Innate immune responses rely on the body’s ability to recognize conserved features of microbial molecules that are not made by the host. These include: A. Activation of the complement system, a group of blood proteins that are activated in sequence to target the microbe for phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils, to disrupt the membrane of the microbe, and to produce an inflammatory response. B. Recognition of specific DNA sequences in invading microorganisms C. The double-stranded RNA of some viruses. D. Microbe-associated immunostimulants including many types of molecules on microbial surfaces E. Activation of blood clotting pathways to starve invading fungal organisms.

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Answer 1

Answer:

A. Activation of the complement system, a group of blood proteins that are activated in sequence to target the microbe for phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils, to disrupt the membrane of the microbe, and to produce an inflammatory response.

Explanation:

Innate immune response is the first and non-specific response that is activated after the invasion of pathogens. It include barriers (skin, the gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory tract etc) that defend an organism of viruses, bacteria and other foreign organisms. It also includes defense mechanisms such as saliva, tears, mucus etc..

Innate immune response includes inflammation and activation of complement system.

Related Questions

On the planet Susru, there are three types of bears; those who like honey-nut cheerios, those who like multi-grain, and those who like plain cheerios. The phenotype is determined in an epistatic way by two loci: HNNT, with alleles H (dominant) and h (recessive), and MLTGRN, with alleles M (dominant) and m (recessive). In a cross of a HHMM bear and an hhmm bear, and the F1s like honey-nut. A cross of two F1 bears produces the following sums two-locus genotype counts: All F2 bears with at least one H allele: 1300. All F2 bears with at least one M allele but no H alleles: 325. What number of F2 bears with the hhmm genotype would produce an F2 data set that is consistent with a dominant mode of inheritance at the 1% level of significance (Hint: Think Chi-square)?

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Explanation:

In Julius Caesar, Act II is rife with supernatural events. The night before Caesar's assassination, strange occurrences break out in Rome. A terrible storm shakes the city; warriors do battle upon the clouds; blood rains down on Rome; a lioness gives birth in the city streets; graves have opened up and "yielded up their dead." Ghosts have appeared to "shriek and squeal about the streets." Calpurnia is terrified by these supernatural events, seeing them as signs that Caesar is headed for destruction. She tells Caesar, "The heavens themselves blaze forth the death of princes." Caesar dismisses her fears and goes to the Senate where he is assassinated.

Calpurnia's strange dream may also be viewed as a supernatural event since it came true. Her dream of Caesar's statue pouring blood while Romans bathe in it becomes reality when his body bleeds from many wounds after being mortally wounded by the conspirators. They cover their arms "up to the elbows" in Caesar's blood.

Another important supernatural event occurs when the ghost of Caesar appears to Brutus in his tent before Brutus and Cassius meet Antony and Octavius in battle at Philippi. Caesar's ghost tells Brutus "thou shalt see me at Philippi." Brutus is shaken by the ghost's appearance, wanting to hear more before the ghost disappears. When no more information is forthcoming, Brutus orders that Cassius lead his forces to Philippi immediately, with Brutus to follow. Brutus will not wait for his fate to come to him. He seeks it.

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In the given graphs, graph A shows the increase of solubility associated with an increase in the temperature of the solution, showing as solubility increases when the temperature increases.

What is the relationship between solubility and temperature?

A solubility curve is a line drawn on a graph to depict the relationship between temperature and a substance's solubility at various temperatures. The solubility curve is a graph showing the relationship between solubility and temperature.

Most solid or liquid solutes become more soluble with rising temperatures. In many cases, fractional crystallization, which divides compounds according to their solubilities, can separate the constituents of a mixture. A gas becomes less soluble as the temperature rises.

Therefore, in the graph, A solubility increases as temperature increases.

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The given question is incomplete, so the most probable complete question is attached in the image.

Food chains are usually short mainly because A) only a single species of herbivore feeds on each plant species. B) local extinction of a species causes the extinction of the other species in its food chain. C) most of the energy in a trophic level is lost as it passes to the next higher level. D) predator species are less diverse and less abundant than prey species. E) most producers are inedible.

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Answer:a

Explanation:because the other ones don’t make sense

Final answer:

The primary reason for the brevity of food chains is due to substantial energy loss at each trophic level. This energy loss limits the number of viable trophic levels within a given food chain, making them usually short. Food webs better illustrate this complexity, as they factor in organisms feeding on multiple trophic levels.

Explanation:

Food chains are often limited in length due to the loss of energy at each trophic level. In essence, most of the energy within a given tier is lost as it moves to the next higher level, which is a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics. So, essentially, after several trophic energy transfers, the quantity of energy left might not be sufficient to sustain viable populations at an even higher trophic level, making food chains usually short. This is evident in the complexity of food webs, where organisms feed on or can be fed on from multiple trophic levels, creating a complex network of energy transfers that isn't purely linear like a food chain.

For example, in a typical food chain, primary producers like plants generate energy via photosynthesis. Herbivores, or primary consumers, then eat these plants, and carnivores, or secondary consumers, eat the herbivores. Each time energy is transferred to the next level, a significant portion is lost, primarily as heat, limiting the number of viable levels in the food chain.

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