Identify the true statement. Choose one: A. The expansion of ice sheets at the end of the Pleistocene caused glacial rebound in northern Canada. B. Regions covered by glacial ice are termed periglacial environments. C. Glaciers move by basal sliding as friction between the ice and its substrate increases. D. The Antarctic ice sheet has been calving off huge icebergs over the last few decades.

Answer:

The boiling point of 1-chlorobutane is substantially lower than that of 1-butanol

Explanation:

Fractional distillation is a separation process based on difference in boiling point of two compounds.

1-chlorobutane is a polar aprotic molecule due to presence of polar C-Cl bond. Hence  dipole-dipole intermolecular force exists in 1-chlorobutane as a major force.

1-butanol is a polar protic molecule. Hence dipole-dipole force along with hydrogen bonding exist in 1-butanol.

Therefore intermolecular force is stronger in 1-butanol as compared to 1-chlorobutane.

So, boiling point of 1-butanol is much higher than 1-chlorobutane.

Hence mixture of 1-chlorobutane and 1-butanol can be separated by fractional distillation based on difference in boiling point.

So, option (D) is correct.

Answer: A. PV

Explanation: In Boyles Law it is a concept on ideal gases which states the relationship between volume and absolute pressure of the gas is inversely proportional. The relationship can be expressed in PV = k where k is a proportionality constant.

Answer:

A , B and D.

Explanation:

Pressure times volume is a constant.

Answer:

52.0 gof CO2 contains 7.1 *10^23 molecules

1 molecule of CO2 has a mass of 7.3*10^-23 grams

Explanation:

Step 1: Data given

Mass of CO2 = 52.0 grams

Molar mass of CO2 = 44.01 g/mol

Number of Avogadro = 6.022 * 10^23 / mol

Step 2: Calculate moles of CO2

Moles CO2 = Mass CO2 / molar mass CO2

Moles CO2 = 52.0 grams / 44.01 g/mol

Moles CO2 = 1.18 moles

Step 3: Calculate molecules in 1.18 moles CO2

Number of molecules = 1.18 moles * 6.022*10^23 = 7.1 *10^23 molecules

1 molecule of CO2

Number of moles = 1 / 6.022*10^23

Number of moles = 1.66 *10^-24

Mass CO2 = 1.66*10^-24 moles * 44.01 g/mol

Mass CO2 = 7.3*10^-23 grams

To calculate the mass in grams of one molecule of CO₂, we divide the molar mass of CO₂ (44.01 g/mol) by Avogadro's number (6.022 × 10²³ molecules/mol), resulting in a mass of approximately 7.31 × 10⁻²³ g for one molecule.

To find the mass in grams of one molecule of CO₂, we use the molar mass of carbon dioxide and Avogadro's number. The molar mass of CO₂ is 44.01 g/mol, which means 1 mole (6.022 × 10²³ molecules) of CO₂ has a mass of 44.01 grams. To find the mass of one molecule, divide the molar mass by Avogadro's number:

Molar mass of CO₂ = 44.01 g/mol

Mass of one CO₂ molecule = Molar mass / Avogadro's number

Mass of one CO₂ molecule = 44.01 g/mol ÷ 6.022 × 10²³ molecules/mol

Mass of one CO₂ molecule ≈ 7.31 × 10⁻²³ g

To express this mass in terms of a single molecule of CO₂, we describe it as an extremely small mass because it represents a miniscule fraction of the mass of a mole of CO₂.

Answer:

figure is attached

Explanation:

When we treat alcohol with H₂SO₄ we get elimination as the major product.

As we can see in the given reaction that in step 1 the lone pair of electrons of oxygen attached to the alcohol make a bond with the hydrogen of H₂SO₄.

In the 2nd step H₂O gets detached from the parent ring which generated a positive charge on the ring.

In the 3rd step elimination of hydrogen from the carbon next to the carbonium carbon results into formation of an alkene.

If matter is uniform throughout, cannot be separated into other substances by physical processes, but can be decomposed into other substances by chemical processes, it is compound. Thus option D is correct.

Anything that takes space and mass called as Matter. It may be atom or any other element made up of space and mass only.

Atoms bond together form molecule, compound and matter such as solid, liquid and gas.

we cannot break atom as it is the smallest unit of a matter. Atom is made up of Electrons, protons, and neutrons and size is around 100 picometers.

A compound is a complex of molecule which are made up of number of atoms by forming a bond called chemical bonds.

Depending on the the bond pattern of atoms, compounds have different bonds such as covalent bond, ionic bond, metallic bonds, coordinate covalent bonds.

Thus option D is correct.

