A. The formula for Keq is:
Keq = concentration of product [B] / concentration of reactant [A]
where
A = 3 B
Therefore Keq is:
Keq = [B] / [3 B]
Keq = 0.33
B. The formula for ΔG° is:
ΔG° = - R T ln(Keq)
Since Keq is 0.33 and ln Keq = - 1.1, therefore:
ΔG° = - R T (- 1.1)
ΔG° = +
Therefore ΔG° is positive
The value of Keq for the unimolecular reaction with three times as much starting material as product at equilibrium is 1.73. The value of ∆G° is positive.
Explanation:In a unimolecular reaction with three times as much starting material as product at equilibrium, the value of Keq can be calculated by taking the square root of the concentration ratio of product to reactant. Since there is three times as much starting material as product, the concentration ratio is 3:1. Taking the square root of this ratio gives us a Keq value of 1.73 (rounded to two decimal places).
The value of ΔG° for a reaction can determine whether it is spontaneous or non-spontaneous. If ΔG° is negative, the reaction is spontaneous and can proceed without any outside intervention. If ΔG° is positive, the reaction is non-spontaneous and requires an input of energy to proceed. In this case, since the reaction is at equilibrium and there is three times as much reactant, the value of ΔG° would be positive.
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Na2O2 + H2SO4 --------> Na2SO4 + H2O find the Balance
How many grams of H2 are needed to produce 14.10 g of NH3?
What is the molarity of a naoh solution if 11.9 ml of a 0.220 m h2so4 solution is required to neutralize a 25.0-ml sample of the naoh solution?
Answer : The concentration of the [tex]NaOH[/tex] is, 0.209 M
Explanation :
Using neutralization law,
[tex]n_1M_1V_1=n_2M_2V_2[/tex]
where,
[tex]n_1[/tex] = basicity of an acid [tex]H_2SO_4[/tex] = 2
[tex]n_2[/tex] = acidity of a base (NaOH) = 1
[tex]M_1[/tex] = concentration or molarity of [tex]H_2SO_4[/tex] = 0.220 M
[tex]M_2[/tex] = concentration or molarity of NaOH = ?
[tex]V_1[/tex] = volume of [tex]H_2SO_4[/tex] = 11.9 ml
[tex]V_2[/tex] = volume of NaOH = 25.0 ml
Now put all the given values in the above law, we get the concentration of the [tex]NaOH[/tex].
[tex]2\times 0.220M\times 11.9ml=1\times M_2\times 25.0ml[/tex]
[tex]M_2=0.209M[/tex]
Therefore, the concentration of the [tex]NaOH[/tex] is, 0.209 M
If 2.4 g of n2 gas has a volume of 0.40 l and a pressure of 6.6 atm , what is its kelvin temperature?
To solve for the absolute temperature, we assume ideal gas behaviour so that we use the equation:
PV = nRT
or T = PV / nR
So calculating:
T = [6.6 atm * 0.40 L] / [(2.4g / 28g/mol) * 0.08205746 L atm / mol K]
T = 375.35 K
When air warms up it causes water vapor to form, The amount of water vapor in the atmostphere is called?
A:Clouds
B:Humidity
C:Air Pressure
D: Dew Point
H3c6h5o7(aq) + 3nahco3(aq) → 3co2(g) + 3h2o(l) + na3c6h5o7(aq) calculate the number of grams of baking soda (nahco3; molar mass 84.00661 g/mol) that will react with 30.0 ml of 1 m citric acid.
Final answer:
7.560595 grams of baking soda are required to react with 30.0 mL of 1 M citric acid, calculated using the stoichiometry of the reaction where 1 mole of citric acid reacts with 3 moles of baking soda.
Explanation:
To calculate the number of grams of baking soda (NaHCO3) that will react with 30.0 mL of 1 M citric acid (H3C6H5O7), we first use the balanced chemical equation:
H3C6H5O7(aq) + 3NaHCO3(aq) → 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) + Na3C6H5O7(aq)
From the equation, 1 mole of citric acid reacts with 3 moles of baking soda. Since we have 30.0 mL of a 1 M solution of citric acid, which is equivalent to 0.030 liters, the number of moles of citric acid is 0.030 moles (1 M × 0.030 L).
Knowing the moles of citric acid, we can find the moles of baking soda needed:
0.030 moles H3C6H5O7 × (3 moles NaHCO3 / 1 mole H3C6H5O7) = 0.090 moles NaHCO3To find the mass of 0.090 moles of baking soda:
Mass = moles × molar massMass = 0.090 moles × 84.00661 g/mol = 7.560595 gTherefore, 7.560595 grams of baking soda are required to react with 30.0 mL of 1 M citric acid.
