Draw the product of the following reaction between a ketone and an alcohol.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

The product of the reaction between a ketone and an alcohol is initially a hemiketal which yields a ketal on further reaction with another alcohol molecule.

The structure is found in the attachment.

Explanation:

This reaction is a nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl group. In organic chemistry, a nucleophilic addition reaction is an addition reaction where a chemical compound with an electron-deficient or electrophilic double or triple bond, a pi (π) bond, reacts with electron-rich reactant, termed a nucleophile, with the elimination of the double bond and creation of two new single, or sigma (σ), bonds.

In the reaction between a ketone and an alcohol, the carbonyl group of the ketone serves as the electrophile while the hydroxyl group of the alcohol is the nucleophile. The first product is known as a hemiketal because a single alcohol group has been aded to the carbonyl group of the ketone. Further nucleophilic additon of an alcohol group initiated by the presence of an acid e.g hydrochloric acid, results in the formation of a ketal which has two alcohol group added to the original ketone.

Draw The Product Of The Following Reaction Between A Ketone And An Alcohol.
Answer 2

Final answer:

The reaction between a ketone and an alcohol can produce a hemiketal or ketal, depending on the reaction conditions and the excess of alcohol. A hemiketal is formed when the alcohol reacts with the ketone to form a new carbon-oxygen bond, while a ketal is formed when a second molecule of alcohol reacts to convert the hemiketal into a stable compound.

Explanation:

In the reaction between a ketone and an alcohol, the product formed is called a hemiketal or ketal, depending on the reaction conditions and the presence of excess alcohol. A hemiketal is formed when the alcohol reacts with the ketone to form a new carbon-oxygen bond, while a ketal is formed when a second molecule of alcohol reacts to convert the hemiketal into a stable compound.

For example, if we take the ketone acetone (CH3C=O) and react it with ethanol (CH3CH2OH), we can form a hemiketal:

CH3C(OC2H5)(OH)

If we add excess ethanol, the hemiketal can react with a second molecule of ethanol to form a ketal:

CH3C(OC2H5)2

The reaction can also occur between other ketones and alcohols, resulting in the formation of different hemiketals or ketals.


Related Questions

Using VSEPR theory, which of these molecules does NOT have a trigonal planar shape?
A) ammonia (NH3)
B) formaldehyde (H2CO)
C) sulfur trioxide (SO3)
D) boron trifluoride (BF3)

Answers

Answer:

Ammonia does not have a trigonal shape.

Explanation:

According to VSEPR theory:

Molecules with 3 sigma bonds and no lone pair possess trigonal planar shape irrespective of the number of pi bonds.

Ammonia [tex](NH_3)[/tex] has 3 sigma bonds and one lone pair.Hence its shape is pyramidal due to bond pair - lone pair repulsion.Formaldehyde (HCHO) has 3 sigma bonds and 1 pi bond.Hence it has trigonal planar shape.Sulfur trioxide [tex](SO_3)[/tex] has 3 sigma bonds and 3 pi bonds.Boron triflouride (BF_3) has 3 sigma bonds.

Hence except ammonia all other molecules given possess trigonal planar shape.

A white crystalline salt conducts electricity when it is melted and when it dissolves in water.
What type of bond is this?

a) ionic
b) metallic
c) covalent
d) network

Answers

Answer: Option (a) is the correct answer.

Explanation:

Ionic salts are defined as the salts which tend to contain ionic bonds as there occurs transfer of electrons between its combining atoms.

So, when an ionic salt melts or it is dissolved in water then it will dissociate into its respective ions and as electricity is the flow of electrons or ions. Hence, this salt is then able to conduct electricity.

As covalent compounds are insoluble in water so, they do no dissociate into ions. Hence, they do not conduct electricity.

Similarly, metallic and network solids do not dissociate into ions either when melted or dissolved in water. Therefore, they also do not conduct electricity.

Thus, we can conclude that when a white crystalline salt conducts electricity when it is melted and when it dissolves in water then this bond is of ionic type.

How many grams of NaCl is present in .75 L of a 1 M solution of NaCl?

Answers

Answer:

The answer to your question is 43.9 g of NaCl

Explanation:

Data

Grams of NaCl = ?

Volume = 0.75 L

Molarity = 1 M

Number of moles = ?