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Answer:

503.5 kJ

Explanation:

The combustion of reaction of propane, C3H8, is:

C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) --> 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)

The enthalpy of the reaction can be calculated by the enthalpy of formation of the substances, which is the enthalpy of the reaction that produces the substances by only its constituents. The values can be found at a thermodynamic table. The standard condition is 25°C and 1 atm, so:

H°f, C3H8(g) = -103.85 kJ/mol

H°f, O2(g) = 0

H°f, CO2(g) = -393.51 kJ/mol

H°f, H2O(l) = -285.83 kJ/mol

So, the enthalpy of the reaction is:

ΔH°rxn = ∑n*H°f products - ∑n*H°f reactants, where n is the coefficient of the substance:

ΔH°rxn = [3*(-393.51) + 4*(-285.83)] - (-103.85)

ΔH°rxn = -2220 kJ/ mol of C3H8

The heat produced is the value of the enthalpy multiplied by the number of moles of the fuel. The molar mass of C3H8 is 44.10 g/mol, so, in 10.0 g:

n = 10.0/44.10

n = 0.2268 mol

So, the heat is:

Q = -2220 * 0.2268

Q = -503.5 kJ

The minus signal indicates that the heat is being lost, so 503.5 kJ of heat is produced.

To calculate the quantity of heat produced when 10.0 g of propane is completely combusted, use the balanced equation for the combustion of propane and the enthalpy of combustion.

When propane (C3H8) is completely combusted in air under standard conditions, it reacts with oxygen (O2) to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) vapor. The balanced equation for the combustion of propane is:

C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)

To calculate the quantity of heat produced when 10.0 g of propane is completely combusted, we need to use the enthalpy of combustion, which is given as -2,219.2 kJ/mol. To find the heat produced, we first determine the number of moles of propane in 10.0 g, then use the stoichiometry of the balanced equation to convert moles of propane to moles of heat produced, and finally convert the moles of heat to kJ by multiplying by the enthalpy of combustion per mole of propane.

Answer:

We have 1.15 *10^23 nitrogen atoms

Explanation:

Step 1: Data given

Mass of N2O = 4.19 grams

Number of N2O molecules = 5.73 *10^22 molecules

Molar mass = 44.01 g/mol

Step 2: Calculate moles N2O

Moles N2O = mass N2O / molar mass N2O

Moles N2O = 4.19 grams / 44.01 g/mol

Moles N2O = 0.0952 moles

Step 3: Calculate moles nitrogen

For each mol N2O we have 2 moles of Nitrogen

For 0.0952 moles N2O we have 2*0.0952 = 0.1904 moles nitrogen

Step 4: Calculate atoms nitrogen

Number of nitrogen atoms = moles * number of Avogadro

Number of nitrogen atoms = 0.1904 moles * 6.022*10^23

Number of nitrogen atoms = 1.15 *10^23 atoms

We have 1.15 *10^23 nitrogen atoms

For every molecule of Nitrous Oxide, there are two nitrogen atoms. Multiplying the given number of N2O molecules (5.73 x 10^22) by two gives us the total number of nitrogen atoms in the sample, which is approximately 1.146 × 10^23 nitrogen atoms.

To calculate the number of nitrogen atoms in a sample of nitrous oxide (N2O), we must first understand the molecular structure of N2O. This molecule consists of two nitrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom. Thus, for every one molecule of N2O, there are two nitrogen atoms.

The question stated that the sample contained 5.73 × 1022 N2O molecules. By multiplying this number by two (for the two nitrogen atoms per molecule), the total number of nitrogen atoms in the sample can be calculated.

Therefore, 5.73 × 1022 N2O molecules * 2 N atoms per molecule = 1.146 × 1023 nitrogen atoms.

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Answer:

Explanation:

The elements of group 17 are called halogens. These are six elements Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Astatine. Halogens are very reactive these elements can not be found free in nature. Their chemical properties are resemble greatly with each other.

Fluorine:

it is flammable gas.

It has pungent smell.

its reactions with all other elements are very vigorous except neon, oxygen, krypton and helium.  

It has adverse effect on human health. It is absorbed and lead to teeth decay.

It effects the nerves, kidney and muscles.

It causes osteoporosis.

Chlorine:

it is greenish-yellow irritating gas.

it is disinfectant and can kill the bacteria.

it is also used in manufacturing of paper, paints and textile industries.

It also have some adverse effect on human health such as it can effect the respiratory system, immune system and heart.

Bromine:

it is present in reddish brown color.

it has pungent odor.

it is very corrosive for human tissues.

Its vapors create irritation in throat and eyes.

In organic form it causes our lungs, gastrointestinal track and stomach.

Iodine:    

It is very corrosive and has pungent odor.  

It is used for thyroid treatment but large exposure to its radiations cause the tissue damage.

The reaction rate increases by a factor of 6 when the concentration of NO2 is increased by half and the concentration of F2 is increased by four. This is because the reaction is first order with respect to both reactants, meaning the rate is directly proportional to their concentrations.

The chemical reaction is first order in NO2 and first order in F2, meaning the rate of the reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of these two reactants. If the concentration of NO2 is increased by a factor of 1.5 (or by half), the reaction rate also increases by a factor of 1.5. Likewise, if the concentration of F2 is increased by a factor of 4, the reaction rate also increases by a factor of 4. Therefore, with both these changes, the overall reaction rate would increase by a factor of 1.5 * 4 = 6.

