The electrode potential values of [tex]{\text{L}}{{\text{i}}^ + }[/tex] ,[tex]{\text{N}}{{\text{a}}^ + }[/tex] and [tex]{{\text{K}}^ + }[/tex] are [tex]\boxed{ - 3.045{\text{ V}}}[/tex] , [tex]\boxed{ - {\text{2}}{\text{.714 V}}}[/tex] and [tex]\boxed{ - {\text{2}}{\text{.925 V}}}[/tex]respectively.
Further explanation:
Electrochemical cells are the devices that are used to generate an electric current from the energy released by the spontaneous redox reaction. Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between the chemical species by oxidation and reduction process. The oxidation process represents the loss of electrons and reduction process represents the gain of electrons.
In order to determine the standard reduction potential, the electrode is coupled with standard hydrogen electrode as illustrated in the attached image. The SHE acts as anode and the metal electrode acts as the cathode. The value of reduction potential for hydrogen has been assigned as 0.00 V.
The formula to calculate cell potential [tex]\left( {{E_{{\text{cell}}}}} \right)[/tex] of the reaction when the reduction occurs as cathode and oxidation occur at anode is as follows:
[tex]{E_{{\text{cell}}}} = {E_{{\text{cathode}}}} - {E_{{\text{anode}}}}[/tex]
The expression of Nernst equation that relates the reduction potential of a half or full electrochemical cell reaction to the standard electrode potential is given as,
[tex]{E_{{\text{cell}}}} = E_{{\text{cell}}}^\circ - \dfrac{{2.303RT}}{{nF}}\log \dfrac{{\left[ P \right]}}{{\left[ R \right]}}[/tex] ……. (1)
Here,
[tex]{E_{{\text{cell}}}}[/tex] is cell potential.
[tex]E_{{\text{cell}}}^\circ[/tex] is standard cell potential.
[tex]R[/tex] is gas constant and is equal to [tex]8.314{\text{ J/K}} \cdot {\text{mol}}[/tex].
[tex]T[/tex] is temperature.
[tex]n[/tex] denotes the number of moles of electrons transferred in the reaction.
[tex]F[/tex] is Faraday constant and is equal to [tex]95484.56{\text{ C/mol}}[/tex] .
[tex]\left[ P \right][/tex] is the concentration of product.
[tex]\left[ R \right][/tex] is the concentration of reactant.
At standard temperature [tex]25\;^\circ {\text{C}}\left( {298{\text{ K}}} \right)[/tex] the value of [tex]\dfrac{{2.303RT}}{F}[/tex] is equal to [tex]0.0592{\text{ V}}[/tex]. Thus the equation(1) is written as,
[tex]{E_{{\text{cell}}}} = E_{{\text{cell}}}^\circ - \dfrac{{0.0591}}{n}\log \dfrac{{\left[ P \right]}}{{\left[ R \right]}}[/tex] …… (2)
Knowing the concentration of the electrolyte solutions taken in the cathodic compartment and substituting the values in the Nernst equation gives the reduction potential for the half cell.
The electrode potential values of [tex]{\mathbf{L}}{{\mathbf{i}}^{\mathbf{ + }}}[/tex] ,[tex]{\mathbf{N}}{{\mathbf{a}}^{\mathbf{ + }}}[/tex] and [tex]{{\mathbf{K}}^{\mathbf{ + }}}[/tex] are [tex]{\mathbf{ - 3}}{\mathbf{.045 V}}[/tex], [tex]{\mathbf{ - 2}}{\mathbf{.714 V}}[/tex] and [tex]{\mathbf{ - 2}}{\mathbf{.925 V}}[/tex] respectively as determined with respect to standard hydrogen electrode at [tex]{\mathbf{298 K}}[/tex].
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Answer details:
Grade: Senior School
Subject: Chemistry
Chapter: Electrochemistry
Keywords: Electrochemical cells, Redox reactions, Oxidation, reduction, cell potential, half-cell, Nernst equation and Faraday constant.
The reduction potential describes the ease with which electrons are accepted by chemical species.
The term reduction potential is a measure of the ease with which a chemical specie accepts electrons and becomes "reduced". The more negative the reduction potential of a chemical specie, the more difficult it is for that chemical specie to accept electrons and become reduced.