Formula

[tex]Molarity = \frac{number of moles}{volume}[/tex]

Solve for number of moles

Number of moles = Molarity x volume

Substitution

Number of moles = 1 x 0.75

                             = 0.75

Molecular weight of NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5

Calculate the grams of NaCl using proportions

                           58.5 g of NaCl ---------------- 1 mol

                              x                     ---------------- 0.75 moles

                              x = (0.75 x 58.5) / 1

                              x = 43.9 g of NaCl

Final answer:

The student's 0.75 L solution of 1 M NaCl contains 43.83 grams of NaCl. This is found by multiplying the volume by the molarity and then by the molar mass of NaCl.

Explanation:

To calculate the number of grams of NaCl in a 0.75 L solution with a concentration of 1 M, we need the formula:

mass (g) = volume (L) × molarity (M) × molar mass (g/mol)

The molar mass of NaCl is approximately 58.44 g/mol. Given that the solution's molarity is 1 M, and the volume is 0.75 L, we can calculate the mass of NaCl as follows:

mass (g) = 0.75 L × 1 mol/L × 58.44 g/mol

mass (g) = 43.83 grams of NaCl

Therefore, a 0.75 L solution of 1 M NaCl contains 43.83 grams of NaCl.

Which of the following factors would be most likely to cause acetic acid to completely dissociate in aqueous solution?
A. Higher temperatures, which increase the pKa of the acid
B. Enzymes that catalyze the forward reaction
C. Continuous addition of acetic acid to the solution
D. Continuous removal of protons from the solution

Answers

Answer:

D

Explanation:

The equation for the dissociation of acetic acid is shown in the image attached. Removing the proton drives the equilibrium position towards the right, that is dissociation of more acetic acid to maintain equilibrium according to Let Chateliers principle.

Covalent bonds form between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule as a result of the:________.
a. viscosity of water.
b. polarity of water molecules.
c. transfer of electrons between atoms.
d. sharing of electrons between atoms.
e. surface tension of water.

Answers

Answer:

D

Explanation:

A covalent bond is said to be formed when two electrons are shared between two bonding atoms as in the formation of the water molecule.

Final answer:

Covalent bonds form between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule due to the sharing of electrons between these atoms. This is a characteristic behavior of covalent bonds, as opposed to ionic bonds that involve a transfer of electrons.

Explanation:

Covalent bonds form between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule as a result of the sharing of electrons between atoms (option d). Unlike ionic bonds, which involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, covalent bonds occur when two atoms share one or more pairs of their valence electrons. In the case of water, each hydrogen atom shares an electron with the oxygen atom, forming two covalent bonds and resulting in the formation of a water molecule.

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a naturally occurring solid chemical element or inorganic compound with a crystal structure

Answers

Answer:

Mineral

Explanation:

Mineral:-

Mineral is defined as the naturally occurring inorganic solid which a very definite crystalline geometry and structure. All the minerals in the nature contain one or more than one element.Quartz which is a mineral is made up of silicon as well as oxygen atoms.Other examples of minerals are feldspar, mica, calcite, and amphibole.

Hence, the answer to the problem is:- mineral.

Final answer:

A mineral is defined as a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a unique chemical formula and an ordered crystalline structure.

Explanation:

The subject of the question is referring to a mineral, which is a naturally occurring, inorganic, solid substance with a crystal structure and a specific chemical composition.

Minerals are formed through natural processes and are identified by their physical properties such as crystalline structure, hardness, density, and color.

It is important to note that to be classified as a mineral, a substance must be naturally occurring and not man-made, meaning minerals are not composed of complex carbon molecules that are characteristic of life.

Thus, while water is not considered a mineral, ice can be considered a mineral as long as it occurs naturally.

An AM station broadcasts at 1290 kHz.
Calculate the wavelength of this radio frequency.

Answers

The wavelength of a radio frequency can be calculated using the formula: wavelength = speed of light / frequency. The wavelength of an AM station broadcasting at 1290 kHz is approximately 232.56 meters.

