How do immunoglobulin genes code for a seemingly infinite variety of antibodies?

Answers

Answer 1
Answer: Think of DNA-there are only 4 bases, but different combinations give infinite possibilities. And the same for amino acids and proteins. Immunoglobulins work on a similar principle. Different VDJ segments are combined for the heavy chain of an antibody. Different VJ segments are combined for the light chain. Other ways: Random nucleotides may be added or removed between the gene segments. There are also different combinations of light and heavy chains. Antibodies can be any of the 5 isotypes: IgA, IgM, IgG, IgE, IgD. I'm not going to go into detail as this answer would take too long to write. Do some literature searching on B cells, V(D)J recombination, RAG genes, class switching.

Related Questions

A child receives frostbite on the tips of several fingers. your immediate action would be to

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Bring your child indoors immediately.Remove all wet clothing. Wet clothes draw heat away from the body.Immerse chilled body parts in warm (not hot) water for 20 to 30 minutes until all sensation returns. Don't let your child control the water temperature during rewarming. Numb hands won't feel the heat and can be severely burned by water that is too hot. Body heat also can be used to rewarm.Don't use heating pads, stoves, fireplaces, or radiators to rewarm because the affected skin can be numb and easily burn.Call your doctor if sensation does not return or there are signs of frostbite and/or hypothermia.

food chains and webs not only describe the order in which organism are eaten, but they also describe the

Answers

flow of energy in an ecosystem 

Answer:

Trophic levels and energy flow on food chains

Explanation:

The trophic level in a food chain (or web) corresponds to the position of each living being in relation to its energy and nutrient flow in relation to the others.

There are three types of basic trophic levels:

Producers - Plants and other photosynthetic and chemosynthetic organisms

Consumers (food chains usually have more than one) - Herbivores, Carnivores and Omnivores

Decomposers - Bacteria and Fungi

An example food chain according to trophic levels:

Phytoplankton(producer) → Krill (1st consumer) → Penguin (2nd consumer) → Seal (3rd consumer) → fungi and bacteria (decomposers)

Also, it is important to highlight that at each trophic level, less energy is absorbed when a living being consumes the previous one, so the more trophic levels a chain has, the lower the energy flow at the end.

Select all the most common elements which bond to carbon. 1. Hydrogen 2. Nitrogen 3. Sulfur 4. Sodium 5. Potassium 6. Magnesium 7. Oxygen

Answers

Final answer:

The most common elements that bond to gcarbon are hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxyen.

Explanation:

The most common elements that bond to carbon are hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen.

Hydrogen: Carbon commonly forms four chemical bonds with hydrogen to produce organic molecules.Nitrogen: Carbon forms three bonds with nitrogen, resulting in the formation of various nitrogenous compounds.Sulfur: Carbon can bond with sulfur to create a wide range of organic compounds.Oxygen: Carbon forms two chemical bonds with oxygen, leading to the formation of carbon-oxygen double bonds and other organic molecules.

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Answer:  The most common elements which bond to carbon are:

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Hydrogen

Explanation: Hope this helps <3

The type of bone that has the highest turnover is:

Answers

A Cancellous bone also known as the trabecular spongy bone.

Which would be a habitat for chemoautotrophs bur not photoautotrophs?

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A habitat for chemoautotrophs but not photoautotrophs would be a DEEP OCEAN TRENCH.

In eukaryotes, the components of the electron transport chain are located in the ____. see section 9.5 ( page 201) .

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In eukaryotes the components of the electron transport chain are located in the INNER MITOCHONDRIA MEMBRANSE'
Electron transport chain occur in the mitochondria and is the process by which ATP molecules are produced inside the cell. ATP is the energy currency of the cell, it used by all cells to carry out their metabolic processes.