In general, for a reaction that is first order in respect to a certain reactant, doubling the concentration of that reactant would double the rate of the reaction. Therefore, in this case, increasing the concentration of NO2 by half increases the rate by the same factor (1.5), and increasing the concentration of F2 by 4 increases the rate by the same factor (4).

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Final answer:

For a reaction that is first order in both NO₂ and F₂, increasing NO₂ concentration by half and F₂ concentration by four would result in a sixfold increase in the reaction rate.

Explanation:

The reaction being described is first order in NO₂ and first order in F₂. The rate of the reaction would increase in proportion to the changes in concentrations of both reactants, since it is first order with respect to each one. If the concentration of NO₂ was increased by half (a factor of 1.5) and the concentration of F₂ was increased by four (a factor of 4), the overall increase in rate would be calculated by multiplying the individual rate increases due to each reactant. This would give us an overall rate increase by a factor of 1.5 (due to NO₂) × 4 (due to F₂) = 6.

Answer:

Kₐ = 6.7 x 10⁻⁴

Explanation:

First lets write the equilibrium expression, Ka , for the dissociation of hydrofluoric acid:

HF + H₂O     ⇄   H₃O⁺ +   F⁻

Kₐ = [ H₃O⁺ ] [ F⁻ ] /[ [ HF ]

Since we are given the pH we can calculate the  [ H₃O⁺ ]  ( pH = - log [ H₃O⁺ ] , and because the acid dissociates into a 1: 1  relation , we will also have [F⁻ ]. The  [ HF ] is given in the question so we have all the information that is needed to  compute Kₐ.

pH = -log [ H₃O⁺ ]

1.68 = - log [ H₃O⁺ ]

Taking antilog to both sides of this equation:

10^-1.68 = [ H₃O⁺ ] ⇒ 2.1 X 10⁻²  M= [ H₃O⁺ ]

[ F⁻ ] = 2.1 X 10⁻² M

Solving for Kₐ :

Kₐ = ( 2.1 X 10⁻² ) x  ( 2.1 X 10⁻² ) / 0.65 = 6.7 x 10⁻⁴  

(Rounded to two significant figures, the powers of 10 have infinite precision )

To calculate the Ka for hydrofluoric acid, use the given pH to find the hydronium ion concentration, apply the dissociation reaction, and solve for the acid dissociation constant assuming x (the degree of dissociation) is small.

To calculate the acid dissociation constant (Ka) for hydrofluoric acid we can use the formula for pH, which is pH = -log[H+], where [H+] represents the concentration of hydronium ions. Given that the pH is 1.68,

we can find the concentration of H+:

[H+] = 10-pH = 10-1.68

The acid dissociation reaction for HF is:

HF(aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + F-(aq)

Assuming the degree of dissociation is x,

we would have that [H+] = [F-] = x,

and the initial concentration of HF after dissociation would be 0.65 - x.

At equilibrium, we have:

Ka = [H+][F-]/[HF] = x2/(0.65 - x)

Because x is small compared to the initial concentration of HF (0.65 M),

we can approximate this as:

Ka ≈ x2/0.65

Now substituting the calculated [H+] for x and solving for Ka, we get the acid dissociation constant for hydrofluoric acid.

Answer:

The amount of Cl2 gas left , after the reaction goes to completion is : 139.655 grams

Explanation:

Molar mass : It is the mass in grams present in one mole of the substance.

Moles of the substance is calculated by:

[tex]Moles=\frac{Mass}{Molar\ mass}[/tex]

[tex]2Al(s)+3Cl_{2}(g)\leftarrow 2AlCl_{3}(g)[/tex]

According  to this equation:

2 mole of Al = 3 mole of Cl2 = 2 mole of AlCl3

Molar mass of Al = 27.0 g/mol

Mass of Al = 20.1 gram

Moles of Al present in the reaction :

[tex]Moles=\frac{Mass}{Molar\ mass}[/tex]

[tex]Moles=\frac{20.1}{26.98}[/tex]

Moles of Al = 0.744

Similarly calculate the moles of Cl2

Molar mass of Cl2 = 71.0 g/mol

Mass = 219 gram

[tex]Moles=\frac{Mass}{Molar\ mass}[/tex]

[tex]Moles=\frac{219}{70.98}[/tex]

Moles of Cl2 = 3.08 moles

According to equation,

2 mole of Al reacts with = 3 mole of Cl2

1 moles of Al reacts with = 3/2  mole of Cl2

0.744 moles of Al reacts with = 3/2(0.744) moles of Cl2

= 1.116 moles of Cl2

But actually present Cl2 = 3.08 moles

Hence Al is the limiting reagent , and Cl2 is the excess reagent.

The whole Aluminium Al get consumed during the reaction.

The amount of Cl2 in excess = Total Cl2 - Cl2 consumed

Cl2 in excess = 3.08 - 1.116 = 1.964 moles

Cl2 in grams = 1.964 x 70.90 = 139.655 grams

Answer: 2 lone pairs

Explanation: this is clearly a water molecule in which two hydrogen atom is bonded to one oxygen atom.

