To separate powdered charcoal from powdered sugar, add water to dissolve the sugar, use gravity filtration to remove charcoal, and evaporate the water to recrystallize the sugar.
The mixture described containing powdered charcoal and powdered sugar is a heterogeneous mixture. A technique to separate these components would be filtration. Since charcoal is insoluble in water and sugar is soluble, we can add water to the mixture to dissolve the sugar.
After the sugar has dissolved, we can use gravity filtration to separate the charcoal from the sugar solution. The charcoal will stay in the filter paper while the sugar solution passes through.
To recover the sugar from the solution, we could then evaporate the water, leaving behind solid sugar. It's important to break up any clumps and use hot water to ensure efficient dissolving and filtration. If the charcoal passes through the filter paper, it might be necessary to refilter or use a filter aid like Celite.
Concepts to Understand (Give an example of each):
1. Significant figures
2. How to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit
3. How to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius
4. Metric prefixes
5. How to calculate density
6. Branches of Chemistry
Please help thank you very much.
Why do electrons occupy equal energy orbitals singly before beginning to pair up?
Because, electrons are negatively charged and, as a result, they repel each other. Electrons tend to minimize repulsion by occupying their own orbital, rather than sharing an orbital with another electron.
The first rule states that before pairing up, electrons will always occupy an empty orbital. Because they are negatively charged, electrons repel one another. By filling their own orbital rather than sharing one with another electron, electrons tend to reduce repulsion. The electrons in singly occupied orbitals are also less effectively screened or insulated from the nucleus, according to quantum-mechanical calculations.
Unpaired electrons in singly occupied orbitals have the same spins according to the second rule. Electrons collide less frequently if they are all orbiting in the same direction than if some of them are doing so. The latter scenario results in the separation of electrons as the repulsive force grows. As a result, aligned spins have less energy.
Because, electrons are negatively charged and, as a result, they repel each other. Electrons tend to minimize repulsion by occupying their own orbital, rather than sharing an orbital with another electron.
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Final answer:
Electrons occupy equal energy orbitals singly before pairing up to minimize repulsion and conserve energy, following Hund's Rule. This is energetically more favorable due to the pairing energy required for electrons to share the same orbital.
Explanation:
The reason electrons occupy equal energy orbitals singly before beginning to pair up is due to an atomic rule known as Hund's Rule. This rule states that electrons will fill each degenerate orbital singly to maximize the number of unpaired electrons, which results in a lower energy state for the atom. This behavior is similar to how magnets behave; negatively charged electrons repel each other and try to stay as far apart as possible. This phenomenon is due to the pairing energy (P), which is the energy required to pair two electrons in a single orbital. Since electrons repel each other, it takes energy to overcome their repulsion and pair them up.
When filling up d orbitals or any set of degenerate orbitals, electrons will occupy each orbital singly before they start to pair. This minimizes repulsion between the electrons, which in turn conserves the energy that would otherwise be needed for two electrons to share the same orbital space. The tendency of an atom is to maintain the lowest energy level, which is why this filling process occurs. Additionally, the relative magnitudes of the pairing energy and the ligand field splitting energy (Aoct) determine the exact distribution of electrons in the orbitals.
Spring tides occurred at two of the times shown.Which two? How do you know?
calculate the average atomic mass for neon if its abundance in nature is 90.5% neon-20, 0.3% neon-21, and 9.2% neon-22
Answer: 20.187 amu
Explanation:
20(0.905)+21(0.003)+22(0.092)
If 6.00 g of the unknown compound contained 0.200 mol of C and 0.400 mol of H, how many moles of oxygen, O, were in the sample?
Convert moles to mass.
mass C = 0.2 mol * 12 g / mol = 2.4 g
mass H = 0.4 mol * 1 g / mol = 0.4 g
So mass left for O = 6 g – (2.4 g + 0.4 g) = 3.2 g
Calculating for moles O given mass:
moles O = 3.2 g / (16 g / mol) = 0.2 moles
Answer:
0.2 moles O
Answer : The moles of oxygen present in the sample is, 0.2 moles
Explanation : Given,
Moles of carbon = 0.200 mole
Moles of hydrogen = 0.400 mole
Mass of unknown compound = 6.00 g
Molar mass of carbon = 12 g/mole
Molar mass of hydrogen = 1 g/mole
Molar mass of oxygen = 16 g/mole
First we have to calculate the mass of carbon and hydrogen.