Read the excerpt from "Mother Tongue." Those tests were constructed around items like fill-in-the-blank sentence completion, such as “Even though Tom was ______, Mary thought he was _____.” And the correct answer always seemed to be the most bland combinations of thoughts, for example, “Even though Tom was foolish, Mary thought he was ridiculous.” Well, according to my mother, there were very few limitations as to what Tom could have been and what Mary might have thought of him. So I never did well on tests like that. Which information from the excerpt best supports the inference that achievement tests ignore imagination as an element of language ability? Tan’s mother would not be able to answer a question like the one described in the excerpt. Tan’s mother could think of several ways to answer a question like the one described in the excerpt. Tan’s mother did not allow her to take tests with questions like the one described in the excerpt. Tan’s mother was disappointed that Tan did poorly on tests with questions like the one described in the excerpt.

Answers

The correct option is this: TAN'S MOTHER COULD THINK OF SEVERAL WAYS TO ANSWER A QUESTION LIKE THE ONE DESCRIBED IN THE EXCERPT.
From the passage, it can be seen that, Tan's mother believed that so many things would have fit exactly into those blanks that are present in the questions given to Tan. This shows that the mother's imagination is very active and that those that set those questions have ignored imagination ability of the students.

The best detail in this question that describes the inference that was made is that Tan’s mother could think of several ways to answer a question like the one described in the excerpt.

The summary of the excerpt

What this excerpt means is that if Tan's mother was asked to answer the blanks she would think of a lot of ways to do this.

From the excerpt, we can see that there are blank spaces in the test that was given. The author said that the answers usually provided in the blanks by students are unimaginative and bland.

The author is trying to tell the reader that these tests are not a true test of one's ability to speak the English language.

She refers to her mother as a very imaginative person that can answer the question creatively in different ways.

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What is a "rep" in strength training? The number of times to complete the full motion of an exercise The number of exercises completed The number of motions made in a workout The number of weights lifted during a training session

Answers

I think it is the first one, I may be wrong

Answer:

A

Explanation:

took the test

the cancellation of two waves occurs because of which of the following

Answers

The cancellation of two waves occurs because of destructive interference
I'm going to go with destructive interference. 

Organisms can be ______________, where they are composed of only 1 cell, or they can be __________ where they are composed of many cells. Question 1 options: Multicellular, unicellular Monocellular, polycellular Unicellular, multicellular

Answers

1. unicellular
2. multicellular
Organisms can be UNICELLULAR where they are composed of only 1 cell or they can be MULTICELLULAR where they are composed of many cells. The first organisms to appear on earth where single celled and they developed the ability to photosynthesize and make food from inorganic compounds. UNICELLULAR organisms such as bacteria predates complex organisms that are Multi cellular

The type of vegetarian who eats vegetables, grains, fruits, eggs, and milk but excludes all other types of animal proteins is called a

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Answer:  "lacto-ovo-vegetarian" .
___________________________________________________

which of the following is a invertebrate animal
A) goldfish
B)horse
C)turtle
D)grasshopper

Answers

Inveterbrate would be a grasshopper
Answer: D 


I hope this helps and have a wonderful day filled with joy!!

Describe the stages of photosynthesis. use the terms thylakoid, light-dependent reactions, and light-independent reactions in your answer.

Answers

Final answer:

Photosynthesis has two stages, the light-dependent reactions that generate energy via sun absorption in the thylakoids, and the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) that use this energy to produce sugar in the stroma.

Explanation:

Photosynthesis occurs in two key stages: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions (also known as the Calvin cycle). The light-dependent reactions take place within the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts, and their role is to absorb energy from sunlight and convert it into stored chemical energy, resulting in the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH. These are the energy carriers.

Subsequently, the energy stored in ATP and NADPH powers the Calvin cycle. This light-independent reaction takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts and involves the fixation of atmospheric CO₂ into sugar molecules. The ATP and NADPH generated by the light-dependent reactions provide the energy for these reactions.

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What should you do if some m hcl drips down the outside of your graduated cylinder while you are filling the cylinder?

Answers

If some HCl drips down the outside of your graduated cylinder when you are filling the cylinder, use a neutralizer absorbent to clean up the spill. You can neutralize acid with soda ash or with sodium bicarbonate. Use pH paper to determine if the spill has been neutralized. The used absorbents should be placed in plastic bag and dispose appropriately.

