The equation for the photosynthesis reaction in which carbon dioxide and water react to form glucose is . The hear reaction is the difference between the bond dissociation energies in the products and the bond dissociation energies of the reactants
The reactant molecules have 12 C = O, 12 H - O bonds while the product molecules have 5 C - C, 7 C – O, 5 H – O, and 6 O = O bonds. The average bond dissociation energies for the bonds involved in the reaction are 191 for C = O, 112 for H – O, 83 C –C, 99 C – H, 86 C – O, 119 O = O.
Substitute the average bond dissociation energies in the equation for and calculate as follows
= [12 (C=O) + 12 (H-O)] – [5(C-C) + 7(C-H) + 7 (C-O) + 5(H-O) + 6(O=O)]
= [12x191 kcal/mol + 12x112 kcal//mol] – [5x83 kcal/mol + 7x99 kcal/mol + 7x86 kcal/mol + 5x112 kcal/mol + 6x119 kcal/mol]
= 3636 kcal/mol – 2984 kcal/mol = 652 kcal/mol x 4.184 Kj/1kcal = 2.73x10^3 kJ/mol
So, enthalpy change for the reaction is 652 kcal/mol or 2.73x10^3 kJ/mol
To estimate ΔH for the reaction, calculate the sum of bond dissociation energies for all the bonds broken and formed. Use the bond dissociation energies from Table 7.1 and convert ΔH from kJ to kcal.
Explanation:To estimate ΔH for the reaction, we need to calculate the sum of the bond dissociation energies for all the bonds broken and formed. C6H12O6 has five C−C bonds, seven C−H bonds, seven C−O bonds, and five O−H bonds. Using the bond dissociation energies from Table 7.1, we can calculate the total energy of the bonds broken and formed and determine the enthalpy change. Each bond's energy is multiplied by the number of moles of that bond in the reaction.
The bond dissociation energy values are given in kJ/mol, so we need to convert to kcal. 1 kcal is equal to 4.184 kJ. Therefore, we can divide the calculated enthalpy change value by 4.184 to get the value in kcal.
Here is the step-by-step calculation:
Total energy of bonds broken = (5 C−C bonds) × (bond dissociation energy of C−C bond)Total energy of bonds formed = (7 C−H bonds) × (bond dissociation energy of C−H bond) + (7 C−O bonds) × (bond dissociation energy of C−O bond) + (5 O−H bonds) × (bond dissociation energy of O−H bond)ΔH = Total energy of bonds broken - Total energy of bonds formedConvert ΔH from kJ to kcal by dividing by 4.184Learn more about Estimating ΔH for a reaction here:https://brainly.com/question/34225974
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What type of energy is present in the batteries of a flashlight? Mechanical energy Electrical energy Chemical energy Radiant energy
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Why? Because if you search or look at a inside of a battery you'll see that it is made up of weird chemicals and stuff
(If you actually do look inside of a battery make sure to dispose correctly because it is dangerous.)
The type of energy present in the batteries of a flashlight is chemical energy.
Chemical energy is the energy stored in the bonds between atoms and molecules. When the batteries are used, the chemical energy is converted into electrical energy, which powers the flashlight.
Mechanical energy is the energy of motion. Radiant energy is the energy of light. Both of these types of energy are not present in batteries.
The chemical energy in the batteries is stored in the form of ions. When the batteries are used, the ions react with each other and release electrons. The electrons flow through the flashlight, creating an electric current. The electric current powers the light bulb in the flashlight, which produces light.
The chemical energy in the batteries is not infinite. Eventually, the batteries will run out of energy and the flashlight will stop working.
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The amount of energy in the bonds of the reactants plus any energy absorbed equals the amount of energy in the bonds of the products plus any energy _____.
True or false.
A bond between a metal atom and a nonmetal atom is likely an iconic bond
Which of the following is an example of physical weathering? Frost wedging Acid rain Oxidation Carbonic acid
An example of physical weathering has been frost wedging. Thus, option A is correct.
Physical weathering has been defined as the act of breaking of rocks under the influence of physical pressure. The physical weathering can be caused by slowly moving of water, plant roots or ice wedging.
In ice wedging or frost wedging, the water moves in the cracks of rocks and results in the expansion with conversion to solid state. The expansion results in the physical weathering of rocks.
Thus, an example of physical weathering has been frost wedging. Thus, option A is correct.
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how many protons are in an element with an atomic number of 8 and a mass of 18?
A:3
B:8
C:10
D:18
What is an advantage of a multicellular organism?
A.Specialized cells perform specific functions.
B.Smaller cells operate more efficiently
C.Different types of cells do not need to communicate.
D.The cells are simpler. .
The empirical formula for a compound is CH2. If n is a whole number, which shows a correct relationship between the molecular formula and the empirical formula?