How does thermal energy transfer when a room is heated by a furnace?
Answer:
the anser is b
Explanation:
Look at the diagram of an electrochemical cell below.
(picture below)
Which part of the cell is the anode?
Na+
SO42-
nickel electrode
platinum electrode
Describe a method you could use to obtain crystals of potassium nitrate from potassium nitrate solution.
You should include an explanation of how the crystals are produced from the solution.
Explanation:
Potassium nitrate is a chemical compound with chemical formula [tex]{KNO}_3[/tex]. The shape of potassium nitrate is orthorhombic or regular prism.
Potassium nitrate has a large solubility difference in hot and cold water 2460 gram per litre at 100 degree celsius and 133 gram per litre at 0 degree celsius. Firstly we can dissolve potassium nitrate in hot water, and then let the water cool down.
On the either side, the quantity of nitrate will be greater than water is able to dissolve. So, the excess will come out from the solution as in the form of crystals. Crystals are usually formed by the microscopic particles and growing by regular layers of atoms are bond to one another.
According to the Law of Conservation of Matter is this drawing accurate?
A. The drawing is correct because there are larger molecules on the reactant side.
B. The drawing is incorrect, because there are more molecules on the products side.
C. The drawing is correct, because there are eight white atoms and eight red atoms on each side of the reaction.
D. The drawing is incorrect, because there are different numbers of molecules on each side of the reaction.
Suppose you decide to define your own temperature scale using the freezing point (13 ∘c) and boiling point (360 ∘c) of oleic acid, the main component of olive oil. if you set the freezing point of oleic acid as 0 ∘o and the boiling point as 140 ∘o, what is the freezing point of water on this new scale?
If the enantiomeric excess of a mixture is 75%, what are the % compositions of the major and minor enantiomer?
Let us say that R is the major enantiomer, while S is the minor enantiomer, therefore the formula for enantiomeric excess (ee) is:
ee = (R – S) * 100%
Let us further say that the fraction of R is x (R = x), and therefore fraction of S is 1 – x (S = 1 – x), therefore:
75 = (x – (1 – x)) * 100
75 = 100 x – 100 + 100 x
200 x = 175
x = 0.875
Summary of answers:
R = major enantiomer = 0.875 or 87.5%
S = minor enantiomer = (1 – 0.875) = 0.125 or 12.5%
Determine the number of atoms in a 48.3-g sample of zinc. express your answer in zinc atoms using scientific notation.
How many moles of gas were added to a balloon that started with 2.3 moles of gas and a volume of 1.4 l given that the final volume was 7.2 l?
a.12
b.0.085
c.4.4
d.9.5
e.none of the above?
The number of moles of gas were added to a balloon that started with 2.3 moles of gas and a volume increases from 1.4L to 7.2L is 11.82 moles.
How do we calculate moles?Number of moles of any gas will be calculated by uisng the ideal gas equation PV = nRT, for the given question equation becomes as:
V₁/n₁ = V₂/n₂, where
V₁ = initial volume = 1.4L
n₁ = initial moles = 2.3mol
V₂ = final volume = 7.2L
n₂ = final moles = ?
On putting values, we get
n₂ = (7.2)(2.3) / (1.4) = 11.82 moles
Hence required moles of gas is 11.82 mol.
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Draw a structural formula of an alkene or alkenes (if more than one) that undergo acid-catalyzed hydration and without rearrangement give 1-methylcyclohexanol as the major product.
The alkene that would undergo acid-catalyzed hydration without rearrangement to give 1-methylcyclohexanol is 1-methylcyclohexene. During hydration, one of the carbon-carbon double bonds breaks, binds with hydrogen, and the other hydrogen forms a bond with the oxygen to form an alcohol.
Explanation:The major product of the acid-catalyzed hydration of an alkene without rearrangement is 1-methylcyclohexanol. This suggests that the initial alkene contains a double bond which would shift to form the alcohol after the reaction. By adding water and acid to an alkene, we have the general reaction mechanism:
The alkene reacts with H2O in the presence of H3O+ (from the acid). One of the alkenes' carbon-carbon double bonds breaks and forms a bond with the hydrogen atom from the H3O+. The other hydrogen from the H3O+ ion forms a bond with the oxygen, resulting in an alcohol.
