If the theoretical yield of a reaction is 0.132 g and the actual yield is 0.131 g , what is the percent yield?

D. Increasing collisions of gas molecules will increase energy between them.

A. The balanced chemical equation is correct:

k2co3 + 2hcl --> 2kcl + co2 + h2o

B. First let us calculate the moles of K2CO3.

moles K2CO3 = 3 g / (138.205 g/mol) = 0.0217 mol

From the equation, we need 2 moles of HCl per 1 mole of K2CO3, hence:

moles HCl needed = 0.0217 mol * 2 = 0.0434 mol

So the volume required is:

volume HCl = 0.0434 mol / 6 M = 7.24 x 10^-3 L = 7.24 mL

C. The number of moles of HCl and KCl is equal hence:

moles KCl = 0.0434 mol

The molar mass of KCl is 74.5513 g/mol, so the mass is:

mass KCl = 0.0434 mol * 74.5513 g/mol = 3.24 grams

In a reaction of K2CO3 with HCL the balanced chemical equation is K2CO3 + 2HCL = 2KCL + CO2 + H2O. For 3g of K2CO3, approximately 7.2 mL of 6M HCL would be required and the reaction would yield approximately 3.2g of KCL.

The topic that is being asked here revolves around chemical equations, stoichiometry and calculations pertaining to a chemical reaction. In the question, you have the chemical reaction K2CO3 + 2HCL = 2KCL + CO2 + H2O where K2CO3 is reacting with Hydrochloric acid (HCl) to form Potassium chloride (KCl), Carbon dioxide (CO2), and Water (H2O).

b) The molar mass of K2CO3 is approximately 138.205g/mol. Since you have 3g, that is approximately 0.0217 mol of K2CO3. Since 2 mol of HCl react with 1 mol of K2CO3, you would require 0.043 mol of HCL which in mL for 6M HCl would be approximately 7.2 mL HCl.

c) Given the reaction, 2 mol of KCL are generated per mol of K2CO3. So with 0.0217 mol of K2Co3, you will produce close to 0.043 mol of KCl. The molar mass of KCl is about 74.55g/mol, so the mass produced would be about 3.2g of KCL.

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A [tex]\boxed{{\text{bonding}}}[/tex] molecular orbital is lower in energy than the atomic orbital of which it is composed.

Further Explanation:

Atomic Orbital:

The wave nature of electrons present in any atom is expressed by a mathematical function, known as atomic orbital. This wave function is used for determining the probability to find electrons in specific region around atomic nucleus.

Molecular orbitals:

These orbitals are formed by permitted interactions between atomic orbitals. Such orbitals are formed only if symmetries of bonded atomic orbitals match with each other. The number of atomic orbitals results in formation of same number of molecular orbitals.So if n atomic orbitals combine with each other,n molecular orbitals will result.

Following molecular orbitals are formed by interaction between atomic orbitals:

1. Bonding molecular orbitals

These orbitals are formed by constructive interference of waves of different atomic orbitals. Such orbitals are used to depict attractions between atomic orbitals. When electrons are placed in bonding molecular orbitals, this leads to bond strengthening and stabilization of resulting molecule. Hence such orbitals have lower energy, even less than that of combining atomic orbitals.

2. Antibonding molecular orbitals

These orbitals are formed by destructive interference of waves of different atomic orbitals. When electrons are placed in antibonding molecular orbitals, these experience greater repulsion, thereby resulting in repulsion between the combining nuclei.Suchelectrons tend to destabilize it so the energy of the anti-bonding molecular orbitals is higher.

3. Nonbonding molecular orbitals

The energy of such orbitals remains unaffectedif electrons are added or removedfrom them. These orbitals are considered equivalent to lone pairsrepresented in Lewis structures. The only difference is nonbonding molecular orbitals are used up in molecular orbital theory.

Therefore bonding molecular orbitals have lower energy than combining atomic orbitals.