Please see attachment for explanation

The molecule with a central atom and two bonded atoms is bent with a bond angle of 105°. It has two lone pairs of electrons on the central atom.

The molecule with a central atom and two bonded atoms is bent with a bond angle of 105°. When a central atom has two bonded atoms and a bond angle less than the typical angle for that geometry, it indicates the presence of one or more lone pairs of electrons on the central atom. In this case, since the molecule is bent, it suggests the presence of two lone pairs of electrons on the central atom. The central atom satisfies the octet rule, which requires it to have 8 valence electrons, made up of both shared and unshared electrons.

Answer:

29.7

Explanation:

Recall that the First Law of Thermodynamics demands that the total internal energy of an isolated system must remain constant. Any amount of energy lost by the metal must be gained by the water.  Therefore, heat given off by the metal = −heat taken in by water, or:

The equation used to calculate the quantity of heat energy exchanged in this process is:

Heat stops flowing when the two samples are at the same temperature, so same final temperature of the water will be the final temperature of the metal as well.  

Substitute in the known values for the equation above and rearrange to solve for T.

−(0.622Jg∘C)(73.0 g)(T−105.0∘C)=(4.184Jg∘C)(300. g)(T−27.0∘C)

Simplify by multiplying specific heat and mass.

−(45.406J∘C)(T−105.0∘C)=(1,255.2J∘C)(T−27.0∘C)

Then distribute the heat capacities (calculated in the previous step) to the temperature differences.

−(45.406TfJ∘C)+4,767.63J=(1,255.2TfJ∘C)−33,890J

Combine like terms.

−1,300TfJ∘C=−38,657J

T=29.72∘C

The answer should have three significant figures so round to 29.7∘C.  

=29.72∘C

The final temperature of the water in the mixture is 29.72 ⁰C.

The given parameters;

The final temperature of the water is determined by applying the principle of conservation of energy.

Heat gained by the water = Heat lost by the metal

[tex](mc\Delta t)_{H_2O}\ = (mc\Delta t)_{metal}\\\\300 \times 4.184\times (t - 27) = 73 \times 0.622\times (105 - t) \\\\1255.2 t - 33890.4 = 4,767 - 45.41t\\\\1300.61t = 38657.4\\\\t = \frac{38657.4}{1300.61} \\\\t = 29.72 \ ^0[/tex]

Thus, the final temperature of the water in the mixture is 29.72 ⁰C.

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Answer:

5.21 g of solute (LiCl)

48.79 g of solvent (water)

Explanation:

This is our information

[LiCl] = 2.40 M → 2.40 moles of salt in 1L of solution

Density of solution: 1.0538 g/mL (solution mass / solution volume)

54 g → solution mass

Let's determine solution volume with density

1.0538 g/mL = solution mass / solution volume

1.0538 g/mL = 54 g / solution volume

Solution volume = 54 g / 1.0538 g/mL → 51.2 mL

Now, we can know the mass of solute, by molarity.

In 1 L of solution (1000 mL) we know that we have 2.40 mol of chloride.

Then, how many moles of chloride, do we have in 51.2mL of solution. We make a rule of three:

1000 mL has 2.40 moles of LiCl

51.2 mL would have (51.2 . 2.40)/1000 = 0.123 moles of solute

We apply molar mass to know the mass ( mol . molar mass)

0.123 moles .  42.39 g/m = 5.21 g of LiCl

Finally solute mass + solvent mass = solution mass

5.21 g LiCl + solvent mass = 54 g

54 g - 5.21 g = solvent mass → 48.79 g

The mass of solute is 5.22 g and the mass of solvent is 48.78 g

Molarity of LiCl = 2.40 M

Therefore, 2.40 moles of salt is present in 1L of solution

Density of solution: 1.0538 g/mL

Mass of solution = 54.0 g

Volume = 54 g / 1.0538 g/mL

Volume of solution = 51.2 mL

1 L or 1000 mL solution contains 2.40 moles

51.2 mL will contain 51.2 * 2.4 mole/1000

Number of moles of LiCl present in 51.2 mL solution = 0.123 moles

Using mass = number of moles * molar mass  

molar mass of LiCl = 42.5 g

mass of LiCl = 0.123 * 42.5 g

mass of LiCl = 5.22 g of LiCl

mass of solvent = solution mass - mass of solute

mass of solvent = 54.0 g - 5.22 g

mass of solvent = 48.78

5.21 g LiCl + solvent mass = 54 g

Therefore, the mass of solute is 5.22 g and the mass of solvent is 48.78 g

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To solve this problem, we first need to determine the limiting reagent, which is the chemical that is completely used up in the reaction and thus dictates the amount of the product that can be formed. This is achieved by calculating the moles of the product, Ca3(PO4)2, that each reagent can potentially produce, and then choosing the smaller value.