[tex]\text{Mass of carbon}=\text{Moles of carbon}\times \text{Molar mass of carbon}=(0.200mole)\times (12g/mole)=2.4g[/tex]
[tex]\text{Mass of hydrogen}=\text{Moles of hydrogen}\times \text{Molar mass of hydrogen}=(0.400mole)\times (1g/mole)=0.4g[/tex]
Now we have to calculate the mass of oxygen.
Total mass of unknown compound = Mass of carbon + Mass of hydrogen + Mass of oxygen
6.00 = 2.4 + 0.4 + Mass of oxygen
Mass of oxygen = 3.2 grams
Now we have tom calculate the moles of oxygen.
[tex]\text{Moles of oxygen}=\frac{\text{Mass of oxygen}}{\text{Molar mass of oxygen}}=\frac{3.2g}{16g/mole}=0.2moles[/tex]
Therefore, the moles of oxygen present in the sample is, 0.2 moles
What observations can be made with electron microscopes that could be made before?
If 40.0 g S is allowed to react as completely as possible with 150.0 g F2(
g., what mass of the excess reactant is left?
To calculate the mass of the excess reactant remaining, we need to find the limiting reactant and use stoichiometry. In this case, the mass of the excess reactant (F2) that is left is 78.86 g.
Explanation:To determine the mass of the excess reactant left, we need to first calculate the amount of S that reacts completely with F2. We can do this by using stoichiometry and the balanced chemical equation. The balanced equation for the reaction between S and F2 is:
2S + 3F2 → 2SF6
From the equation, we can see that 2 moles of S react with 3 moles of F2. We can convert the given masses of S and F2 to moles using their molar masses:
Molar mass of S: 32.06 g/molMolar mass of F2: 38.00 g/molUsing these molar masses, we can calculate the number of moles of S and F2:
Number of moles of S = (40.0 g S) / (32.06 g/mol S) = 1.248 mol SNumber of moles of F2 = (150.0 g F2) / (38.00 g/mol F2) = 3.947 mol F2Since the reaction is 2:3, we can calculate the limiting reactant and the amount of excess reactant remaining. Since we have more F2 than needed, S is the limiting reactant and F2 is in excess.
To calculate the mass of the excess reactant remaining, we need to know how much F2 reacted completely with the S. We can do this by using the stoichiometric ratio:
Calculate the moles of F2 reacting with S: (1.248 mol S) × (3 mol F2 / 2 mol S) = 1.872 mol F2Calculate the mass of F2 reacting with S: (1.872 mol F2) × (38.00 g/mol F2) = 71.14 g F2Calculate the mass of excess reactant remaining: (150.0 g F2) - (71.14 g F2) = 78.86 g F2Therefore, the mass of the excess reactant (F2) that is left is 78.86 g.
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When is there no solution to a compound inequality?
The urms of h2 molecules at 273k is 1.84×103m/s.part aat what temperature is urms for h21.8 times greater than this value?
The formula for calculating urms is given as:
urms = sqrt (3 R T / M)
where,
R is gas constant = 8.314 J / mol K
T is absolute temperature = ?
M is molar mass of H2 = 2 x 10^-3 kg/mol
Calculating for T:
1.8 * (1.84×10^3) = sqrt (3 * 8.314 * T / 2x10^-3)
T = 879.59 K (ANSWER)
Answer:
The temperature will be 879.59K for 21.8 times higher than this value.
Explanation:
The Equation for calculating Root Mean Square Velocity([tex]\rm U_r_m_s[/tex])
[tex]\rm \mathbf{U_r_m_s}=\sqrt\frac{3RT}{M}[/tex]
Where,
[tex]\rm \mathbf{U_r_m_s}[/tex] is Root Mean Square Velocity in m/s.