Final answer:

When m HCl spills on a graduated cylinder, immediately rinse the cylinder with water and dry it, while wearing personal protective equipment for safety.

Explanation:

If some m HCl (hydrochloric acid) drips down the outside of your graduated cylinder while you are filling the cylinder, it is important to act promptly and safely to mitigate any potential hazards. First, immediately rinse the outside of the graduated cylinder with plenty of water to dilute and wash away the acid. This step ensures that the acid does not harm you, others, or the surface on which the cylinder is placed.

Secondly, after safely diluting the acid, dry the outside of the cylinder with a clean lab towel or paper to prevent any slipping or potential accidents. Always wear appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gloves and eye protection, when handling acids and other corrosive substances. Remember, safety in the laboratory is paramount, and knowing how to properly respond to spills and drips is an essential part of laboratory work.

Do you think large cells and small cells carry out diffusion and osmosis at equal efficiency? why or why not?

Answers

The answer to this question would be: No, the bigger cell will have a higher rate of osmosis/diffusion.

Osmosis and diffusion will happen in all of the surfaces of the cell membrane. The Bigger cell will have bigger volume and wider membrane surface area. That means the cell can do diffusion and osmosis in the wider area, thus have more speed than smaller cells. 

The release of insulin from the pancreatic beta cells can inhibit its further release from the same cells. this is an example of which type of hormone action

Answers

This is an example of AUTOCRINE HORMONE ACTION.
Autocrine signalling is a type of cell signalling in which a cell secretes an  hormone or a chemical agent that binds to the autocrine receptors of that same cell, leading to specific changes in the cell. The chemical agent or the hormone is called the autocrine agent.

A home gets its water from a private well. Which of the following would be the best way for the homeowner to obtain a water-quality report

Hire a local contractor to test the homes water supply

Record observations made by smelling and tasting the tap water

Request data from the local water treatment facility

Answers

Here is your answer:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Your answer is C Record observations made by smelling and tasting the tap water.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Your answer is C.    

Answer: Request data from the local water treatment facility

Explanation:

The water quality report can be obtained by requesting the local water treatment facility for data. The data will contain information about chemical tests with which the private well will undergo with. This will provide information about whether the water quality is suitable for it's use or not. This will also provide treatment measures that are required to be taken to improve the quality of water.    

Which clinical manifestation occurs in a client with vasopressin deficiency?

Answers

It occurs polyuria. Polyuria is, in other words, to urinate a lot, abnormally. If the patient drinks enough water to compensate the loss of it by urination, then the outcome is not as severe. If the patient does not take enough water, dehydration and hypernatremia take place and blood pressure increases and several other complications.

Describe what happens at the elongation stage of transcription.

Answers

In the elongation phase, RNA polymerase perform one twist of DNA and as resault of that  chains are being seperated. One of the chains serves as a matrix according to which the RNA polymerase is puting complemetary nucleotides of RNA in the 5'-3' direction. The enzyme RNA polymerese goes along the DNA chain and perform repairs.

Alternate forms of a gene that lead to alternative traits are called

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The answer is alleles.  In addition, the phenotype of an organism is the physical look resulting from the expression of the genes present. The principle of segregation states that substitute alleles for a trait discrete from one another throughout gamete formation and keep on distinct. A diploid organism that has two alike alleles for the same trait is named homozygous for that particular trait.

Answer:

It's an allele

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Explanation:

Monoculture involves the use of ______.

(A) Genetically Identical Plants

(B) Traditional Grain Crops

(C) Animal Labor

(D) Crop Rotation

Answers

The answer is (A) Genetically Identical Plants 
Hoped this helped
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Answer:

The answer would be (A) Genetically Identical Plants.

I hope this helped!

I am taking this class right now on GradPoint as well!

Good Luck!

A change in allele frequencies in a set of organisms over time is called __________.

Answers

Microevolution

Microevolution is the change in the allele frequencies within a set of organisms (population) over time primarily due to four processes namely, mutation, natural and artificial selection, gene flow, and genetic drift

The term "microevolution" is coined to differentiate it from "macroevolution," which occurs over much longer periods of time and results in greater differences in the characteristics of the organisms in the population. 