The reduction potentials of lithium, sodium, and potassium are as follows;
Lithium = -3.04 VSodium = -2.71 VPotassium = -2.93 VLearn more: https://brainly.com/question/11969651
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What do earth scientists study? What are some areas that they investigate? What kinds of questions do they ask? Why is it important to study earth science?
Earth scientists study the physical aspects, processes, and history of the Earth through disciplines like geology, oceanography, meteorology, environmental science, and even astronomy. They address important questions regarding natural resources, geological hazards, and environmental impacts. The study of Earth science is crucial for understanding climate change, managing natural disasters, and guiding the sustainable use of resources.
What Do Earth Scientists Study?
Earth scientists are concerned with understanding the various aspects of the Earth and its processes. They investigate fields such as geology, which is the study of Earth's material and structures, oceanography, focusing on the oceans, and meteorology, which deals with the atmosphere, climate, and weather. Additionally, environmental science looks at the effects of human activities on the environment, and astronomy extends beyond Earth to study the solar system, galaxy, and universe.
Relevant Questions in Earth Science
Earth scientists ask a variety of critical questions, such as how do geological events like earthquakes and volcanoes impact human society? What can the rock cycle tell us about Earth materials? They also explore how climate is changing and the mechanisms of seismic activity. Their work can involve developing models to understand Earth's processes and determining geologic time through the analysis of rock formations.
Importance of Studying Earth Science
Studying Earth Science is vital for several reasons: to satisfy human curiosity, understand the evolution of life, search for resources, assess geological hazard risks, and analyze past environmental and climate changes to understand current human impacts. Furthermore, insights from Earth science are indispensable for addressing some of the biggest problems we face today, such as climate change, natural disasters, and the sustainable management of natural resources.
Interdisciplinary Connections
Earth science is inherently interdisciplinary, connecting with other fields such as biology, physics, chemistry, and various societal domains. Collaboration with these disciplines helps Earth scientists to deepen their understanding and address complex challenges.
Granite was formed slowly as magma cooled. What is the result of the slow cooling?
Smooth texture
Large crystals
Fine grains
Air pockets
Granite was formed slowly as magma cooled. The result of the slow cooling is large crystals. The correct option is B.
What is magma?Magma is the hot molten lava or rocks. It is present in the center of the earth's crust. It is very hot and present in molten form. Due to the very high temperature in between the earth's crust, molten lava is present.
This molten, hot lava came out from the earth's surface in the form of lava from volcanoes. Volcanoes are the mountains that erupt lava. They are present in many places. They erupt when there is an earthquake.
When the magma cooled down, the lava convert into rocks or other minerals. These minerals are formed as large crystals. Because there is an accumulation of air between these rocks.
Thus, the correct option is B. Large crystals.
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The simple model below is a neutral magnesium (Mg) atom with the element’s most common mass number.
What must happen to an atom of magnesium in order to become a magnesium ion Mg+2?
a. It must lose two neutrons and become a different isotope.
b. It must gain two neutrons and become a different isotope.
c. It must lose two electrons and become an ion.
d. It must gain two electrons and become an ion.
All I know is that it is NOT D
Answer is: c. It must lose two electrons and become an ion.
Magnesium (Mg) is metal from 2. group of Periodic table of elements and has low ionisation energy and electronegativity, which means it easily lose valence electons (two valence electrons).
Magnesium has atomic number 12, which means it has 12 protons and 12 electrons. It lost two electrons to form magnesium cation (Mg²⁺) with stable electron configuration like closest noble gas neon (Ne) with 10 electrons.
Electron configuration of magnesium ion: ₁₂Mg²⁺ 1s² 2s² 2p⁶.
How does your body get the energy that it needs to do all of its daily activities? Describe the energy conversion that take place.
The human body gets the energy it needs for daily activities through cellular respiration. Glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. This energy conversion takes place in several steps, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain.
Explanation:The human body gets the energy it needs to do daily activities through a process called cellular respiration. This is the conversion of food into energy at the cellular level. During cellular respiration, glucose (a type of sugar) is broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the main source of usable energy in cells.
