The following feature is excerpted from TIME Martin Luther King, Jr.: His Life and Legacy, available at retailers and at the Time Shop
Revolutions tend to be measured in blood. From Lexington and the Bastille to the streets of Algiers, the toll on a repressed people seeking freedom is steep. But what does it take for a people to absorb degrading insults, physical attack and political repression in hopes that their oppressors will see the error in their ways? For Martin Luther King Jr., it was a dream.
Over the course of a decade, King became synonymous with nonviolent direct action as he worked to overturn systemic segregation and racism across the southern United States. The civil rights movement formed the guidebook for a new era of protest. Whether it be responding to wars or protesting an unpopular administration at home, or the “color revolutions” across Europe and elsewhere overseas, the legacy of moral victory begetting actual change has been borne out time and again. The movement’s enduring influence is a far cry from its humble beginnings.
In March 1956, 90 defendants stood in wait in an aging Greek-revival courthouse in Montgomery, Ala. They faced the same charge: an obscure, decades-old anti-union law making it a misdemeanor to plot to interfere with a company’s business “without a just cause or legal excuse.” Their offense? Boycotting the city’s buses.
Young, old and from all walks of life—24 were clergymen—what united them was their dark skin and their act of quiet rebellion. First to face the judge was Martin Luther King Jr., 27, the youthful pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery. Almost four months earlier, a black seamstress named Rosa Parks had sparked a boycott of the city’s privately owned bus services after she was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white patron. Within days, the Montgomery Improvement Association was formed to organize private carpools to compete with the buses. King, who had moved to the city only two years earlier, was quickly elected its leader.
Answer:
by organizing peaceful protests
What conflicting feelings does Kollwitz have about war and patriotism?
Kathe Kollwitz was punished for her 'unpatriotic' remorse and for ... Where do all these women find the courage to send their dear ones to the front to face the guns, when they have watched over them all their lives with such loving care
Answer:
On her diary, she viewed war as the separation of friends who was once good together, are now perceived as enemies.
For patriotism she views it as unclear situation for the future of the country
Explanation:
Kathe Kollwitz was a mother of a young German soldier who died in 1914, World War 1.
In her war diary, she conveys the thoughts of human suffering and conflicted herself on the war.
On the area of patriotism, she sees everything as being uncertain and questioned why only the youth of a country that always went to war, she further, pointed out that it was also peculiar in all countries. She also narrates on her diary that people who used to be friends before the war, now sees one another as enemies or rivals.
What was the first advantage George Washington had as the first president of the United States
Answer:
George Washington helped shape the office's future role and powers, as well as set both formal and informal precedents for future presidents. Washington believed that it was necessary to strike a delicate balance between making the presidency powerful enough to function effectively in a national government, while also avoiding any image of establishing a monarchy or dictatorship. In the process, President Washington significantly influenced the path for the presidency moving forward, setting standards in all aspects, including political power, military practice, and economic policy.
Explanation:
Explain the key events in the relationship between the United States and Cuba from the rise of Fidel Castro to the aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Answer:
The United States backed Fulgencio Batista regime for a long time, but by 1955 there was growing concern that perhaps a change was needed. When Fidel Castro seized power in 1959 he was invited to visit the United States by then-President Eisenhower. Castro claimed his movement and revolution was Liberal National. However, the nationalization of properties and American companies by the Cuban government was taken as aggression.
In retaliation, the US declared a commercial embargo on Cuba to try to choke Castro's regime. Then in 1961, Kennedy backed a group of Cuban exiles in a coup against Fidel. The invasion was a sound defeat and Castro decided to look for the help of the USSR.
Nikita Krushov, the Soviet leader, offered Castro economic aid and protection from the US and in exchange asked about placing Nuclear Missiles in the Island. The USSR had recently found out that the US had Missiles placed in Turkey.
Castro accepted and officially declared that Cuba was now a communist nation. In 1962 the USSR installed missiles in Cuba. But a spy plane discovered them and tense negotiations ensued. Faced with the prospect of Mutual Assured Destruction, Kennedy and Krushov, agreed to remove the missiles from Cuba and Turkey.
Castro was left out of the negotiations, which damaged Cuba's relationship with the USSR.
Explanation:
"The relationship between the United States and Cuba has been shaped by a series of significant events, particularly from the rise of Fidel Castro to the aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Here is an overview of the key events during this period:
1. Fidel Castro's Rise to Power (1959): Fidel Castro led a revolutionary movement against the authoritarian government of Fulgencio Batista in Cuba. On January 1, 1959, Batista fled the country, and Castro's forces took control of Havana. Initially, the United States recognized the new government, but relations quickly soured as Castro's policies became more radical and aligned with communism.
2. Nationalization of Industries (1960): Castro's government began to nationalize industries, including those owned by American companies, without compensation. This action severely strained relations with the United States, which responded by imposing trade restrictions on Cuba.
3. Break in Diplomatic Relations (1961): The United States severed diplomatic relations with Cuba on January 3, 1961, after the Cuban government demanded a reduction in the number of American diplomats in Havana.
4. Bay of Pigs Invasion (April 1961): A group of Cuban exiles, trained and funded by the CIA, attempted to invade Cuba at the Bay of Pigs. The invasion failed miserably, strengthening Castro's position in Cuba and causing embarrassment for the Kennedy administration.
5. Cuban Missile Crisis (October 1962): The most critical event in the US-Cuba relationship was the Cuban Missile Crisis. The United States discovered that the Soviet Union was installing nuclear missiles in Cuba, just 90 miles off the American coast. This led to a tense 13-day standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union. The crisis was resolved when the Soviet Union agreed to remove the missiles in exchange for a US pledge not to invade Cuba and the secret removal of US missiles from Turkey.
6. Aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis: Following the crisis, the United States and the Soviet Union established a direct communication link (the ""hotline"") to prevent future misunderstandings. The crisis also led to the first arms control agreements between the two superpowers, including the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1963.
7. Ongoing Tensions and Embargo (1960s-present): The United States maintained a strict trade embargo on Cuba, which was codified into law with the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 and the Helms-Burton Act of 1996. The embargo aimed to weaken the Castro regime and encourage a transition to democracy.
8. Thaw in Relations (2014-2016): In December 2014, President Barack Obama announced a historic thaw in relations with Cuba, which included the re-establishment of diplomatic relations, the opening of embassies in Havana and Washington, D.C., and the easing of some travel and trade restrictions.
9. Reversal of Policies (2017-present): The administration of President Donald Trump reversed some of the Obama-era policies, tightening restrictions on travel and trade, and emphasizing a return to a policy of isolating Cuba.
These events have collectively defined the tumultuous relationship between the United States and Cuba, with implications that have extended beyond the Cold War era and continue to influence the foreign policy of both nations."