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Answer details:

Grade: High School

Subject: Chemistry

Chapter: Chemical bonding and molecular structure

Keywords: atomic orbitals, molecular orbitals, Lewis structures, lone pairs, bonding, antibonding, nonbonding, molecular orbitals, constructive interference, destructive interference, electrons, energy.

The interaction of a weak base with water is represented by the equation B(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇒ BH+(aq) + OH⁻(aq), where the weak base forms its conjugate acid and a small proportion of hydroxide ions. An example of this is the reaction of trimethylamine with water, which does not fully dissociate and reaches equilibrium mostly in the nonionized base form.

The equation that represents the interaction of a weak base with water is B(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇒ BH+(aq) + OH⁻(aq). This equation shows that when a weak base (represented by B) reacts with water, it forms its conjugate acid (BH+) and hydroxide ions (OH⁻), though not to the extent that a strong base would. The reaction of water acting as an acid with the weak base forms these two products. A weak base will give only a small proportion of hydroxide ions compared to a strong base, which fully dissociates in water.

For example, a weak base such as trimethylamine ((CH3)3N), interacts with water as follows: (CH3)3N(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇒ (CH3)3NH+(aq) + OH⁻(aq). This reaction reaches an equilibrium where most of the base is in the nonionized form.

Overall, the strength of a base is determined by its tendency to form hydroxide ions when dissolved in water. The equilibrium constant for the ionization of a weak base, known as the base ionization constant (Kb), helps in quantitating this tendency. A base that has a Kb value closer to that of water is a weaker base, whereas one with a Kb value further from that of water is a stronger base.

Final answer:

Sodium atoms are oxidized when they lose an electron and change into sodium cations upon contact with water. This forms positively charged Na+ ions that are surrounded by water molecules in a process known as dissociation.

Explanation:

When elemental sodium is added to water, the sodium atoms ionize spontaneously. This transformation from an uncharged Na to Na+ means that the Na atoms have been oxidized. An oxidation process involves the loss of electrons, changing the sodium atom into a sodium cation.

A sodium atom (Na) has equal numbers of protons and electrons, making it uncharged. Once an electron is lost, the sodium cation (Na+) has one more proton than electrons, thus acquiring an overall positive charge.

Dissociation in water occurs when atoms or groups of atoms break off from molecules and form ions. For example, when table salt (NaCl) is added to water, it dissociates into Na+ and Cl− ions.

During this process, spheres of hydration form around the ions, with water molecules orienting themselves around the positive sodium ion and negative chloride ion due to their polar natures.

Answer:

oxygen (O)

Explanation:

Oxygen is electrically neutral atom will have an electron configuration of 1 s 22 s 22 p 4. Therefore, option B is correct.

The distribution of electrons in an element's atomic orbitals is described by the element's electron configuration. Atomic electron configurations adhere to a standard nomenclature in which all atomic subshells that contain electrons are arranged in a sequence with the number of electrons they each hold expressed in superscript.

One orbital can house a maximum of two electrons, and there are four different types of orbitals (s, p, d, and f). More electrons can be held in the p, d, and f orbitals since they contain various sublevels. According to its location on the periodic table, each element's electron configuration is distinct.

The arrangement of electrons within an atom's orbitals is known as its electronic configuration. Each neutral atom contains an equal number of electrons, which is a fixed number.

Thus, option B is correct.

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Answer:

A.) An isotope is an atom that has the same number of protons (or the same atomic number) as other atoms of the same element do but that has a different number of neutrons (and thus a different atomic mass)

B.) They are alike because every element has its own isotopes, H has three isotopes protium, deuterium, tritium

C.) They are different from each other due to having the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

Isotopes are variations of a single element with the same proton count but various neutron counts. As a result, their chemical properties are comparable, but they may have different physical characteristics, such as atomic mass and stability.

Explanation:

Isotopes are various versions of a single element that have varied numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons. Isotopes of the same element share the same number of protons and electrons, hence they essentially have the same chemical properties.