Here is the step-by-step process of energy conversion that takes place:
Food is ingested and broken down into smaller molecules. For example, complex carbohydrates like starches are broken down into simple sugars like glucose.Glucose enters the cells and undergoes a series of chemical reactions called glycolysis, which occurs in the cytoplasm. During glycolysis, glucose is converted into pyruvate and a small amount of ATP is produced.If oxygen is present, pyruvate enters the mitochondria where it goes through a series of reactions known as the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain. These reactions further break down the pyruvate and produce more ATP.At the end of the electron transport chain, oxygen accepts electrons and combines with hydrogen ions to form water.The energy released during these reactions is used to produce ATP, which is then used by cells to power various activities like muscle contractions, nerve impulses, and synthesis of molecules.The human body acquires energy by metabolizing nutrients to form ATP, the energy currency of cells. This energy supports all bodily functions and activities. Excess energy is stored as fat, and the overall process is part of the body's metabolism.
Explanation:Energy Conversion in the Human Body
The human body requires energy to perform various activities ranging from cellular processes to physical labor. Our bodies acquire energy by metabolizing nutrients from food, primarily through a process known as cellular respiration. This process converts the chemical energy present in food into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which cells utilize to perform functions such as muscle contraction, molecule synthesis, and cellular transport. When we are at rest, the body consumes energy to maintain basic physiological functions like breathing and circulating blood, while during physical activities, much more energy is required to perform useful work.
The flow of energy through living systems, known as bioenergetics, dictates that the energy from food undergoes a conversion process. This includes the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into simple sugars and dietary amino acids into proteins, understanding that some chemical reactions within cells release energy (exergonic) and others require energy (endergonic). The aggregate of these reactions is referred to as metabolism. If we consume more energy than what's needed for daily activities and maintaining body temperature, the excess is stored as fat.
In summary, the conversion of chemical energy from food involves a series of metabolic processes that ultimately result in the generation of ATP, which powers various cellular and bodily functions. It is critical for the maintenance of life and allows humans to perform all manners of work, from the most mundane to the most strenuous of tasks.
Balance the following equation CH4+O2—>CO2+H2O
Answer:
[tex]\huge \boxed{\mathrm{CH_4+ 2O_2 \Rightarrow CO_2 +2 H_2O}}[/tex]
[tex]\rule[225]{225}{2}[/tex]
Explanation:
[tex]\sf CH_4+ O_2 \Rightarrow CO_2 + H_2O[/tex]
Balancing the Hydrogen atoms on the right side,
[tex]\sf CH_4+ O_2 \Rightarrow CO_2 +2 H_2O[/tex]
Balancing the Oxygen atoms on the left side,
[tex]\sf CH_4+ 2O_2 \Rightarrow CO_2 +2 H_2O[/tex]
[tex]\rule[225]{225}{2}[/tex]
The balanced chemical equation for the chemical change is CH₄ + 2 O₂[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] CO₂ + 2 H₂O.
What is chemical equation?Chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction which is written in the form of symbols and chemical formulas.The reactants are present on the left hand side while the products are present on the right hand side.
A plus sign is present between reactants and products if they are more than one in any case and an arrow is present pointing towards the product side which indicates the direction of the reaction .There are coefficients present next to the chemical symbols and formulas .
The first chemical equation was put forth by Jean Beguin in 1615.By making use of chemical equations the direction of reaction ,state of reactants and products can be stated. In the chemical equations even the temperature to be maintained and catalyst can be mentioned.
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A piece of copper is placed in an unknown solution. After some time, the copper becomes thinner, and the solution becomes blue. Which half-reaction is correctly identified for this reaction? A. Copper is reduced by losing electrons. B. Copper is oxidized by gaining electrons. C. Copper is reduced by gaining electrons. D. Copper is oxidized by losing electrons.
Answer:
Copper is oxidized by losing electrons
Explanation:
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What is the mass (in grams) of 8.45 x 1023 molecules of dextrose: C6H12O6 (Mw. 180.16 g/mol)?
The mass of 8.45 x 10^23 molecules of dextrose is calculated by dividing the number of molecules by Avogadro's number to find the moles, and then multiplying by the molar mass, resulting in 252.74 grams.