This question pertains to radio wave transmission and involves knowledge of the speed of light, frequency, and wavelength. The wavelength (λ) of any wave is related to its frequency (f). The wavelength of a radio frequency can be calculated using the formula: wavelength = speed of light / frequency. The speed of light is approximately[tex]3 x 10^8[/tex]meters per second. To calculate the wavelength of an AM station broadcasting at 1290 kHz, we need to convert the frequency to hertz. 1 kHz = 1000 Hz, so 1290 kHz = 1,290,000 Hz. Plugging in the values, we get:

wavelength = [tex](3 x 10^8 m/s)[/tex] / (1,290,000 Hz) = 232.56 meters.

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What are the differences between amorphous and crystalline solids? Give an example of each.

Answers

Answer: orderly arrangement of particles

Explanation:

In a crystaline solid, the particles that compose the solid are arranged or packed in an orderly manner to form a three dimensional crystal lattice with a defined structure. Sodium chloride is a crystaline solid.

In an amorphous solid, the particles that compose the solid aren't arranged in an orderly manner hence the solid tends to be brittle, e.g glass

How does heat always flow or transfer between objects or places

Answers

Heat can travel from one place to another in three ways: Conduction, Convection and Radiation. Both conduction and convection require matter to transfer heat. If there is a temperature difference between two systems heat will always find a way to transfer from the higher to lower system.

Which of the following statements is incorrect about hexokinase?

a. The reaction it catalyzes during glycolysis is reversible under intracellular conditions.
b. It catalyzes the first step of the glycolytic pathway.
c. It is a soluble, cytosolic protein.
d. Humans have four different hexokinase enzymes, all of which catalyze the same reaction.

Answers

Answer:

a. The reaction it catalyzes during glycolysis is reversible under intracellular conditions.

Explanation:

Hexokinase is an enzyme utilized in the phosphorylation of six carbon sugars during glycolysis or glycogen synthesis. The enzyme has the capacity to transfer phosphate group from ATP to six carbon sugar substrates.

Hexokinases are proteinous and there are four different types in human including hexokinase I, II, III, and IV.

Phosphorylation of hexoses by hexokinase under intracellular condition constitutes the first step of glycolytic pathway and it is irreversible.

The correct option is a.

How is energy related to the change of state represented by the model?
a. Atoms gain energy as a solid changes to a gas.
b. Atoms gain energy as a liquid changes to a gas.
c. Atoms lose energy as a solid changes to a gas.
d. Atoms lose energy as a liquid changes to a gas.

Answers

Answer:

C. Atoms lose energy as a gas changes to a solid

Explanation:

A mouthwash contains 22.5% alcohol. If the bottle of mouthwash contains 355 mL. How many milliliters of alcohol are present?

Answers

Answer:

the answer is 79.875

Explanation:

355/22.5*100

The amount of alcohol in the bottle of mouthwash is equal to 79.88 ml.

What is the volume percentage?

The volume percent is the concentration of a solution which is determined by the volume of a solute divided by the volume of a solution and multiplied by 100.

Volume Percentage = (Volume of Solute/Volume of Solution) × 100

Because a solution is made of both a solute and a solvent, the volume of a solution is equal to the sum of the volumes of the solute as well as the volume of the solvent present in it. All of the volumes must be expressed in milliliters.

Given, the percentage of alcohol in the mouthwash = 22.5 %

If we consider that the volume of the bottle of mouthwash is 100ml.

Then the amount of alcohol present in it = 22.5 ml

If 100ml of a bottle of mouthwash contains alcohol = 22.5 ml

Then the 355 ml of a bottle of mouthwash will contain alcohol is

= (22.5/100) × 355

= 79.88 ml

Therefore, 79.88 ml of alcohol present in 355 ml of mouthwash.

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When the enthalpy of this overall chemical equation is calculated, the enthalpy of the second intermediate equation is halved and has its sign changed.
is halved.
has its sign changed.
is unchanged.

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is " is halved and has its sign changed".

Explanation:

I had to find the chemical equation that the statement refers to.

When the enthalpy of this overall chemical equation is calculated, the enthalpy of the second intermediate equation is halved and its sign changes. This is because in the global equation only one CaO molecule is used, while in the semi-reaction the enthalpy change for two CaO molecules is given, so the enthalpy change must be divided by 2. Also, the sign changes because in the globular equation the inverse reaction of the one shown in the semi-reaction is produced, in this way we have that the CaO is on the side of the reagents and in the semi-reaction it is on the side of the products.

Have a nice day!