We have 3.40 moles of Ca(NO3)2 and from the balanced reaction equation, we see that 3 moles of Ca(NO3)2 react to produce 1 mole of Ca3(PO4)2. Therefore, we can calculate the amount of Ca3(PO4)2 that can theoretically be produced by Ca(NO3)2:

3.40 moles / 3 = 1.133 moles of Ca3(PO4)2

Similarly, we have 2.40 moles of Li3PO4, and 2 moles of Li3PO4 produce 1 mole of Ca3(PO4)2. Therefore, the theoretical yield of Ca3(PO4)2 from Li3PO4 is:

2.40 moles / 2 = 1.20 moles of Ca3(PO4)2

Since the amount of Ca3(PO4)2 that can be produced from Ca(NO3)2 (1.133 moles) is less than the amount that could be produced from Li3PO4 (1.2 moles), Ca(NO3)2 is the limiting reagent. Therefore, the actual yield of Ca3(PO4)2 will be the smaller value, that is 1.133 moles.

Next, we convert the moles of Ca3(PO4)2 to grams. The molar mass of Ca3(PO4)2 is 310.18 g/mol. We use the conversion factor of molar mass to convert moles to grams:

1.133 moles * 310.18 g/mol = 351.54 g

Therefore, theoretically, 351.54 grams of calcium phosphate can be formed from starting with 3.40 moles of Ca(NO3)2 and 2.40 moles of Li3PO4.

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Answer:

c

Explanation:

1 calorie = 4.184J/g×°C

This also happens to be the specific heat capacity of water, which is the amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1mL of water by 1°C

The energy required to change the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C is 1 calorie. This concept is called specific heat.

The energy needed to raise or lower the temperature of 1 g of liquid water by 1°C is referred to as the specific heat of water. The specific heat capacity of water is 1 calorie/gram °C. This means that 1 calorie of heat energy is needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C. Therefore, the answer is c. is 1 calorie.

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Answer:

1. By Pressure factor: if we double the pressure volume become half of its original

2. 2.14 L

3. 2.15 L

Explanation:

part 1

Data Given:

volume of container change

temperature of remain constant

The pressure doubles

Solution:

This problem can be explained by Boyle's Law that at constant temperature pressure and volume has an inverse relation with each other.

So the volume change due to change in Pressure.

            P1V1 = P2V2

if we consider conditions at STP, as follows

initial volume V1 = 22.42 L

and

initial pressure P1 = 1 atm

if the pressure doubles then

final pressure P2 = 2 atm

Put values in Boyle's law equation

     (1 atm) (22.42L) = (2 atm) (V2)

Rearrange the above equation to find V2

           V2 =    (1 atm) (22.42L) / 2 atm

            V2 = 11.12 L

So it is clear from calculation if we double the pressure volume become half of its original. So its the pressure due to volume become effected and decrease by its increase.

_____________

Part 2

Data Given:

Initial temperature T1= 250 K

final Temperature T2= 350 K

initial volume V1 =  ?

final volume V2 = 3.0 L

Solution:

This problem will be solved by Charles' Law equation at constant pressure

      V1 / T1 = V2 / T2 . . . . . . . . (1)

put values in above equation

      V1 / 250 K = 3.0 L / 350 K

Rearrange the above equation to calculate V1

       V1  = (3.0 L / 350 K) x 250 K

       V1  = (0.0086 L . K) x 250 K

       V1  = 2.14 L

So the initial volume = 2.14 L

_________________

part 3

Data Given:

Initial temperature T1= 20 ºC

Convert Temperature from ºC to Kelvin

T = ºC + 273

T = 20 + 273 = 293 K

final Temperature T2= -5.00 ºC

Convert Temperature from ºC to Kelvin

T = ºC + 273

T = - 5.00 + 273 = 268 K

initial volume V1 =  2.35 L

final volume V2 = ?

Solution:

This problem will be solved by Charles' Law equation at constant pressure

      V1 / T1 = V2 / T2 . . . . . . . . (1)

put values in above equation

      2.35 L / 293 K = V2 / 268 K

Rearrange the above equation to calculate V1

       V2  = (2.35 L / 293 K) x 268 K

       V2  = (0.008 L . K) x 268 K

       V2  = 2.15 L

So the volume at -5.00ºC = 2.15 L

Answer:

A reducing agent is an element or compound that loses (or "donates") an electron to an electron recipient (oxidizing agent) in a redox chemical reaction.

Explanation:

Redox reaction is defined as the reaction in which oxidation and reduction reaction occur simultaneously.

Oxidation reaction is defined as the chemical reaction in which an atom looses its electrons. The oxidation number of the atom gets increased during this reaction.

[tex]X\rightarrow X^{n+}+ne^-[/tex]

Reduction reaction is defined as the chemical reaction in which an atom gains electrons. The oxidation number of the atom gets reduced during this reaction.

[tex]X^{n+}+ne^-\rightarrow X[/tex]

Electrons are transferred from one atom to another in this type of reaction.