Answer : The correct relationship between the molecular formula and the empirical formula is, [tex]\text{molecular mass}=n\times \text{empirical mass}[/tex]
Explanation :
Empirical formula : It is the simplest form of the chemical formula which depicts the whole number of atoms of each element present in the compound.
Molecular formula : it is the chemical formula which depicts the actual number of atoms of each element present in the compound.
For determining the molecular formula, we need to determine the valency which is multiplied by each element to get the molecular formula.
The equation used to calculate the valency is :
[tex]n=\frac{\text{molecular mass}}{\text{empirical mass}}[/tex]
As we are given that the empirical formula of a compound is [tex]CH_2[/tex].
[tex]\text{molecular mass}=n\times \text{empirical mass}[/tex]
Thus, the molecular formula will be, [tex](CH_2)_n[/tex]
How many Dalmatian puppies are in Pongo and Perdita’s litter?
Why do nuclear power plant's use fission in stead of fusion
Answer: You may remember that an element can exist in different forms, called isotopes. These differ only in the number of neutrons of their nuclei.
Explanation: The nuclei of some isotopes break apart naturally to form new elements, releasing energy. This is called nuclear decay. When neutrons are absorbed by nuclei and then cause nuclei to break apart, the reaction is called nuclear fission. Nuclear fission happens every day in nuclear power plants. It supplies the heat necessary to make the steam used to generate electricity.
What is the benefit of cooking food to break down dietary fiber?(culinary)
It enhances appearance.
It enhances taste.
It improves digestibility.
It increases nutrition.
It increases shelf life
Answer: Option (c) is the correct answer.
Explanation:
When dietary fiber is broken down then it divides into smaller pieces and therefore, it becomes easier for gastric acid and digestive enzymes in the stomach to digest the food.
Therefore, we can conclude that out of the given options the benefit of cooking food to break down dietary fiber is that it helps in improving digestibility.
science question down below
What do diamonds , the lead in pencils and coal have in common?
Which ability do all organism have? A. quick escape from predators B. changing shape to blend into their surroundings C. consuming other organisms D. reproduction
the chemical formula of glucose is C6H12O6 so it is classified as a [n] A.solution B.mixture C.element D.pure substance
The molar mass of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) is 102.0 g/mol. What is the correct way to write the inverted molar mass of aluminum oxide as a conversion factor?
Answer: 1 mol Al2O3/102.0 g Al2O3
The molar mass of the metal oxide M2O is 231.74 g/mol. What is the molar mass of the chloride of this metal?
What is the result of fusion reactions?
(А) a new element or different atom formed from the original two
(B) two atoms chemically bonded
(C) two new or different atoms formed from the original
(D) pure energy only
Final answer:
In nuclear fusion, two or more atomic nuclei combine to form a new element or different atom (A), such as helium from hydrogen. Some of the mass is converted into energy, not resulting in pure energy only. Fusion powers stars and releases significant energy in the process.
Explanation:
The result of nuclear fusion reactions is (A) a new element or different atom formed from the original two. During a fusion reaction, two or more atomic nuclei collide at very high speed and join to create a new nucleus. An example of this process is the fusion of deuterium and tritium, light isotopes of hydrogen, which combine to form helium and release energy.
This energy release occurs because some of the mass of the fusing nuclei is converted into energy, following Einstein's mass-energy equivalence principle (E=mc²). Therefore, the result is not pure energy but a combination of a new element and released energy. Nuclear fusion is also the process that powers the stars, where hydrogen atoms fuse to form helium, releasing vast amounts of energy in the form of light and heat.
In summary, option (A) a new element or different atom formed from the original two is the correct result of a fusion reaction, as exemplified by the fusion reaction in stars.
What is the approximate rate of plate movement
The approximate rate of plate movement is different in different regions. It is reported that the annual rate of tectonic plate movement in Atlantic region is about 0.8 cm/yr and that in pacific region is about 4cm/yr.
What is tectonic plates.The layers of earth crust and is called as tectonic plates. This tectonic plates creates the earths lithosphere. Tectonic plates are irregularly placed slabs undergoing some movements.
Lithospheric movement or tectonic movements is caused by the convection current in hot mantle in the earth crust. This current moves the fluid and thereby results in the slight movements of plates.
Thus, the rate of movement of tectonic plate depends on the regional characteristics and ocean crust. The scientific reports says that it is near 0.8 cm per yr in north Atlantic regions and 4cm/ yr in pacific area.
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what is the product (8 x 10^2) x (2.5 x 10^2)
a.2 x 10^2
b.2 x 10^3
c.2 x 10^4
d.2 x 10^5
minerals with the silicon-oxygen structure shown in Figure 2-1 are classified into what group?
A. Sulfates
B. oxides
C. carbonates
D. silicates
Your best answer would be D
Suppose the mass of a dog is 90 pounds. If 1 kilogram is equal to 2.2 pounds, what is the mass of the dog in kilograms?