A. is halved and has its sign changed

got it correct on test :)

HELP PLS!! ONLY TWO QUESTIONSSS!!
•When can a liquid change states and take on the state of a gas or a solid?
•When can gas become a liquid or a solid?

Answers

Answer:

1. It can only change into a gas once it reaches its boiling point. A liquid can only change once it reaches its freezing point.

2. A gas can turn into a liquid/solid when the temperature drops.

Explanation:

The answers are pretty much self explanatory

Is Dry Ice a pure substance or a Mixture ?

Answers

Answer:

Dry Ice is a pure substance.

Explanation:

Dry Ice is the solid form of Carbon Dioxide which is formed when gaseous Carbon Dioxide molecules sublime at very low temperatures (-109.5 Fahrenheit).

Final answer:

Dry ice is solid carbon dioxide and is considered a pure substance because it consists of only one kind of matter, with consistent composition and properties throughout the sample.

Explanation:

Dry ice, which is solid carbon dioxide (CO2), is considered a pure substance. A pure substance has a constant composition and properties that are consistent throughout the sample. This means it contains only one kind of matter. Dry ice sublimes, directly transitioning from a solid to a gas at atmospheric pressures and a temperature of -78°C, without passing through a liquid phase. This property makes it exceedingly useful as a cooling agent. Since dry ice consists solely of carbon dioxide without any other substance mixed in, it fits the definition of a pure substance more specifically, it is a compound because it is made up of more than one element chemically bonded together (carbon and oxygen in this case).

Mixtures, on the other hand, are a combination of two or more substances that can be separated into their individual components. Examples include air, sea water, and soil. Unlike mixtures, the composition of a pure substance like dry ice remains unchanged.

Which of the following statements, if true, would support the claim that the NO3− ion, represented above, has three resonance structures? The NO3− ion is not a polar species. A The oxygen-to-nitrogen-to-oxygen bond angles are 90°. B One of the bonds in NO3− is longer than the other two. C One of the bonds in NO3− is shorter than the other two.

Answers

The claim that, if true would support the claim that the NO3− ion has three resonance structures is that; "The NO3− ion is not a polar species."

The existence of resonance in a molecule implies that all the bond lengths and bond angles are equal. Looking at the resonance structures as shown in the image attached, we can see that the nitrate ion is a triatomic specie.

Triatomic molecules are symmetrical hence the N-O bond angles in the nitrate ion is 120°. Recall that symmetrical molecules are nonpolar. Hence if the resonance structures for nitrate ion are true then the nitrate ion will be nonpolar.

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"The correct statement that would support the claim that the NO3^- ion has three resonance structures is: C. One of the bonds in NO3^- is shorter than the other two.

The NO3^- ion, known as the nitrate ion, has a central nitrogen atom that is double-bonded to one oxygen atom and singly bonded to two other oxygen atoms. However, due to the equivalence of the three oxygen atoms in the molecule, the double bond is delocalized over the three nitrogen-oxygen bonds, giving rise to three resonance structures. These structures are identical in energy and contribute equally to the overall hybrid structure of the ion.

Resonance structures are a way of describing the delocalization of electrons within certain molecules or polyatomic ions. They are represented by different Lewis structures that differ only in the position of the electrons, not in the arrangement of the atoms. For the NO3^- ion, the three resonance structures are as follows:

1. A double bond between the nitrogen atom and one of the oxygen atoms, with the other two oxygen atoms each having a single bond and a negative charge.

2. A double bond between the nitrogen atom and another oxygen atom, with the first oxygen atom now having a single bond and a negative charge.

3. A double bond between the nitrogen atom and the third oxygen atom, with the second oxygen atom now having a single bond and a negative charge.

The statement The NO3^- ion is not a polar species (A) does not necessarily support the claim of three resonance structures. While it is true that NO3^- has three resonance structures, the polarity of a molecule is determined by the distribution of charge across the entire molecule, not just the presence of resonance structures. In the case of NO3^-, the ion is actually polar because the central nitrogen atom has a positive formal charge and the oxygen atoms have negative formal charges, leading to a separation of charge.

The statement One of the bonds in NO3^- is longer than the other two (B) is incorrect because in reality, due to resonance, all nitrogen-oxygen bonds in NO3^- are of equal length. Resonance tends to average out bond lengths, leading to bonds that are intermediate between single and double bond lengths.