Reducing agent is defined as those substance which reduces other chemical compound and oxidizes itself by donating electrons.

Oxidizing agent is defined as those substance which oxidizes other chemical compound and reduces itself by accepting electrons.

Answer:

A reducing agent

Explanation:

A reducing agent--(also called a reductant or reducer) is an element or compound that loses (or "donates") an electron to an electron recipient (oxidizing agent) in a redox chemical reaction.

A reducing agent thus oxides( loses an electron) itself to electron acceptor. This mean that oxidation and reduction occur in pair. One element is oxidized and the other is reduced.

Answer:

This question is incomplete

Explanation:

This illustration refers to an hypertonic solution. Hypertonic solution is a solution in which the surrounding solution has a higher solute concentration (2% of NaCl) than the cell's cytosol (0.9% of NaCl). In hypertonic solution, the solution outside the cell (with higher concentration) pulls the water from the cell's cytosol (via osmosis) causing the cell to shrink.

Final answer:

A cell with 0.9% NaCl placed in a 2% NaCl solution experiences a hypertonic environment, causing it to lose water and shrink due to osmosis.

Explanation:

When a living cell with an internal tonicity equivalent to 0.9% NaCl is placed in a solution containing 2% NaCl, the surrounding solution is considered hypertonic. This is because the extracellular solution has a higher solute (salt) concentration than the cell's cytoplasm. The process of osmosis will cause water to move from the cell, which has a higher water potential, to the outside solution, where the water potential is lower because it has a higher solute concentration. Over time, this will result in the cell shrinking or losing water.

Osmolarity and tonicity are important concepts in understanding how cells interact with their environment. Isotonic conditions mean that the concentration of solutes is equal inside and outside the cell, resulting in no net water movement. Aquaporins, which are channel proteins in the cell membrane, facilitate the rapid movement of water across the cell membrane in response to these tonicity conditions.

Living organisms have developed strategies to maintain osmotic balance, such as the secretion of salts or the regulation of solute concentrations within their cells, to prevent cellular damage from excessive swelling or shrinking in hypo- or hypertonic environments.

Strontium is the element in the provided list that has chemical properties similar to magnesium because they both are alkaline earth metals with two valence electrons.

The element in the given list with chemical properties similar to magnesium is strontium. This is because magnesium and strontium both belong to the same group in the periodic table, which is the group of alkaline earth metals.

Elements in the same group share similar chemical properties due to their similar valence electron configurations. Magnesium and strontium, like other alkaline earth metals, have two valence electrons. These two electrons play a crucial role in the chemical reactivity of the elements, including how they bond with other elements.

It's important to note that, despite being in the same group, the reactivity and specific properties vary among the alkaline earth metals. However, the underlying chemical behavior that stems from their valence electron configuration leads to similarities. For example, both magnesium and strontium readily react with water, though strontium's reactivity is somewhat higher.

Final answer:

Strontium is the element with chemical properties similar to magnesium because they both are alkaline earth metals with two valence electrons, belong to the same group in the periodic table, and show similar reactivity patterns.

Explanation:

The element in this list with chemical properties similar to magnesium is strontium (b). This is because the elements that are similar to magnesium would also be in the same group as magnesium in the periodic table. Magnesium is an alkaline earth metal found in Group 2 of the periodic table, which includes beryllium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium, all known as alkaline earth metals. These elements have two valence electrons and exhibit similar chemical behaviors.

In summary, both magnesium (Mg) and strontium (Sr) are shiny and are good conductors of heat and electricity. Most importantly, the two elements share a common valence electron configuration, which causes them to display similar chemical reactivity patterns, such as forming compounds with a 2+ charge and reacting similarly with other substances.

Answer:

B) The metal temperature changed more than the water temperature did, but the metal lost

the same amount of thermal energy as the water gained.

Explanation:

Heat capacity or thermal capacity is defined as the amount of heat required by a given mass of a material to raise its temperature by one unit which means that the heat capacity of the water, that is the quantity of heat required to cause a rise from 22°C to 35°C that is a rise of 13°C is the quantity of heat that caused the drop in temperature of the metal from 100°C to 35°C a change of 65°C

The water has more capacity to absorb heat or a higher heat capacity than the metal

However, the first law of thermodynamics states that energy is neither created nor destroyed, but it changes from one form to another. In this case, the thermal energy lost by the metal is the same as the thermal or heat energy gained by the water

The branch of science which deals with chemicals and bonds is called chemistry.

The correct answer is B

Heat capacity or thermal capacity is defined as the amount of heat required by a given mass of a material to raise its temperature by one unit which means that the heat capacity of the water

The quantity of heat required to cause a rise from 22°C to 35°C that is a rise of 13°C is the quantity of heat that caused the drop in temperature of the metal from 100°C to 35°C a change of 65°C

The water has more capacity to absorb heat or a higher heat capacity than the metal because the water has more space in between the particles.

However, the first law of thermodynamics states that energy is neither created nor destroyed, but it can transform from one material to another material. The heat always flows from the high temperature to the low temperature.