Explanation:The question asks about calculating the mass of 8.45 x 1023 molecules of dextrose (C6H12O6). To find the mass in grams, we need to know how many moles of dextrose these molecules correspond to and use the molar mass of C6H12O6.
First, we establish the number of moles of dextrose by utilizing Avogadro's number (6.022 x 1023 molecules/mol). This is done by dividing the given number of molecules (8.45 x 1023) by Avogadro's number:
Number of moles = 8.45 x 1023 molecules / 6.022 x 1023 molecules/mol = 1.403 moles.Next, we multiply the number of moles by the molar mass of dextrose to find the mass:Mass = 1.403 moles x 180.16 g/mol = 252.74 g.Therefore, the mass of 8.45 x 1023 molecules of dextrose is 252.74 grams.
The body temperature of humans fluctuates only slightly during the day. This is an example of which characteristic of life?
Which properties change the composition of a substance?
A. Chemical Properties.
B. Physical properties
C. Chemical and physical properties
D. Neither chemical nor physical
Please help.
Consider the following representation where A and B are reactants.
A + B  products
Which rate law correctly applies to this reaction?
k[A]
k[AB]
k[B]
k[A][B]
An atom with 7 protons, 6 neutrons, and 7 electrons has an atomic mass of _____ amu. (Enter a whole number.)
Answer : An atom with 7 protons, 6 neutrons, and 7 electrons has an atomic mass of 13 amu.
Explanation :
As we are give that,
Number of protons = 7
Number of electrons = 7
Number of neutrons = 6
As we know that,
Atomic number =Number of protons = Number of electrons = 7
Atomic mass = Number of neutrons + Atomic number
Atomic mass = 6 + 7 = 13 amu
Therefore, the atomic mass is, 13 amu
Bromine (Br) is a halogen.
Given the information in the statement, what can be inferred as true about bromine?
Bromine does not react easily with other atoms.
Bromine tends to form anions when in chemical reactions with metals.
Bromine has seven electrons and seven protons.
Bromine tends to form covalent bonds when in chemical reactions with metals.
Sketch space-filling models of a hydrogen molecule (H2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)..
calculate the number of atoms in 1.004 mol bismuth
To calculate the number of atoms in 1.004 mol of bismuth, multiply the number of moles by Avogadro's number (6.02 x 10^23 atoms/mol). The answer is 6.05 x 10^23 atoms.
Explanation:To calculate the number of atoms in 1.004 mol of bismuth, we can use Avogadro's number. Avogadro's number is approximately 6.02 x 1023 atoms/mol. So, we can calculate the number of atoms as follows:
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To find the number of atoms in 1.004 moles of bismuth, multiply the moles by Avogadro's number (6.022 x 10²³). Hence, there are approximately 6.046 x 10²³ atoms in 1.004 moles of bismuth.
Calculate the number of atoms in 1.004 mol bismuth
To calculate the number of atoms in 1.004 moles of bismuth, you can use Avogadro's number, which is 6.022 x 10²³atoms per mole.
Identify the number of moles given: 1.004 mol
Multiply the number of moles by Avogadro's number:
Number of atoms = 1.004 mol × 6.022 × 10²³ atoms/mol
= 6.046 × 10²³ atoms
Therefore, there are approximately 6.046 x 10²³ atoms in 1.004 moles of bismuth.
Calculate the mass of 4.50 moles of Ca3(PO3)4
Answer: 1962.513u
Explanation:
Ca3(PO3)4
Ca = 40.078u
P = 30.97u
O = 16u
1 mole of Ca3(PO3)4 =(3*40.078) + 4[(16*3) + 30.97]
1 mole = 120.234 + 315.88 = 436.114g/mol
If 1 mole = 436.114g/mole
4.5 mole = x?
Cross multiply and make x the subject,
x = 4.5*436.114/1
= 1962.513g/mol
Therefore, 4.5 moles of Ca(PO3)4 equals 1962.513g/mole
The total amount of energy in an object is called __________ energy.
A. heat
B. thermal
C. temperature
D. electrical
? please help fast.
To treat certain forms of cancer, physicians may choose to irradiate the body with high-energy radiation. Why does this therapy work?