The statement One of the bonds in NO3^- is shorter than the other two (C) is the correct choice because it implies that one of the bonds has more double bond character than the others, which is consistent with the idea of resonance. In the hybrid structure of NO3^-, the bonds are not completely equalized; the double bond is still slightly shorter than the two single bonds due to the greater electron density in the double bond. This is a subtle point that acknowledges the presence of resonance while also recognizing that the bonds are not perfectly identical in character.

When 50.0 mL of 0.100 M AgNO3 is mixed with 50.0 mL of 0.100 M HCl in a coffee cup calorimeter, the temperature increases from 23.40 °C to 24.21°C. If the specific heat of the solution is 4.184 J/°C·g and its density is 1.00 g/mL, assuming that the calorimeter undergoes no heat change, calculate the enthalpy change for the following reaction in units of kJ/mol AgNO3:AgNO3(aq) + HCl(aq) à AgCl(s) + HNO3(aq)

Answers

Answer:

The enthalpy change during the reaction is -67.78 kJ/mol.

Explanation:

Volume of solution = 50.0 mL + 50.0 mL = 100.0 mL

Density of the solution = 1.00g/mL

Mass of the solution , m= 100.0 mL × 1.00 g/mL = 100 g

First we have to calculate the heat gained by the solution .

[tex]q=mc\times (T_{final}-T_{initial})[/tex]

where,

q = heat gained = ?

c = specific heat of solution = [tex]4.184 J/^oC[/tex]

[tex]T_{final}[/tex] = final temperature = [tex]24.21^oC[/tex]

[tex]T_{initial}[/tex] = initial temperature = [tex]23.40^oC[/tex]

Now put all the given values in the above formula, we get:

[tex]q=100g\times 4.184 J/^oC\times (24.21-23.40)^oC[/tex]

[tex]q=338.904 J[/tex]

Now we have to calculate the enthalpy change during the reaction.

[tex]\Delta H=-\frac{q}{n}[/tex]

where,

[tex]\Delta H[/tex] = enthalpy change = ?

q = heat gained = 338.904 J

[tex]moles=Molarity\times Volume (L)[/tex]

Molarity of silver nitrate = 0.100 M

Volume of silver nitrate = 50.0 mL = 0.050 L

Moles of silver nitrate = n

[tex]n=0.100 M\times 0.050 L=0.005 mol[/tex]

[tex]\Delta H=-\frac{338.904 J}{n}=-\frac{338.904 J}{0.005 mole}=-67,780.8 J/mol=-67.78 kJ/mol[/tex]

(1 kJ= 1000 J)

Therefore, the enthalpy change during the reaction is -67.78 kJ/mol.

Final answer:

To calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction, the total mass of solution and the temperature increase are used with the specific heat to determine the heat involved, which is then standardized per mole of AgNO3, resulting in an enthalpy change of +67.837 kJ/mol of AgNO3.

Explanation:

When 50.0 mL of 0.100 M AgNO3 is mixed with 50.0 mL of 0.100 M HCl, the resulting temperature change in a calorimeter is used to calculate the enthalpy change (ΔH) for the reaction. The calorimetry formula is used: q = m x c x ΔT, where q is the heat absorbed or released, m is mass, c is the specific heat capacity, and ΔT is the change in temperature.

First, the total mass of the solution is calculated by combining the volumes of the two solutions (assumed to be equivalent to mass due to the given density of 1.00 g/mL):
50.0 mL + 50.0 mL = 100.0 mL = 100.0 g.

The total amount of heat (q) involved can be calculated: q = m x c x ΔT = 100.0 g x 4.184 J/g°C x (24.21°C - 23.40°C) = 339.184 J.

Since the reaction involves 0.100 mol of the 50.0 mL AgNO3 solution, we calculate the enthalpy change per mole of AgNO3: ΔH = q/n = 339.184 J / 0.0050 mol = 67836.8 J/mol = 67.837 kJ/mol.

The enthalpy change ΔH for the reaction of AgNO3 with HCl to form AgCl and HNO3 is therefore +67.837 kJ/mol of AgNO3.

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If sodium sulfate was added to the mixture containing silver ions and the yellow precipitate, what might be observed after a significant amount of time elapsed?