What determines whether an object will scatter light or reflect light?
Final answer:
Whether an object scatters or reflects light depends on the object's surface properties and light's wavelength. Smooth, shiny surfaces lead to specular reflection, while rough surfaces or small particles cause light to scatter, as in Rayleigh scattering, which gives the sky its blue color.
Explanation:
The distinction between whether an object will scatter light or reflect light depends on the object's properties and the wavelength of light. Specular reflection, following the law that the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence, usually occurs on smooth and shiny surfaces, like a mirror. On the other hand, diffuse reflection or scattering occurs when light encounters rough surfaces or particles much smaller than the light's wavelength, which is the principle behind Rayleigh scattering. Rayleigh scattering, inversely related to the fourth power of the light's wavelength, explains why blue light is scattered more in the atmosphere, making the sky look blue, and why the sun appears yellowish from Earth.
1. If there are 2 grams of product produced by a chemical reaction, how many grams of reactant were consumed?
a. 0 grams
b. 1 gram
c. 2 grams
Due to mass conservation, the weight of the resulting products is the same as the reactants that participated in the reaction, 2 grams of reactant have been consumed.
what three tests must all theories pass to be considered a "proven" theory?
In order to become a scientific theory the three categories that it must pass are the following:
1) Can the phenomena be recreated in a laboratory setting?
2) Can variables be changed, yet still result in like observations?
3) Is the phenomena truly natural or was it the result of a man-made force
enacting upon it?
what does the law of conservation of energy impy
What would you get if you could break an element into its smallest particles
If you break an element into its smallest particles, you will get atoms, because all matter, with elements, is made up of atoms.
What are elements?Chemical elements are pure forms of matter that are present on the earth. They are made up of single types of atoms. And they are also found mixing with other substances on the earth. There are 118 elements in the periodic table.
Atoms are the smallest and basic particle form of which all matter is made up. They are made up of charged particles which are electrons, neutrons, and protons. In the center of the atom, there is a nucleus. Atoms are divisible particles.
As, all matters are made up of atoms, elements are also made up of atoms, so breaking of elements would give atoms.
Thus, you will get atoms by breaking the elements.
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which elements are likely to gain electrons
Elements of nonmetals are likely to gain electrons
Atoms of elements which are non metals tend to gain electrons easily, This is due to their strong Electron affinity( which is the energy involved when an atom gains additional electron).Electron affinity is said to increase across a period , Therefore, The Halogens gain electrons the easiest making achieve the octet state the easiest.When these elements gain electrons, thy become negatively charged and are now terms Anions.See more here: https://brainly.in/question/25700153
1.Which of the following are considered pure substances
heterogeneous mixtures
homogenous mixtures
elements only
elements and compounds
2. Ionic compounds are often formed when a metal atom bonds with a nonmetal atom.Which of the following is an ionic compound and why?
h2O, because both atoms are nonmetals
NH3, because both atoms are nonmetals
NaCI, because sodium is a metal and chlorine is a nonmetal
Na, because sodium is a metal
3.Covalent compounds are formed when two different nonmetals are chemically combined. Which of the following is a covalent compound and why?
h2O, because H and O are two different nonmetals
H, because it is a nonmetal
NaCI, because sodium is a metal and chlorine is a nonmetal
O, because it is a nonmetal
List one benefit and one limitation of using scientific models.
“Models are developed when a scientist’s creativity and insight are combined with data and observations about many similar scenarios”. Models are used for a lot of things in science. As we know everything has advantages and disadvantages, and the same applies to models. Models help us illustrate the concept and formulate hypothesis. When models are used, the scientists are able to notice patterns and develop and revise representation that become a useful model, which makes their scientific knowledge stronger and helps them understand more about the nature of science. Models are a simplified representation. One of the biggest advantages of the model is, that it allows you to have a look at things which are too small such as atoms or too big such as the solar system.
Although, having many benefits, models have quite a number of disadvantages. Models sometimes oversimplify the process therefore leading to a misunderstanding. As models are supposed to be a simplified representation, they will not be complex, which means they will lack detail. For Example “our particle model explains many things about matter, it is not comprehensive — for example, it cannot predict why certain materials have different electrical properties. We could add further refinements that are outside the scope of this course to enable it to do so, but it would make our model so complicated that it would no longer be useful to us”
which is the smallest part of a compound called?
- element
- atom
- mixture
- molecule
The smallest part of a compound is called a molecule. The correct answer is option d.
A compound is a substance that is made up of two or more different elements, which are chemically bonded to each other in a fixed ratio.
A molecule is the smallest part of a compound that retains the chemical properties of that compound. It is made up of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together. When atoms combine to form molecules, they share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration.
Therefore, a molecule is the smallest part of a compound. Option d is the correct answer.
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