Hence, the correct option is B that is The metal temperature changed more than the water temperature did, but the metal lost the same amount of thermal energy as the water gained.

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Answer:

150 mL of the 30% alcohol mixture and 30 mL of the pure water will we need to obtain the desired solution.

Explanation:

Let the volume of 30% alcohol used to make the mixture = x L

For 25% alcohol:

C₁ = 25% , V₁ = 180 mL

For 30% alcohol :

C₂ = 30% , V₂ = x L

Using  

C₁V₁ = C₂V₂

25×180 = 30×x

So,  

x = 150 mL

Pure water = 180 mL - 150 mL = 30 mL

150 mL of the 30% alcohol mixture and 30 mL of the pure water will we need to obtain the desired solution.

A homogeneous mixture, also known as a solution, is a combination of substances that is uniform throughout. In the given options, the glass of soda is an example of a homogeneous mixture due to its uniform composition, which differs from a heterogeneous mixture where the composition can vary.

In order to identify a homogeneous mixture, we need to understand what it is. A homogeneous mixture is also known as a solution and it's a combination of substances with a composition that is uniform throughout. Each sample of a homogeneous mixture will show the same proportions of its components. This differs from a heterogeneous mixture, where the composition can vary from point to point. Examples of these would be cookies or salad dressing where the individual components can be visibly distinguished. From the list you provided, the glass of soda represents a homogeneous mixture. This is due to its uniform composition, you cannot tell the difference between one part of the soda from the others because the solute (usually a syrup) is completely dissolved in the solvent (carbonated water). Therefore, every part of the soda sample is identical in properties and composition.

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Answer:

-732.5 5 Joules

Explanation:

This a typical calorimetry problem  that can be solved with the formula:

Q = m . C . ΔT

First of all, we determine the mass of water, by density.

Density is mass /volume

1 g/mL = mass / 6.76 mL → 6.76 g

Q = 6.76 g . 4.184 J/g°C . (13.6°C - 39.5°C)

Q = -732.5 5 Joules

Water is releasing heat to be cooled, that's why the answer is negative.

Answer: The volume of HCl needed is 0.250 L

Explanation:

To calculate the number of moles for given molarity, we use the equation:

[tex]\text{Molarity of the solution}=\frac{\text{Moles of solute}}{\text{Volume of solution (in L)}}[/tex]

For sodium carbonate:

Molarity of sodium carbonate solution = 0.500 M

Volume of solution = 0.750 L

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]0.500M=\frac{\text{Moles of sodium carbonate}}{0.750}\\\\\text{Moles of sodium carbonate}=(0.500mol/L\times 0.750L)=0.375mol[/tex]

The chemical equation for the reaction of sodium carbonate and HCl follows:

[tex]Na_2CO_3+2HCl\rightarrow 2NaCl+H_2CO_3[/tex]

By Stoichiometry of the reaction:

1 mole of sodium carbonate reacts with 2 moles of HCl

So, 0.375 moles of sodium carbonate will react with = [tex]\frac{2}{1}\times 0.375=0.750mol[/tex] of HCl

Now, calculating the volume of HCl by using equation 1:

Moles of HCl = 0.750 moles

Molarity of HCl = 3.00 M

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

[tex]3.00M=\frac{0.750mol}{\text{Volume of solution}}\\\\\text{Volume of solution}=\frac{0.750mol}{3.00mol/L}=0.250L[/tex]

Hence, the volume of HCl needed is 0.250 L

By following the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation for combustion of acetylene, it is calculated that 113 g of acetylene will produce 78.20 g of water, and 14.32 g of acetylene are required to produce 1.10 mol of CO₂.

Combustion of Acetylene

The balanced chemical equation for the combustion of acetylene (C2H2) is:

2C₂H₂(g) + 5O₂(g)⇒ 4CO₂(g) + 2H₂O(g)

Part A: Grams of Water Formed

Step 1: Calculate the moles of C2H2 using its molar mass (26.04 g/mol).

Moles ofC₂H₂ = 113 g / 26.04 g/mol = 4.34 mol

Step 2: From the balanced equation, 1 mol of C2H2 produces 1 mol of H2O. Therefore, 4.34 mol of C2H2 will produce 4.34 mol of H2O.

Step 3: Convert moles of H2O to grams using its molar mass (18.02 g/mol).

Grams of H2O = 4.34 mol x 18.02 g/mol = 78.20 g

113 g ofC₂H₂ will produce 78.20 g of water.

Part B: Grams of Acetylene Reacted

Step 1: From the balanced equation, 2 mol of C₂H₂ produce 4 mol of CO₂. So, 1 mol ofCO₂ is produced by 0.5 mol of  C₂H₂.

Step 2: Calculate the moles of C₂H₂ needed to produce 1.10 mol ofCO₂.

Moles of C₂H₂ = 1.10 molCO₂ x 0.5 mol  C₂H₂/mol CO₂ = 0.55 mol C₂H₂

Step 3: Convert moles of C₂H₂  to grams using its molar mass (26.04 g/mol).