Which shows the correct order of steps when using natural gas to generate electricity?
A. Energy is converted → gas is burned → boiling water makes steam → steam turns turbines
B. Gas is burned → boiling water makes steam → steam turns turbines → energy is converted
C. Boiling water makes steam → steam turns turbines → energy is converted → gas is burned
D. Steam turns turbines → gas is burned → energy is converted → boiling water makes steam
The correct order of steps when using natural gas to generate electricity is Gas is burned → boiling water makes steam → steam turns turbines → energy is converted.
What is Energy?This is defined as the capacity and the ability to do work and examples include electrical energy etc.
Natural gas generates electricity by it being burned to convert water to steam after which it turns the turbines and converts to electrical energy.
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What is the third ionization energy of titanium?
Metals are supposed to give electron easily so their ionization energy is low as compared to metals. Third ionization energy of Titanium is 2652.5KJ/mole
What is ionization energy?Ionization energy is the amount of energy that is required to take out the electron from the outermost shell of an atom. Since energy is given to the element, process is endothermic and the given energy is positive
Ti belongs to D block of periodic table. It is metal so its ionization energy will be not so high as metals release electron very easily.
Electronic configuration of Titanium is [Ar]3d²4s²
The first ionization energy is [Ar]3d²4s¹
The second ionization energy is [Ar]3d²
The third ionization energy is [Ar]3d1
Thus value of third ionization energy comes out to be 2652.5KJ/mole
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Using the periodic table, choose the more reactive non-metal. S or As
Answer: More reactive non-metal is Sulfur (S).
Explanation:
Non-metals are defined as the elements which have the tendency to gain electrons.
A reactive non-metal is the one which gains electrons easily.
In a periodic table, the reactivity of non-metals increases as we move across a period and decreases as we move down the group.
Sulfur belongs to group 16 and period 3 of the periodic table while Arsenic belongs to group 15 and period 4 of the periodic table.
Hence, Sulfur is a more reactive non-metal.
Cobalt, a transition metal, forms both the Co2+ and Co3+ ions. Which of the following are the correct formulas and names for the oxides formed by the two different ions? (You’ll have to choose more than one)
a) CoO3, cobalt(III) oxide
b) CoO3, cobalt(II) oxide
c) Co2O3, cobalt(III) oxide
d) CoO3, cobalt(II) oxide
e) CoO3, cobalt(III) trioxide
f) CoO, cobalt(II) oxide
g) Co2O, cobalt(II) oxide
h) Co2O, cobalt(III) oxide
Well to solve this problem, we must remember that Oxygen in ionic form is Oxide O2- (an electric charge of negative 2). Hence the correct formulas and names taking into account the charge of Oxygen are:
c) Co2O3, cobalt(III) oxide
f) CoO, cobalt(II) oxide
The correct formulas and names for the oxides of cobalt are CoO, cobalt(II) oxide and Co2O3, cobalt(III) oxide based on the different oxidation states of Cobalt ions.
Explanation:The correct formulas and names for the oxides formed by cobalt's two different ions, Co2+ and Co3+, are CoO, cobalt(II) oxide and Co2O3, cobalt(III) oxide.
These names are determined by the oxidation state of the cobalt ion in the compound. For cobalt(II), the oxidation state is +2, which when combined with the -2 charge from the single oxygen atom, gives a neutral compound of CoO. For cobalt(III), the oxidation state is +3, which with the -2 charge from each of the three oxygen atoms, again gives a neutral compound - this time of Co2O3.
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The mixture you separated was a mixture of iron filings, sand, and salt. Based on your understanding of matter, is this mixture a homogeneous mixture or heterogeneous mixture? How do you know?
Homogeneous mixture-the parts are not uniformly mixed
Homogeneous mixture-the parts are uniformly mixed
Heterogeneous mixture-the parts are uniformly mixed
Heterogeneous mixture-the parts are not uniformly mixed
A sample containing 0.213g Cl- is dissolved in 50.0ml of water how many moles of Cl- are in the solution?
Answer:
There are 0.006 moles of Cl- in the solution.