R is gas constant which is [tex]\rm \texttt{8.314 J/mol K}[/tex]
T is the temperature at Kelvin, what do we need to calculate here?
M is the molar mass of [tex]\rm H_2[/tex] which is [tex]\rm 2\times10^-^3\texttt{kg/mol}[/tex]
Now, put the value according to the equation above,
[tex]\rm 1.8 \times (1.84\times10^3)=\sqrt\frac{3 \times8.314 \times T}{2\times10^-^3} \\\rm \mathbf{T=879.59K}[/tex]
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Arrange the orbitals in the order in which they fill and indicate the maximum number of electrons each can hold.
Answer:
Explanation:
We can fill maximum two electrons in one orbital. The s subshell has 1 orbital that can filled upto two electrons, the p subshell has 3 orbitals that can filled upto six electrons, the d subshell has 5 orbitals that can filled upto ten electrons, the f subshell has 7 orbitals that can filled upto fourteen electrons.
According to the energy level diagram, the 2p, 3p, 4p each can hold 6 electrons because they have 3 orbitals, and 3d, 4d each can hold 10 electrons because they have 5 orbitals, the 5f, 6f, each can hold 14 electrons because they have 7 orbitals. Therefore, the maximum number of electrons would be present in f subshell or 6f orbital.
Sodium nitrate and lead (ii) acetate express your answer as a chemical equation. identify all of the phases in your answer. enter noreaction if no no reaction occurs.
Sodium nitrate and lead (II) acetate both dissolve in water and do not react with each other; thus, there is no reaction and no precipitate is formed.
Explanation:The student is inquiring about the chemical reaction that occurs when solutions of sodium nitrate and lead (II) acetate are mixed. When mixing these two compounds, there is no reaction because both sodium nitrate and lead (II) acetate are soluble in water. As such, no precipitate forms, and the ions remain in solution. Therefore, the correct response to this question is that no reaction occurs.
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Convert the following to Fahrenheit 10 Celsius 30 Celsius 40 Celsius 37 Celsius 0 Celsius
The atomic particles responsible for forming bonds with other atoms are
Final answer:
The electrons in the valence shell of an atom are responsible for forming chemical bonds with other atoms through processes such as accepting, donating, or sharing electrons, leading to ionic or covalent bonds.
Explanation:
The atomic particles responsible for forming bonds with other atoms are the electrons located in the atom's outermost electron shell, known as the valence shell. Atoms seek stability by having a full valence shell, which generally means having eight electrons, although hydrogen is stable with two. To achieve this stability, atoms will tend to accept, donate, or share electrons in chemical bonds.
Ionic bonds arise when atoms transfer electrons, leading to the formation of positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions (anions), which attract each other. In contrast, covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms, resulting in molecules that are electrically neutral overall or have a slight charge distribution in the case of polar covalent bonds. Additionally, molecules can form hydrogen bonds, where hydrogen atoms in polar covalent bonds are attracted to electronegative regions of other molecules.
Which statements accurately describe the polarity and electronegativity of water?
A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means is called a
Explanation:
An element is a substance that is made up of only one type of atoms. It cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
For example, sodium, aluminium, nickel etc are all elements.
Whereas when two or more different elements combine together then it results in the formation of a compound.
For example, [tex]MgCl_{2}[/tex] is a compound.
Therefore, we can conclude that a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means is called an element.
A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any chemical or physical means is called a: chemical element.
A chemical element can be defined as a pure substance that comprises atoms having the same atomic number (number of protons) in its nuclei and as such it is the primary constituent of matter.
Basically, a chemical element is a pure substance that can't be broken down, decomposed or transformed by into simpler substances chemical or physical means.
In Chemistry, some examples of a chemical element include the following:
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Your observations should have revealed at least one difference in the properties of the sodium benzoate and the benzoic acid. what property was it and what observation revealed the difference?
The benzoic acid is different from sodium benzoate, the main reason is because of their water solubility. Don't know what you observed, but if you looked at the pH of the solution when you dumped them in water, they would have very different pHs. A benzoic acid isn't soluble in water but one (sodium benzoate) would be soluble in water.
Over time coral buried by sediments can turn into
What is the difference between chemical properties and physical properties kid?
