Mrs X was getting out of her car, when she slammed the car door on her knee, hurting it badly, even though there was no broken skin or bleeding. The knee became very swollen and painful within the first couple of hours, making it difficult to walk, so Mrs X went to an emergency room to check her knee.


1. Explain what happened here at the cellular level (use the inflammatory cascade to answer step by step)


2. When Mrs X came to the ER, the X-rays of her knee were taken, revealing no fracture. The doctor recommended ice packs to help reduce the swelling. What is the purpose of the ice packs? Explain at the cellular level.


3. The doctor also perscribed Ibuprofen for inflammation and pain. Explain how that helps at the cellular level.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

Answer in the explanation.

Explanation:

1. After a cellular lesion, a complex cascade of biochemical and cellular interactions begins, mediated by the activity of multiple chemical agents, which cause changes in the microvasculature, as well as an increase in leukocytes in the area of ​​the lesion, and finally the Signs of acute inflammatory response.

Together with the vascular changes secondary to an injury, the coagulation cascade is also activated, as a consequence of the endothelial lesion and the exposure of the tissue factor, and its interaction with the coagulation factor VII (proconvertin) . At present, factor VII next to its cofactor (the tissue factor) is considered the cornerstone of the activation of coagulatory processes.

2. Effects of ice: decreases circulation, metabolic activity and inflammation and numbs the skin. Benefits of ice: decreases pain, inflammation, swelling and muscle cramps.

Initially vasoconstriction occurs, both direct cooling of the smooth muscles of the vessels and by reflex excitation of adrenergic terminations. The

blood flow, blood viscosity is increased, fluid extravasation to the interstitium is reduced. By maintaining the cooling for more than 10 min. or in the event that the temperature reaches 10 ° C, vasodilation occurs followed by another vasoconstriction ("oscillating response" of Clarke and Lewis) as an effort by the body to maintain body temperature.

3. Ibuprofen inhibits the action of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. The anti-inflammatory effects of ibuprofen are the result of peripheral inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis subsequent to the inhibition of cyclooxygenase. Ibuprofen inhibits leukocyte migration to inflamed areas, preventing the release by cytokine leukocytes and other molecules that act on nociceptive receptors.

Ibuprofen, does not alter the pain threshold or modify brain prostaglandin levels, concluding that its effects are peripheral. Antipiresis is a consequence of peripheral vasodilation due to a central action on the temperature regulating center of the hypothalamus.

Answer 2
Final answer:

The pain and swelling Mrs X experienced was due to an inflammatory response involving the release of inflammatory mediators, which increase blood flow to the injured area. Ice packs help reduce inflammation and pain by constricting blood vessels and numbing nerves. Ibuprofen reduces inflammation by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins.

Explanation:

1. When Mrs X slammed her car door on her knee, an inflammatory response was initiated. This response involves a cascade of events at the cellular level. Inflammatory mediators like histamines and prostaglandins are released. These mediators increase the permeability of local blood vessels, leading to an influx of blood and other immunological cells such as neutrophils and macrophages into the injured area. This accounts for the swelling and the initial pain Mrs X experienced.

2. When ice packs are applied to the swollen area, the low temperature constricts the blood vessels (vasoconstriction), reducing the blood flow to the area. This slows the rate of inflammation and swelling. Applying cold also numbs the nerves, which reduces the sensation of pain.

3. Ibuprofen works at the cellular level by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX). COX is involved in the production of prostaglandins, one of the inflammatory mediators mentioned earlier. When prostaglandin production is inhibited, the inflammatory response is reduced, relieving pain and swelling.

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Related Questions

Cardiovascular exercises help to get rid of fat.
Please select the best answer from the choices provided.
OT
OF

Answers

Answer:

Yes, it is absolutely true that cardiovascular exercises help to get rid of fat.

Explanation:

Thought diet is the major factor for maintaining the fat level in body but the regular exercise related to cardio helps a lot in burning the excess fat in body. Exercises like jogging, squatting, running stairs etc. burns the fat from your body. Along with the fat burning exercise you must also keep the fat intake amount as low as possible to get the result fast.

Answer:

True

Explanation:

Another success :D

use your____ on poorly lit or rural roads

Answers

High beams or your brights!
High beams / brights

Select the correct answer.
Which of the following is considered an environmental factor?
A. Poor sanitation
B. Unrefrigerated food
C. Air pollution
D. All of the above

Answers

the correct answer is d.all of the above
The answer is D: all of the above

Taking temperatures is delegated to you. What information can you get from the nurse and a resident's care plan?

A. The normal range for the site used
B. How to use the thermometer
C. Whether the thermometer needs charging
D. What site to use to obtain the temperature

Answers

D. What site to obtain the temperatures

Explanation:

An individual care plan of a patient by a nurse or a resident will contain all the basic information necessary to provide an individualized care plan for that patient.