Explanation:
To solve this problem you should think in te concept of molar mass, the molar mass of Cl- is 35.45 grs/mol (it has the same mass as Cl, because electrons doesn´t contribute with significant mass). So,
35.45 grs --------- 1 mol Cl-
0.213 grs --------- x = 0.006 moles Cl-
There are 0.006 moles of Cl- in the solution.
Water (h2o) is composed of the same elements as hydrogen peroxide (h2o2). Why do these substances have different properties?
For the equation 3 H2SO4 + 2 Al —> 3 H2 + Al2(SO4)3 , suppose you wish to prepare 28.7 grams of H2. How many grams of H2SO4 and of Al would you require so that all of the H2SO4 and Al were combined?
Final answer:
To produce 28.7 grams of H₂, 1394.26 grams of H₂SO4 and 255.6 grams of Al are required, based on the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation.
Explanation:
To determine the amounts of H₂SO4 and Al needed to produce 28.7 grams of H₂, we start with the balanced chemical equation: 2 Al + 3 H₂SO4 → Al₂(SO4)₃ + 3 H₂.
First, we calculate the moles of H₂ produced using its molar mass (2.02 g/mol). For 28.7 grams of H₂, that's 28.7g / 2.02 g/mol = 14.21 mol of H₂. Based on the reaction stoichiometry, for every 3 moles of H₂ produced, 3 moles of H₂SO4 are needed, and 2 moles of Al are required.
Therefore, we require 14.21 mol of H₂SO4 and 9.47 mol of Al. The molar mass of H₂SO4 is 98.09 g/mol, so we need 14.21 mol × 98.09 g/mol = 1394.26 grams of H₂SO4.
The molar mass of Al is 26.98 g/mol, hence 9.47 mol × 26.98 g/mol = 255.6 grams of Al.
The atomic symbols of nitrogen and oxygen are N and O, respectively. The chemical formula of a particular substance is NO2. Which of the following is a correct description of the substance?
A.
a compound made up of 2 nitrogen atoms and 2 oxygen atoms
B.
an element made up of 2 nitrogen atoms and 2 oxygen atoms
C.
a compound made up of 1 nitrogen atom and 2 oxygen atoms
D.
an element made up of 1 nitrogen atom and 1 oxygen atom
Answer:
The correct answer is option C.
Explanation:
Atomic symbol of nitrogen = N
Atomic symbol of oxygen = O
In the chemical formula = [tex]NO_2[/tex]
The given molecular formula of compound indicate its one molecule is made up of 1 nitrogen atom and 2 oxygen atoms.
A man is making chicken noodle soup and has found it to be too salty
What method could he use to make the soup less salty
A. Bring the soup to a boil so that some of the broth evaporates
B. Wait for the soup to get cold and then reheat it
C. Add equal measured amounts of water to the soup
D. Stir the solution while its being heated
What is the limiting reactant when 6.8 moles of iron react with 8.9 moles of oxygen gas?
Unbalanced equation: Fe + O2 → Fe2O3
4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3
observe that you were given the amounts of each substance in moles
The independent variables, the ones that are intentionally manipulated, are ____
A. temperature, acidity, surface area, and percentage of mass remaining.
B. temperature, acidity, mineral composition and surface area
C. acidity, mineral composition, percentage of mass remaining and temperature
D. acidity, mineral composition, temperature, and percentage of mass remaining.
15 points! I have until 4:00 pm
Answer: B. temperature, acidity, mineral composition and surface area
Independent variables are those which can be changed and manipulated in the experiment the effect of which can be observed on the changes that occur in the dependent variable. For example the effect of quantity of manure and water on the height of the plant. Here, quantity of manure and water are the independent variables and the height is the dependent variable.
The temperature is the independent variable because the level of temperature can be increased or lowered down manually.
The acidity is the independent variable because the acidity can be manipulated by addition of chemicals that exhibit more hydrogen ions.
Mineral composition can be manipulated and it is an independent variable by treating a mineral with a suitable chemical this will bring a change in the chemical composition of the mineral.
Surface area is the independent variable because it is the total area required for the conduction of the experiment . The surface area can be increased or decreased.
in a solution the substance that does the dissolving is called a solute B solvent C saturated D precipitate
the answer is solvent i took the test