Answers

Explanation:

Very little to no formation of silver sulfate, as the silver sulfate Ksp( solubility product) is very large compared to the yellow precipitate Ksp.

By adding sodium sulfate to the silver / yellow precipitate mix, this question asks us to find a potential result and justification for the outcome. This implies that we will have to select the right answer that has a valid result and an adequate explanation for it. A substance's Ksp, or solubility product, is defined as the product of the dissolved ion concentration of each substance elevated to the power of its stoichiometric coefficient.

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When sodium sulfate is added to a mixture with silver ions and a yellow precipitate, the likely result is an increase in silver sulfate precipitate as more sulfate ions are available to react with silver ions.

Explanation:

If sodium sulfate was added to the mixture containing silver ions and the yellow precipitate, the most likely observation after a significant amount of time would be an increase in the amount of precipitate. This is because adding sodium sulfate adds more sulfate ions to the mixture, which can react with the silver ions to form silver sulfate, a slightly soluble compound. As the reaction reaches a new equilibrium, more silver sulfate precipitate can form.

For example, the reaction represented by Ag+ (aq) + SO₄²- (aq) → Ag²SO₄ (s) shows the formation of silver sulfate precipitate upon the combination of silver ions and sulfate ions.

It's also important to mention that, depending on the original yellow precipitate mentioned (e.g., if it was due to a sulfide such as tin(II) sulfide, SnS, forming in the presence of H₂S), the sulfate ions from the sodium sulfate would not react directly with this other precipitate but could possibly shift the equilibrium of any concurrent reactions involving silver ions.

ack is a college athlete who requires 2,800 kilocalories a day to support his total energy needs. Even though Jack likes many different foods and makes it a point to try new things, he consumes only approximately 1,600 kilocalories a day. Which one of the characteristics of a healthy diet is Jack missing?
a.adequacy
b.balance
c.moderation
d.variety

Answers

Answer: option A) adequacy

Explanation:

Definitely, ACK has an healthy diet missing ADEQUACY of energy provision. This is seen in the shortfall of 1200 kilocalories of energy (2800 - 1600 = 1200).

Note that Ack feed on varieties of food, thus he gets balanced diet, and a variety diet. However, he is short of 1200 kilocalories, thus making him miss ADEQUACY

A careless laboratory technician wants to prepare 200.0 mL of a 0.025 m HCl(aq) solution but uses a volumetric flask of vol- ume 250.0 mL by mistake. (a) What would the pH of the desired solution have been? (b) What will be the actual pH of the solution as prepared?

Answers

Final answer:

The desired pH would have been 1.60. But due to the increased volume and thus, decreased concentration of the HCl solution, the actual pH is 1.70.

Explanation:

(a) Desired solution pH: The laboratory technician wanted to prepare a 200.0 mL of a 0.025 m HCl solution. HCl is a strong acid, meaning it completely ionizes in solution. The hydronium ion molarity is equal to the concentration of the HCl, so 0.025 M. The pH of this solution is calculated using the formula pH = -log(H3O+). Therefore, pH = -log(0.025) = 1.60.

(b) Actual solution pH: The technician accidentally used a 250.0 mL flask to make the solution, which actually made a less concentrated solution. The new molarity is (0.025 mol HCl / 0.250 L) = 0.020 M. This is the new concentration of the hydronium ions. pH = -log(0.020) = 1.70.

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What does a coefficient represent in a chemical formula?

Answers

Answer:

Theoretical number of moles

Explanation:

The coefficient used in balancing a chemical reaction helps to show theoretically the number of moles of reactants used or products formed. It tends to give a representation of the ratio of the number of moles of reactants and products.

What we are saying in essence is that it helps to picture the number of moles of the reactants coming into the chemical reaction or the number of moles of products formed as the reaction proceeds to completion

Final answer:

In a chemical equation, a coefficient is the number placed in front of substances' chemical formulas. It dictates the relative quantities of each substance involved in a chemical reaction.

Explanation:

In a chemical equation, a coefficient represents the relative number of molecules or atoms involved in a reaction. The coefficient is the number placed immediately to the left of the chemical formula of a reactant or product. It determines the amount of each substance that is consumed or produced in the chemical reaction. For instance, in the reaction 2H2 + O2 -> 2H2O, the coefficients (2 for H2, 1 for O2, and 2 for H2O) indicate that two molecules of hydrogen gas react with one molecule of oxygen gas to produce two molecules of water. A coefficient of 1 is usually omitted from the equation.