Patient’s vital signs including body temperature are assessed on a routine basis and recorded in the nursing/resident’s care plan.  

In an individual nursing/resident’s care plan, the temperature will mostly be recorded like Temperature: 101.40F (orally). This clearly mentions the recorded value and site of recording the temperature.  

Recording the temperature accurately, precisely, consistently and diligently is very important because it is a vital parameter which is used to decide treatment modalities.  

Hence, the site and method of measurement should be selected appropriately and used consistently and recorded in the nursing care plan to ensure measurement accuracy and patient’s safety.

When taking temperatures, it is important to consider the normal range for the site used, the correct site for temperature measurement, and how to use the thermometer.

The information that can be obtained from the nurse and a resident's care plan when taking temperatures includes:

The normal range for the site used: This provides a benchmark for what temperature range is considered normal for that specific site.What site to use to obtain the temperature: Knowing the correct site for temperature measurement is crucial for accurate readings.How to use the thermometer: Understanding the correct usage of the thermometer ensures accurate and consistent temperature readings.

Which expression is equivalent to (-60) 5? Select all that apply.

Answers

To find the expression equivalent to (-60) multiplied by 5, you multiply -60 by 5 to get -300, which is a negative number, as the product of a negative number with a positive number is always negative.

The question asks which expression is equivalent to (-60) multiplied by 5, which is a simple arithmetic operation involving multiplication of two numbers. To find the equivalent expression, we simply need to multiply -60 by 5. The answer is -300. To clarify, if we are multiplying a negative number by a positive number, the result is always negative, and we multiply the absolute values of the numbers. Here is the calculation: (-60) × 5 = -300.

how many cells are present in the human anus?

Answers

Answer:

there are 2400

Explanation:

i just looked in my medical book

Which is the best example of a healthcare-associated infection?
having an allergic reaction to a medication

developing cancer after long term exposure to the sun

experiencing a headache prior to visiting the doctor

contracting an illness from a needle while delivering a baby

Answers

contracting an illness from a needle while delivering a baby

The best example of a healthcare associated infection among the options provided is contracting an illness from a needle while delivering a baby. Option  is the answer.

Healthcare associated infection

The best example of a healthcare-associated infection (HAI) is contracting an illness from a needle during childbirth. HAIs are infections acquired while receiving medical care, often due to inadequate infection control measures.

In this case, the infection is directly linked to a medical procedure, representing a classic HAI scenario. It can result from improper sterilization of equipment or exposure to infectious agents within healthcare settings.

Unlike other options, like allergies or sun exposure leading to cancer, which are not typically considered HAIs, this example showcases the risk patients face in healthcare facilities and the importance of stringent infection control practices to prevent such occurrences.

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Current regulations mandate that at a minimum, _____ months of MDS assessments must be maintained in the clinical record or in an easily accessible area?
12 months
18 months
3 months
10 months
15 months

Answers

15 months

Hope this helps!

Current regulations require at least 15 months of MDS assessments to be maintained in the clinical record or an easily accessible area for healthcare providers to use in patient care planning and evaluation.

Current regulations mandate that at a minimum, 15 months of MDS (Minimum Data Set) assessments must be maintained in the clinical record or in an easily accessible area. It is crucial for ensuring that the healthcare providers have accurate and complete data over an extended period. This data is essential for planning patient care and evaluating their outcomes regularly.

For example, if a test result in a patient's file is incorrect, the hospital must change it upon agreement with the patient. Though updates should generally be made within 60 days, maintaining records of MDS assessments for at least 15 months provides a comprehensive overview of the patient's health over time and supports continuity of care.

If you strive to follow the Code of Ethics for Nurses as defined by the ANA _____.


then you are interested in becoming a lobbyist

then you have at least one year of experience in nursing

then you are able to vote in ANA officer elections

then you are placing the patient at the center of your professional responsibilities

Answers

then you are placing the patient at the center of your professional responsibilities

Final answer:

Striving to follow the ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses means you are prioritizing the patient's well-being as your primary professional responsibility, supporting their autonomy, and providing ethical, competent care.

Explanation:

Under the Code of Ethics for Nurses as defined by the American Nurses Association (ANA), a nurse's primary commitment is to the patient, whether an individual, family, group, community, or population. If you strive to follow this code, you are placing the patient at the center of your professional responsibilities. Respecting patients' autonomy, advocating for their health and well-being, and providing competent and ethical care are foundational to nursing practice. For instance, the principle of autonomy means nurses respect and support patients' rights to make their own health decisions, even if they disagree with the choices made.

Furthermore, the ethics code emphasizes the importance of maintaining honesty and integrity in professional relationships, acting with beneficence, and managing ethical dilemmas in health care settings. Upholding these ethical standards is crucial to developing trusting relationships with patients and other healthcare team members and contributes to the overall quality of care.