Therefore, the structural formula of the alkene that would produce 1-methylcyclohexanol through an acid-catalyzed hydration reaction without rearrangement is 1-methylcyclohexene.
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Rutherford and Soddy's research involved:
1)Deflection of alpha particles caused by positive nucleus
2)Defining the components of atomic nuclei
3)The theory that uranium successively disintegrated to lead
4)Non of the above
Answer: -
Rutherford and Soddy's research involved:
3)The theory that uranium successively disintegrated to lead
Radioactivity involves conversion of one atom of an element into another by particle decay or radiation. They stated the disintegration theory of radioactivity, also discovering a large number of radioactive elements.
They both got Nobel prizes as well.
_________ is amount of “ground” an object moves from its starting point and __________ is how much “ground” and object covers in total.
A flask with vinegar in it has a mass of 160 grams. A balloon with baking soda in it has a mass of 40 grams. The balloon is attached to the flask to seal the opening and the vinegar and baking soda mixes. The balloon inflates to a large volume. What will the total mass of the balloon and flask be after the balloon inflates? Explain.
Got this question incorrect and no matter how hard I try I can't figure it out!
When the equation Ca(OH)2 + HBr → (products) is completed and balanced, one term in the equation will be
Draw a lewis structure for hnc and assign the non-zero formal charges to each atom. draw the lewis structures with the formal charges minimized.
The Lewis structure for HNC (hydrogen isocyanide) consists of a hydrogen atom bonded to a nitrogen atom, which is then bonded to a carbon atom. The formal charges assigned to each atom are H: 0, N: 0, and C: -1.
The Lewis structure for HNC (hydrogen isocyanide): Determine the total number of valence electrons,
1. Determine the total number of valence electrons:
Hydrogen (H) has 1 valence electron.
Nitrogen (N) has 5 valence electrons.
Carbon (C) has 4 valence electrons.
Total valence electrons = 1 (H) + 5 (N) + 4 (C) = 10 valence electrons
2. Place the least electronegative atom (hydrogen) in the center and connect it to the more electronegative atoms (nitrogen and carbon) using single bonds.
H
|
N - C
3. Fill the remaining valence electrons around each atom to complete their octets (except hydrogen, which only needs 2 electrons).
H: 2 electrons (1 bond)
N: 4 electrons (1 bond) + 4 electrons (lone pairs) = 8 electrons (full octet)
C: 4 electrons (1 bond) + 4 electrons (lone pairs) = 8 electrons (full octet)
H
|
N - C
: :
4. Check if all atoms have achieved their octets. In this case, they have.
The Lewis structure for HNC is:
H
|
N - C
: :
Let's assign formal charges to each atom. The formal charge of an atom is calculated by comparing the number of valence electrons an atom has in a Lewis structure with the number of electrons it "owns" in a molecule.
To calculate the formal charge, we use the formula:
Formal charge = Valence electrons - (Non-bonded electrons + 1/2 * Bonded electrons)
For each atom in HNC:
H: Formal charge = 1 - (0 + 1/2 * 2) = 0
N: Formal charge = 5 - (4 + 1/2 * 2) = 0
C: Formal charge = 4 - (4 + 1/2 * 2) = -1
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How is the current periodic table of the elements organized?
A. in alphabetical order by element name
B. by atomic number of the atoms that make up each element
C. by average atomic mass of the atoms that make up each element
D. by average number of neutrons in the atoms that make up each element
A compound with the empirical formula SiH3 was found to have a molar mass of approximately 62 g. What is the molecular formula of the compound?
The molecular formula of a compound with the empirical formula SiH3 and a molar mass of 62 g is Si2H6.
Explanation:The subject of the question is the molecular formula of the compound with the empirical formula SiH3 and a molar mass of 62 g. The empirical formula mass of this compound can be calculated from its components: Si stands for silicon, with an atomic mass of roughly 28 g/mol, and H stands for hydrogen, with an atomic mass of roughly 1 g/mol. So the total atomic mass of SiH3 would be 31 g/mol. Comparing this with the given molar mass of 62 g/mol, we can deduce that the molecule contains two empirical formula units. Therefore, the molecular formula should be Si2H6.
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A boy is pushing on a heavy door, trying to slide it open. His friend stands behind him and helps him push.
How have the forces changed?
A.
The net force applied will increase.
B.
The net force will decrease.
C.
There will be less friction.
D.
The applied force will not change.
do free electrons exist under normal conditions
What is an azeotrope and why does it limit ethanol purity, even with fractional distillation?