Grams of C₂H₂ = 0.55 mol x 26.04 g/mol = 14.32 g

14.32 g of C₂H₂ react to produce 1.10 mol of CO₂.

Answer:

The products are carbon dioxide and water

Explanation:

Step 1: Data given

Combustion = a reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen gas, releasing energy in the form of light and heat. Combustion reactions must involve  O2  as one reactant.

Step 2: The complete combustion of C3H7OH:

For the combustion of 1-propanol, we need O2.

The products of this combustion are CO2 and H2O.

C3H7OH + O2→ CO2 + H2O

On the left side we have 3x C (in c3H7OH), on the right side we have 1x C (in CO2). To balance the amount of C, we have to multiply CO2 on the right side by 3

C3H7OH + O2→ 3CO2 + H2O

On the left side we have 8x H (in C3H7OH) and 2x on the right side (in H2O). To balance the amount of H, we have to multiply H2O, on the right side by 4.

C3H7OH + O2→ 3CO2 + 4H2O

On the left side we have 3x O (1x in C3H7OH and 2x in O2), on the right side we have 10x O (6x in CO2 and 4x in H2O).

To balance the amount of O on both sides, we have to multiply C3H7OH by 2, multiply O2 by 9. Then we have to multiply 3CO2 by 2 and 4H2O by 2. Now the equation is balanced.

2C3H7OH + 9O2→ 6CO2 + 8H2O

For 2 moles propanol, we need 9 moles of O2 to produce 6 moles of CO2 and 8 moles Of H2O

The products are carbon dioxide and water

Answer:

Carbon dioxide and water

Explanation:

Answer:

The answer to your question is below

Explanation:

Reaction

                            C₂H₂ (g) + O₂(g)   ⇒   CO₂ (g)   +  H₂O (g)

                            Reactants         Elements         Reactants

                                    2                       C                       1

                                    2                       H                       2

                                    2                       O                       3

This reaction is unbalance

Reaction balanced

                          2C₂H₂ (g) +   5O₂(g)   ⇒   4CO₂ (g)   +  2H₂O (g)

                            Reactants         Elements         Reactants

                                    4                       C                       4

                                    4                       H                       4

                                   10                       O                      10

Now, the reaction is balanced

a) Calculate the molecular mass of acetylene and water

Acetylene = (12 x 2) + (2) = 26 g

Water = (1 x 2) + (1 x 16) = 18 g

                           2(26) g of Acetylene ---------------  2(18) g of Water

                               113 g  of Acetylene --------------   x

                                x = (113 x (2 x 18)) / 2(26)

                                x = 4068 / 52

                               x = 78. 2 g of water

b)                2 moles of Acetylene ------------  4 moles of carbon dioxide

                   x moles of acetylene ------------  1.10 moles of carbon dioxide

                         x = (1.10 x 2) / 4

                        x = 0.55 moles of acetylene

Answer:

a) 78.19 grams H2O

b) 14.3 grams acetylene

Explanation:

Step 1: Data given

Molar mass of acetylene = 26.04 g/mol

Molar mass of H2O = 18.02 g/mol

Step 2: The balanced equation

2C2H2 + 5O2 → 4CO2 + 2H2O

Step 3: a. How many grams of water can form if 113g of acetylene is burned?

Calculate moles of acetylene:

Moles = mass / molar mass

Moles = 113.0 grams / 26.04 g/mol

Moles = 4.339 moles

calculate moles of H2O

For 2 moles acetylene we need 5 moles O2 to produce 4 moles CO2 and 2 moles H2O

For 4.339 moles of acetylene we'll have 4.339 moles H2O

Calculate mass of H2O

Mass H2O = 4.339 moles * 18.02 g/mol

Mass H2O = 78.19 grams H2O

b. How many grams of acetylene react if 1.10 mol of CO2 are produced?

For 2 moles acetylene we need 5 moles O2 to produce 4 moles CO2 and 2 moles H2O

For 1.10 mol CO2 we need 1.10/2 = 0.55 moles of acetylene

Mass acetylene = 0.55 moles * 26.04 g/mol

Mass acetylene = 14.3 grams acetylene

Answer:

Hi

One of the most famous works George Orwell shows us in 1984 a society that is controlled by the Superstate, in such a way that the inhabitants cannot do or say anything without The Big Brother finding out. If anyone tries to oppose this system, it is vaporized and in less than three days society forgets that there was a person who conspired or worse, that existed.

The detentions happened at night. He woke up startled because one hand shook one shoulder, a flashlight focused on him and a circle of grim faces appeared around the bed. In most cases there was no process. People disappeared and always during the night. The name of the individual in question disappeared from all the records, any reference to what he had done was erased from everywhere and his passage through life was completely annulled as if he had never existed.

Explanation:

Answer:

C.) perpendicular

Explanation:

A particle with an electric charge experiences the maximum deflecting force when it is positioned perpendicular to the magnetic field.