What most likely to happen if a new producer is introduced into a food web

Answers

it would be aten by a herbivore
If a new producer is introduced to the food web, most likely the herbivores will increase because the herbivores eat producer and if the producers increase then the herbivores will increase.

NADH and FADH2 are classified as which of the following? acids coenzymes enzymes lipids

Answers

NADH and FADH2 are classified as which of the following?

A) acids<=WRONG

B) coenzymes <=ANSWER

C) enzymes <=WRONG

D) lipids<=WRONG

Answer:

Coenzymes!

Explanation:

Edge

All living things are made of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells which is found in both cells

Answers

Prokaryotic cells are cells without a nucleus. The DNA in prokaryotic cells is in the cytoplasm rather than enclosed within a nuclear membrane. Prokaryotic cellsare found in single-celled organisms, such as bacteria, like the one shown in Figure below. I hope that helped! :)

Oxidative phosphorylation is also known as

1. Chemiosmosis
2. Glycolysis
3. Fermentation
4. Electron transport chain

Answers

4. Electron transport chain
4 is the answer
hope it helped!

Coral bleaching results when the symbiotic zooxanthellae, a single-celled algae, are released from the original host coral organism due to stress. When the zooxantheallae are released, the coral loses its pigment, resulting in a bleached or completely white appearance. The MOST common cause of coral bleaching is

Answers

Its clearly obvious that its D

D) All four factors effect coral bleaching to varying degrees. The most common cause of coral bleaching is increased water temperature. Increased water temperature may be a result of thermal pollution or increased ocean temperatures due to global warming.

A nurse is admitting a client who has a leg ulcer and a history of diabetes mellitus

Answers

Cardiovascular heath

True or false? on average, 20% of the emergency room patients at greenwood general hospital lack health insurance. in a random sample of 4 patients, the probability that only one patient will be uninsured is 0.4096.

Answers

To solve this, we use the binomial probability equation.

P = [n! / (n – r)! r!] p^r * q^(n – r)

where n is the total number of sample patients = 4, r is the number of uninsured patients = 1, p is probability of being uninsured = 0.20, q is 1 – p = 0.80

 

Calculating for probability P:

P = [4! / (4 -1)! 1!] 0.20^1 * 0.80^(4 – 1)

P = 0.4096

 

Answer:

True

PLEASE HELP WILL GET FAILING GRADE IF I CAN'T FINISH THIS ASSIGNMENT!!!


A. Click on the link here to learn more about the Great Salt Lake

B. Answer the following questions:

1. Describe 3 abiotic conditions (depth, salinity, temperature, etc.) of the Great Salt Lake.(3 points)

2. Explain how the 3 abiotic factors you listed in #1 change depending on the time of the year (winter vs. summer). (3 points)

3. Explain how the abiotic conditions affect the life cycle of the brine shrimp (i.e. hatching, reproducing, etc.) (2 points)

4. Limiting factors are resources or other factors in the environment that can lower the population growth rate. List at least two limiting factors in the Great Salt Lake and explain why each one can be limiting. (2 points)