How much greater is the probability that a motorcyclist will die in a motor vehicle crash compared to the occupants of a car?

10 times greater
20 times greater
35 times greater

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is 27 times greater.

Explanation:

According to National Highway Traffic Safety Administration National Center for Statistics and Analysis, "per vehicle miles traveled in 2017,  motorcyclist fatalities occurred  nearly 27 times more frequently  than passenger car occupant  fatalities in traffic crashes." (Taken from Traffic Safety Facts  - August 2019 edition, directly from NHTSA website).

The correct answer is 27 times greater.

Tommy is a greedy eater, and he somehow managed to get a chocolate bean in his windpipe. Now it’s stuck in his right lung. Where on the image below do you have to perform surgery?

Answers

Answer:

we have to perform the surgery in his right lung by using scalpel and incisions tool.

so it is option B

Explanation:

Hello. You forgot to add the picture needed to answer that question. The figure is attached below.

Answer:

Surgery should be done at point B, shown in the image below.

Explanation:

If a grain of chocolate is stuck in Tommy's right lung, surgery should be done on the right side of his body, which gives access to the right lung. In the image below, this location is represented by the letter B.

It is important to emphasize the need to chew food properly and not to speak while eating, to prevent problems like this from occurring.

________ is the removal or destruction of all microorganisms and their spores.

Answers

Answer:

Disinfection

Explanation:

Sterilization is the removal or destruction of all microorganisms and their spores.

A specific object, surface, or environment is said to be sterilized when all microorganisms, including their spores, have been removed or destroyed. This ensures that no live bacteria are present and is the greatest level of microbial control. In addition to using chemical agents such as ethylene oxide or hydrogen peroxide, sterilization techniques may also use physical techniques such as heat, irradiation, or filtration. Sterilization is often used in enterprises, laboratories, and medical facilities where aseptic conditions are necessary to avoid contamination and ensure safety.

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how many tabs of acid (LSD) could u take before turning into a complete crackhead ...


asking for a friend

Answers

I would have to say around 3.

Final answer:

The effects of taking LSD (acid) on mental health can vary greatly from person to person and depend on various factors. It is important to prioritize safety and seek professional guidance when dealing with drug use.

Explanation:

The question you are asking pertains to the effects of taking LSD (commonly known as acid) on a person's mental health. It is important to note that LSD is a powerful hallucinogenic drug that can have significant impacts on an individual's perception, mood, and thought processes.

However, it is not accurate to state that taking a specific number of tabs of LSD will automatically turn someone into a "complete crackhead." The effects of LSD can vary greatly from person to person and depend on various factors such as dosage, individual biochemistry, and set and setting (the physical and emotional context in which the drug is taken).

It's crucial to prioritize safety and well-being when it comes to drug use. If you or someone you know is struggling with substance abuse or has concerns about drug use, seeking guidance from a medical professional or a substance abuse counselor is strongly recommended.

You are trying to spot the North Star on a long drive, using the signal detection theory, describe the four potential outcomes as you search for the star in the sky. Be specific and include all of the aspects of each outcome.

Answers

Answer:

Signal detection theory is used to predict the psychological inclination of patient and an individual is assessed on the basis of their signal detection. An individual is given the right to decide if a stimulus is weak or strong and the psychologists use signal detection theory to evaluate how accurately participants are able to recognize the faintest and strongest stimuli. Hence the potential outcome of searching a North Star in the sky might be different for different individuals.

Explanation:

When the participants are asked to indicate the North Star, the researcher will assess if the decision was correct. For instance, various psychological factors such as attention level, motivation etc. guide the detection of faint stimuli among different individuals. For example, if a participant detects a north star and the signal is incorrect, then we consider it as a false alarm. If the participants did not find the signal and consider it as absent; however the North Star was present, then it is referred to as missed the signal. On the other hand, if the participant identifies no north star on the sky and it is correct, then it is referred to as correct rejection. However, if the participant recognize the North Star and it is actually present, the psychologist will refer to it as a Hit.

Final answer:

The signal detection theory can be applied to spotting the North Star on a long drive, with four potential outcomes based on the observer's sensitivity and decision criteria.

Explanation:

The signal detection theory can be applied to spotting the North Star on a long drive. There are four potential outcomes:

Hit: You correctly identify the North Star in the sky.Miss: You fail to spot the North Star even though it is present in the sky.False alarm: You mistakenly identify another star or object as the North Star.Correct rejection: You correctly identify that no star in the sky is the North Star.

These outcomes are based on the likelihood of detecting a signal (the North Star) in the presence of noise (other stars, objects, or distractions) and the observer's sensitivity and decision criteria.

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This bone forms part of the nasal cavity.​

Answers

Answer:

The bone that forms part of the nasa cavity would be the ethmoid bone

Explanation:

The answer is ethmoid bone
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