Chemical properties describe how a substance can change into different substances during a chemical reaction, while physical properties can be measured without changing the substance's chemical identity.
Explanation:Chemical properties describe a substance's capacity to undergo certain chemical transformations that result in different substances. These properties, such as flammability and reactivity with water, are only observed when a substance undergoes a chemical change. On the other hand, physical properties can be observed or measured without changing the chemical identity of the substance. These include properties like mass, color, volume, and density. For instance, pure copper has the physical property of being a reddish-brown solid, whereas its ability to dissolve in dilute nitric acid to produce a blue solution and a brown gas is a chemical property.
When a substance goes directly from solid state to a gaseous state as dry ice does?
A substance that goes from solid state to a gaseous state as dry ice does is said to have sublimed.
What is sublimation?It is a process where substances transition from solid states to gaseous states without having to pass through the liquid state.
Most substances change from solid to liquid before transitioning to the gaseous state. The change from one state to another requires energy.
However, substances like iodine move straight from being a solid to being a gas. The reverse is also the case. They move straight from the gaseous state to the solid state without passing through the liquid state.
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Final answer:
Sublimation is the process where a substance like dry ice goes from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state. Deposition is the opposite, where gas becomes solid directly. Dry ice sublimation is commercially important for refrigeration and shipping perishable items.
Explanation:
Sublimation and Deposition-
When a substance such as dry ice transitions directly from a solid state to a gaseous state, this process is called sublimation. This endothermic phase transition occurs under certain conditions, bypassing the liquid phase entirely. For instance, at room temperature and standard pressure, dry ice, which is solid carbon dioxide (CO₂), undergoes sublimation, seeming to vanish as it turns into a gas without liquefying. In contrast, the reverse process where gas becomes solid without becoming liquid first is known as deposition, exemplified by frost forming on cold surfaces.
A familiar occurrence of sublimation involves dry ice used as a refrigerant because it's cold and transitions to gas without messy liquids, making it ideal for shipping perishable items. Natural examples include snow and ice, which can slowly sublime under low temperatures, especially with contributing factors like wind and reduced atmospheric pressure at higher altitudes. Another vivid example is solid iodine that, when warmed, sublimes to form a purple vapor.
A flashbulb contains magnesium and oxygen before use and magnesium oxide afterward, but its mass does not change.
This is an example of law of conservation of mass, which states that the total quantity of mass doesn't change means, in an isolated system mass is neither created nor destroyed by any chemical reactions or physical transformations.
According to law of mass conservation in a chemical reaction:
Mas of the Products = Mass of the Reactants
Arsenic reacts with chlorine to form a chloride if 1.587 g of arsenic reacts with 3.755 g of chlorine what is the simplest formula of the chloride
Final answer:
To determine the simplest formula of a chloride formed from arsenic and chlorine, calculate the moles of each element, find the ratio, and simplify to obtain the formula AsCl3.
Explanation:
The simplest formula of the chloride is AsCl3. To determine this, we need to find the mole ratio between arsenic and chlorine. First, calculate the moles of each element using their respective molar masses:
Arsenic: 1.587 g / atomic mass of As
Chlorine: 3.755 g / atomic mass of Cl
Then, find the ratio of moles and simplify to obtain the simplest whole-number ratio, which in this case is AsCl3.
In a chemical reaction sodium and chlorine react to form sodium chloride. Which term names the sodium?
Or most atoms, a stable configuration of electrons is attained when the atom __________.
Is wood a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture?
Wood is a heterogeneous mixture due to its composition of various easily distinguishable components such as cellulose fibers and lignin.
Explanation:Wood is considered a heterogeneous mixture because it is composed of different components that can be easily distinguished. These components include cellulose fibers, lignin, and extracts such as resins and oils. The presence of knots, grain patterns, and different colors in wood further supports its classification as a heterogeneous mixture.
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What mass of ammonium chloride should be added to 2.45 l of a 0.165 m nh3 in order to obtain a buffer with a ph of 9.50?
