrubbers in power plants.
C. Build and use solar power plants.
D. Capture and store carbon.
C. Build and use solar power plants.
Explanation:Coal is a non renewable source of energy, once consumed cannot be recovered. Therefore the quantity of coal is reduced with its continuous usage throughout in the world. On the other hand solar energy is a renewable source of energy and it has to do nothing with the quantity of consumption. So we can say that replacing non renewable sources of energy such as coal with renewable sources of energy that is solar energy can make the coal supply last longer.
C- build and use wind power plants
PLEASE HELP ME!
In stage one of photosynthesis does a chlorophyll electron enter the stroma or does light energy cause an electron to enter an excited state
What icon is usually used to indicate an attachment feature?
An icon is a symbolic representation of an action to be taken, given in emails or message bars. Icons are metaphorical representations of emotions and feelings which a human is unable to explain in words.
The icon used to represent an attachment is paper clip.
When we click this paper clip icon, it allows us to attach any file including a document or a picture in that particular email. An attachment may also contain a virus, Trojans, worms and other form of malware.
The usual icon to indicate an attachment feature is a paper clip symbol. This is most common in applications like email clients and office suites. It implies that there are more files or documents attached to the main content.
Explanation:The icon that is usually used to indicate an attachment feature in most applications, particularly email clients and office suites, is a symbol that looks like a paperclip. This paperclip icon has been widely adopted as the universal symbol for attachments. When you see this icon, it usually implies that there are additional files or documents connected to the main content that you can access or download.
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why do its leaves turn pink when a celery stalk is placed in red water
The branch of the anterior ramus that contains autonomic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system is called __________.
The branch of the anterior ramus that contains autonomic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system is called ventral ramus of spinal nerve.
Explanation:
Ventral ramus is a spinal nerve that mostly contains the neurons in nervous system which is a part of the somatic nervous system.
Information is always carried from the brain to different organs. The autonomic neurons without any conscious effort acts systematically. The ventral ramus supply the antero lateral parts of the trunk and the limbs .
Which is an example of an ionic bond?
Question 1 options:
A . lithium loses an electron, fluorine gains an electron to form a stable bond
B . there are less than 16 valence electrons in two oxygen atoms, but the atoms are stable
C . silver ions are surrounded by a large number of electrons
how are excited electrons from stage one of photosynthesis affect stage 2
Which of these choices is a benefit of replacing a coal-burning power plant with a nuclear power plant?
A. Improved respiratory health of local residents
B. Improper storage of radioactive waste
C. Groundwater contamination from radioactive waste
D. Increased cancer rates among local residents
Answer:
The correct answer is option A, Improved respiratory health of local residents
Explanation:
A coal plant produces lot of harmful gases as waste in to the atmosphere which is very dangerous to all forms of living beings and cause lot many respiratory disease especially in the human beings. But when it will be replaced by a nuclear plant which is a sort of renewable source of energy, produces energy as a consequence of continuous fission reaction without any harmful by product formation
ALTERNATIVE Answer:
Reduced greenhouse gas emissions
The bullwhip effect can occur only when orders increase.
An individual who is fasting will deplete their energy stores in approximately
Which of these causes adaptive radiation?
A. Mass extinction
B. Geographic isolation
C. Genetic drift
D. Disruptive selection
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"how did the elodea cells change when aquarium water was replaced with hypertonic solution? what caused those changes?"
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Minerals move downward through soils in a process called _____.
desertification
leaching
decomposition
mineralization
Im pretty sure it is leaching.
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As of 2011, which of the following is the most recent department in the president's cabinet?
Department of Labor
Department of Homeland Security
Department of Health and Human Services
Department of Commerce
The correct answer is B. Department of Homeland Security
Explanation:
The Department of Homeland Security is in charge of guaranteeing national security and responding to any possible threat including terrorism, cyberattacks and natural disasters. Also, this is the most recent department in the President's cabinet as it was founded in 2002, because only after the attacks that occurred on September 11 of 2001, it became evident it was necessary to have a department that addressed terrorist attacks and similar threats, and in this way avoid other possible attacks. Therefore, the one that is the most recent department is the Department of Homeland Security.
Acid mine drainage occurs when surface water infiltrates which of the following? A) strip-mined coal beds B) spoil banks where water chemically reacts with the minerals to create sulfuric acid C) spoil banks where chemical reactions occur with pyrite D) groundwater and surface water supplies E) none of the above
Acid mine drainage occurs when surface water infiltrates spoil banks where it reacts with pyrite to create sulfuric acid, contaminating groundwater and surface water supplies.
Explanation:Acid mine drainage is a major environmental concern associated with mining. It occurs when surface water infiltrates spoil banks where it chemically reacts with minerals, primarily pyrite, to create sulfuric acid. When various forms of mining, including strip-mined coal beds, expose these spoil banks to moisture and oxygen, the process is activated. This leads to contamination of surrounding groundwater and surface water supplies, negatively impacting ecosystems and potentially human health.
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