However, due to variations in their atomic weights, isotopes of a particular element might have different physical characteristics. Different stability levels are frequently the result of this variation in atomic mass.

Some isotopes may also be radioactive, which means they are unstable and release radiation as they decay over time.

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Answer:

Zero; Three

Explanation:

The quantum numbers are the set of four described unique values that describes each electron in the orbitals of the atom. The four quantum numbers are the principal, azimuthal, magnetic, and spin.

The principal quantum number (n) gives the energy levels of the electrons. The value of n is always n ≥ 1.

The azimuthal quantum number, also known as the orbital quantum number, describes the shape of the subshell. The values of this quantum number ranges from 0 ≤  ℓ ≤ n − 1.

For n = 1,

The value of:  ℓ = n-1 = 1-1 = 0

∵  ℓ = 0 ⇒ s-orbital

Therefore, in n=1 shell, there is only one value of ℓ. So, there is only one s-orbital and zero p-orbital.

For n > 1,

The value of: l = n-1 > 0

Therefore, for n > 1 shell, there are more than one values of ℓ. So, n > 1 shells contains a set of three p-orbitals each.

Answer: 1.A false positive and 2.A false negative.

Explanation:

A false positive the classic example is the contamination of almost any sample with sodium ions which gives an intense yellow line even when the sodium is present as only impurity.

A false negative here sodium ions is the culprit that masks other emissions unless the emissions are resolved spectroscopically rather than simply visually.

The energy of a photon with a wavelength of 6.4x10^-7 m can be calculated using Planck's equation, E = hc/λ, giving a result of E = 3.11 x 10^-19 Joules.

To calculate the energy of a photon of radiation with a wavelength of 6.4x10^-7 m, you use the equation derived from Planck's equation, specifically E = hc/λ, where E is the energy of the photon, h is Planck’s constant (6.626 × 10^-34 J-s), c is the speed of light (3.00 × 10^8 m/s), and λ is the wavelength. So plugging in the given wavelength, we get:

E = (6.626 × 10^-34 J-s)*(3.00 × 10^8 m/s) / 6.4x10^-7 m

Performing this calculation gives E = 3.11 x 10^-19 Joules. This is the energy of the photon.

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Answer:

A.Atoms are made of even smaller substances called subatomic particles

Explanation:

Atoms are made up of small subatomic particles such as protons, electrons and neutrons.  

Protons and neutron are located in the center of the atom. Electrons orbit the center of the nucleus. Hence option A is incorrect.

Properties of an atom can be studied. The chemical property of an aton depends on its atomic number or the number of protons. Some atoms are inherently unstable and their radioactive properties are also studied. Hence option B is incorrect.  

Final answer:

A short circuit is a low-resistance path between the terminals of a voltage source that can lead to electrical fires and shocks, especially when worn insulation allows conductors to touch.

Explanation:

A short circuit, also known as a "short," is an easier path for electron flow that can cause shocks or an electric fire. It is an undesired low-resistance path that develops between the terminals of a voltage source.

When the insulation on wires gets worn out, such as in a toaster, the wires may come into contact and a short circuit can occur. The electrical power formula P = V²/r indicates that the electrical power (P) dissipated increases rapidly when resistance (r) is low, which creates significant thermal energy resulting in the cord melting or burning. This scenario not only poses a thermal hazard by potentially starting a fire but also a shock hazard if a person comes into contact with the energized wires or the appliance itself.

Ions can be made by single element or covalently bonded group of elements. On removing an electron from an atom, atoms occupy positive charge.

Any species that contain charge whether it is positive charge or negative charge is called ions. The example of polyatomic ions are sulfate, phosphate, nitrate etc.

Cation is the species that loose electron and attain positive charge while anion is a species which gain electron and attains negative charge. Electrons are negatively charged. If we remove negative particles, the leftover atom is positive. when anion and cation combine in fixed ration the the overall charge of the molecule is zero that is molecule is neutral.

Therefore, on removing an electron from an atom, atoms occupy positive charge.

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