To create a buffer with a pH of 9.50 using 2.45 L of 0.165 M [tex]NH_3[/tex], approximately 38.5 grams of ammonium chloride must be added, as calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and considering the molar mass of [tex]NH_4Cl[/tex].
To calculate the mass of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) needed for a buffer solution with a desired pH, we use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: pH = pKa + log([Base]/[Acid]). Ammonium chloride, when dissolved, provides the ammonium ion ([tex]NH_4^+[/tex]), which acts as the acid in this buffer system, whereas ammonia ([tex]NH_3[/tex]) acts as the base.
First, we need to find the pKa of [tex]NH_3[/tex], which is the negative logarithm of the dissociation constant (Ka) of its conjugate acid, [tex]NH_4^+[/tex]. If the pKa of [tex]NH_3[/tex] is 9.25, then using the desired pH of 9.50, we can set up the equation as follows:
[tex]pH = 9.25 + log(\frac{[NH_3]}{[NH_4^+]})[/tex]
[tex]9.50 = 9.25 + log(\frac{[0.165 M]}{[NH_4^+]})[/tex]
Solving for [[tex]NH_4^+[/tex]], we find that:
[tex]log(\frac{[NH_4^+]}{0.165}) = 9.50 - 9.25[/tex]
[tex]log(\frac{[NH4+]}{0.165}) = 0.25[/tex]
[tex][NH_4^+] = 10^{0.25} [NH_4^+] = 1.778 \frac{[NH4+]}{0.165} = 1.778[/tex]
[tex][NH_4^+] = 0.293 M[/tex]
Now, to find the mass of NH4Cl required, we use the formula:
mass = molarity volume molar mass
mass = (0.293 M) (2.45 L) (53.491 g/mol)
mass = 38.511 g (rounded to three significant figures)
Therefore, to prepare a buffer solution with a pH of 9.50 using a 2.45 L solution of 0.165 M [tex]NH_3[/tex], you must add approximately 38.5 grams of [tex]NH_4Cl[/tex].
What subatomic particle is most involved in making chemical bonds?
Imagine two electrons: one is close to the nucleus and one is far away. Which electron would be easier to remove from the atom and why?
The electron which is far away from the nucleus is easier to remove than the electron which is close to the nucleus.
What is the nuclear charge?The total charge of all the protons is equal to the nucleus will have charge. This total positive charge on the nucleus, all the protons present inside is called a nuclear charge.
The total number of protons in an atom is the atomic number of that atom, so the nuclear charge has the same value as that of the atomic number.
The electron present close to the nucleus experience a more effective nuclear charge. So it is difficult to remove these electrons from the atom.
While electron present in the outermost shell or far away from the nucleus experience less effective nuclear charge. So less amount of energy is required to remove these electrons from the nucleus.
Therefore, the electrons that lie far away from the nucleus are easier to remove from the atom
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The element "um" is what type of word element?
what would dissolved the best in oil a. sugar b. salt c. water d. grease
Answer:
grease
on apex
Explanation:
Salt is the proper response to this query. The greatest option for emulsifying in oil is salt because of its molecular makeup. Sodium and chloride are the two components that make up salt molecules.
What kind of n molecule is sodium ?The molecule's sodium component is hydrophilic, attracted to water, and its chloride component is hydrophobic, repelling it. Due to the hydrophobic portion of the molecule's unusual structure, which is attracted to the oil while the hydrophilic portion is repelled by it, salt can dissolve in oil.
In contrast, the atoms that make up sugar molecules are carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. All of these atoms are hydrophilic, which means they are drawn to water. Because the hydrophilic atoms are rejected, sugar molecules won't dissolve in oil as a result.with the oil. In addition, non-polar molecules make up both water and grease.
Since non-polar molecules do not attract water or oil, neither will dissolve them. Therefore, due to its distinct molecular structure, salt is the greatest option for dissolving in oil.
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A ray in the emission spectrum has a wavelength of 3.10 x 1014 meters. Given that the speed of light is 2.998 x 108 m/s, what is the frequency of the ray?
A.0.967 x 10-6 HZ
B.9.2938 x 10-7 HZ
C.0.967 x 10-5 HZ
D.9.2938 x 107 HZ