Answers

1. Depth: The water level in the Great Salt Lake fluctuates from year to year.  Water levels drop and salinity increases when less water flows into the lake than usual. Not only that, but the wetlands dry up and the shoreline recedes. The reason the shoreline shifts so dramatically is because it sits at the bottom of a broad and relatively flat basin. For a visual example, think of pouring water into a plate versus a bowl.  
Salinity: This Great Salt Lake has a high mineral content, as most terminal lakes are, which means that it is quite salty.   Even the fresh water flowing into the lake contains small amounts of dissolved minerals.  As water evaporates from the lake, the minerals stay behind.  As a result, these minerals have accumulated to very high levels because they have been left behind for thousands of years. The Great Salt Lake is between 3.5 and 8 times saltier than the ocean. However, the organisms that survive in such saline conditions have adapted to their surroundings through special features. 
Temperature: The Great Salt Lake has a very shallow depth, with an average of 14 feet deep and a mere maximum of 33 feet. This means that a lot of the surface area is exposed to the air, and is at the mercy of its seasonal temperature fluctuations. In the summer, rise to more than 80 degrees Fahrenheit while falling to below freezing in the winter.  
2. Depth: Salinity drops and lake levels rise during high precipitation years. Wetlands get covered by salt water, and the shoreline expands, sometimes destroying wildlife habitats and killing sensitive vegetation. 
Salinity:  Changes in lake elevation are accompanied by changes in salinity. The salinity in the lake decreases as incoming fresh water dilutes the salt water.  This happens during the wet years.  During dry years, however, salinity increases as continued evaporation removes fresh water.  
Temperature: Because of the lake's salt high content, the water doesn't usually freeze. However, as the temperature drops during the winter, less saline zones freeze solid, and most of the lake turns into a vivid pea-soup green color.  In mid-March, temperatures begin to rise again as brine shrimp begin hatching.  By late April, juvenile, and adult brine shrimp fill the water, serving as food for migrating and breeding birds.
3. Brine shrimp are smaller in highly salty water and larger in less salty water. Also, salinity levels also affect the rate of sexual development. Higher salinities produce adults who reach maturity quicker but are shorter in length. As salinity increases, the abdomen becomes longer relative to body length.  Low salinity may also cause cysts to crack prematurely, as well as allowing other competitors into the ecosystem.  High salinity results in offspring that develop quickly but are smaller and have a relatively longer abdomen.  In short, effects of abiotic conditions on brine shrimp are development rate, the rate of sexual maturity, the overall length of the abdomen, amount/type of food available, cyst density and location.
4. One limiting factor of brine shrimp are predators: corixids that consume brine shrimp, grebes that consume brine shrimp and their cysts, and humans that commercially harvest brine shrimp cysts.  Another limiting factor for brine shrimp is cooler temperatures.  They are much more productive in warmer water and consume more phytoplankton.  However, when the lake water temperature is cold, the shrimp population tends to decline. 
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A shift in police focus away from serving political bosses and toward serving the law was a characteristic of the: What does 10/2-3(50) equal to? hownare the three major monotheistic religions the same and different Why was liberation theology so popular in latin america in the 1960s? When you open a solid room air freshener, the solid slowly loses mass and volume. How do you think this happens? Convention delegates from smaller states were in favor of _____.a strong central governmenta federal executive of more than one persona legislature with a Senate and a House of Representativesa single National Executive 1.Judy took $30 with her to spend on popcorn and drinks for herself and her friends at the movie theater. The price for each bag of popcorn was $5. The price of each drink was half the price of a bag of popcorn. 2.Graph the piecewise function The owner of a building needs to remove several shingles. Instead of lifting the shingles up by hand, he decides to use a long crowbar as a lever to lift them. By using this simple machine, the man is the amount of force needed to do the job, and he is the distance over which the force is applied. how is the inheritance pattern between parents and offspring represented diagrammatically Write the standard form of the line that passes through the point (1, 5) and is parallel to the x-axis. Include your work in your final answer. Type your answer in the box provided or use the upload option to submit your solution. Richard Caswell came to North Carolina from Maryland when he was 17 as a ? The conformity seen in sheriff's (1936) study was most likely the result of Dickinson's poem "the snake" was published by _____ in his newspaper without emily's knowledge. why did canada want to increase its population during the mid to late 1900sA. Canada wanted more workers to populate the territories B. Canada needed more workers to increase industry C. Canada needed people with new ideas D. Canada needed a more diverse population Choose the answer that correctly completes the sentence. Mis primas __________ mis mejores amigas. (1 point) Question 7 options: 1) son 2) eres 3) sois 4) es Which clinical manifestation occurs in a client with vasopressin deficiency? All living things are made of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells which is found in both cells What are the acceptable conditions for issuing a warrant for arrest or search? When a firm is consistently more profitable than its competitors, it has achieved? Rewrite the expression 3a^2b^3c^5/8x^4y^3z so that it has no denominator. Steam Workshop Downloader