Final answer:
An azeotrope is a mixture that retains the same composition in both liquid and vapor states when boiled. This property limits the purity of ethanol to about 95.6% through fractional distillation because the ethanol-water mixture's vapor composition becomes identical to the liquid. To surpass this azeotropic point and obtain higher purity ethanol, specialized techniques must be used.
Explanation:
An azeotrope is a mixture of two or more liquids that retains the same composition in the liquid and vapor states because it boils at a constant temperature. This occurs because the vapor has the same composition as the liquid mixture due to the specific intermolecular interactions between the different components. A common example is the azeotropic mixture of approximately 95.6% ethanol and 4.4% water by mass, which has a boiling point of 78.1 °C.
When attempting to obtain pure ethanol by fractional distillation, the presence of an azeotrope poses a limitation. Since the vapor generated from the azeotropic mixture has the same percentage composition as the liquid, the usual effectiveness of fractional distillation in separating substances based on different boiling points is thwarted. Therefore, achieving ethanol purity higher than 95.6% through conventional distillation is not possible due to the formation of this azeotrope with water.
Some other methods, like the addition of a third component to break the azeotrope or the use of molecular sieves for dehydration, are necessary to produce ethanol with higher purity. In the context of ethanol production, the presence of azeotropes is why standard distillation techniques cannot yield 100% pure ethanol, and additional treatments are needed to reach such high purity levels.
What reagent would distinguish between Ag+ and Fe3+?
Write a balanced equation for the reaction of sulfur trioxide in the rain.
What is the mass of 3.00 moles of magnesium chloride, MgCl2? Express your answer with the appropriate units.
The mass of 3.00 moles of magnesium chloride (MgCl2) is calculated by multiplying the number of moles by the molar mass of MgCl2, giving a result of 285.63 grams.
Explanation:To calculate the mass of 3.00 moles of magnesium chloride (MgCl2), we will use the molar mass of MgCl2. The molar mass of MgCl2 is 95.21 grams per mole. Therefore, to find the mass, multiply the number of moles by the molar mass:
Mass = moles × molar mass
Mass = 3.00 moles × 95.21 g/mol = 285.63 grams of MgCl2
The mass of 3.00 moles of magnesium chloride is thus 285.63 grams.
Limonene is the natural product found in orange peel. draw the major product of the reaction of limonene with bromine under the conditions shown. stereochemistry is not required.
As shown in scheme attached below, Limonene (C₁₀H₁₆) contains two double bond one within the six membered ring and another outside the ring.
Hence, it is an unsaturated compound. As we know an Addition reaction takes place in unsaturated compounds. Therefore, an addition reaction called as Halogenation reation or more specifically Bromination reaction takes place when Limonene is treated with Bromine in the presence of inert solvent like tetrachloromethane.
The reaction is shown below, two moles of Br₂ are added across two double bonds of Limonene yielding a product with chemical formula C₁₀H₁₆Br₂.
The progress of this reaction can be easily be monitored as the color of Bromine discharges with the formation of tetrabromo product.
The major product formed when limonene reacts with bromine is tetra brominated limonene and that is attached in the image.
Further Explanation:
Electrophilic addition reaction is defined as an organic reaction in which an electrophile attacks on the electron-rich pi bond and add across the double bonds forming two new sigma bonds. An electrophile is an electron deficient species.
The reaction of alkene with bromine is an electrophilic addition reaction. The mechanism of addition can be illustrated in two steps. In the first step, [tex]{\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}[/tex] comes in the vicinity of olefin bond and being electrophilic it attacks on the electron-rich olefinic bond, forming a sigma bond to each of the olefinic bond. Such interaction results in formation of a bromonium ion intermediate that is three-membered intermediate rings.
In the second step, the strained three-membered ring then opens up such that the other bromine atom can attack at the electron-deficient carbon atom.
The limonene is a terpenoid that has olefinic bonds present inside the ring as well as on the side chain. The reaction of limonene with bromine is an electrophilic addition reaction
The mechanistic pathway and the stereospecific anti-addition of bromine to alkenes is described in the attached image.
This attack proceeds in a stereospecific manner such that only anti addition is allowed and the addition product has the trans stereochemistry.
Learn more:
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Answer details:
Grade: College
Subject: Chemistry
Chapter: Electrophilic addition reaction
Keywords: limonene, electrophilic addition, major product, olefin, anti-addition, anti-addition, stereospecific.