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You carefully measure 14.00 g of CaCO3 powder and add it to 56.70 g of HCl solution in a reaction flask of known mass. You notice bubbles as a reaction takes place. You then determine that the contents of the flask have a mass of 64.96 g . The relevant equation is

Answers

Answer:

5.74 g

Explanation:

Using conservation of mass:

mass of the reactant = mass of the product if the system is closed

but in this case the bubbles must have been allow to leave the solution and the resulting mass after the reaction equals 64.96 g  

to find the mass of Co2 released

we subtract mass of the remaining product from the mass of the reactant

mass of reactant =14 g + 56.70 = 70.7 g

mass of carbon dioxide = 70.7 - 64.96 ( mass of the remaining product after the bubble) = 5.74 g

A mysterious white powder could be powdered sugar (C12H22O11), cocaine (C17H21NO4), codeine (C18H21NO3), norfenefrine (C8H11NO2), or fructose (C6H12O6). When 82 mg of the powder is dissolved in 1.50 mL of ethanol (d = 0.789 g/cm3, normal freezing point −114.6 ∘C, Kf = 1.99 ∘C/m), the freezing point is lowered to −115.5 ∘C. What is the identity of the white powder?

Answers

Answer: norfenefrine [tex](C_8H_{11}NO_2)[/tex]

Explanation:

Depression in freezing point is given by:

[tex]\Delta T_f=i\times K_f\times m[/tex]

[tex]\Delta T_f=T_f^0-T_f=(-114.6-(-115.5)^0C=0.9^0C[/tex] = Depression in freezing point

i= vant hoff factor = 1 (for non electrolyte)

[tex]K_f[/tex] = freezing point constant = [tex]1.99^0C/m[/tex]

m= molality

[tex]\Delta T_f=i\times K_f\times \frac{\text{mass of solute}}{\text{molar mass of solute}}\times \text{weight of solvent in kg}}[/tex]

Weight of solvent (ethanol)= [tex]density\times volume=0.789g/cm^3\times 1.50cm^3=1.18g=1.18\times 10^{-3}kg[/tex]

Molar mass of unknown non electrolyte = M g/mol

Mass of unknown non electrolyte added = 82 mg = 0.082 g (1g=1000mg)

[tex]0.9=1\times 1.99\times \frac{0.082g}{M g/mol\times 1.18\times 10^{-3}}kg}[/tex]

[tex]M=154g/mol[/tex]

The molecular mass of norfenefrine [tex](C_8H_{11}NO_2)[/tex] is near to 154 and thus the identity of the white powder is norfenefrine .

Water is a polar molecule, meaning the electrons that are shared between the atoms aren't shared equally so oxygen attracts more electrons than hydrogen. What analogy best compares this?

Answers

Answer:

Magnet with a positive and a negative pole

Explanation:

A great analogy to demonstrate what a polar molecule looks like is to imagine a magnet. A magnet has one positively charged end and one negatively charged end, two poles, that is.

Imagine that we have a magnet of a shape of a prism (water molecule has a bent shape). The two base vertices of the face of the triangle are positively charged, that's because hydrogen is less electronegative than oxygen and, hence, the two hydrogen atoms are partially positively charged in a water molecule.

Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen meaning it has a greater electron-withdrawing force, so electrons are closer to oxygen within the O-H bonds. Oxygen, as a result, becomes partially negatively charged, so it's our negative pole of the magnet.

Final answer:

Water is a polar molecule with a partial negative charge on the oxygen atom and partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms. An analogy that can be used to compare this is a magnet, where opposite poles attract each other. This polarity in water molecules allows for the formation of hydrogen bonds.

Explanation:

Water is a polar molecule due to the unequal sharing of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms. The oxygen atom attracts the shared electrons more strongly, resulting in a partial negative charge on the oxygen atom and partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms. This creates a dipole in the molecule, with the oxygen end being slightly negative and the hydrogen end being slightly positive.

One analogy that can be used to compare this is a magnet. In a magnet, the north pole attracts the south pole, and vice versa. Similarly, the partial negative oxygen end of water attracts the partial positive hydrogen ends of nearby water molecules, forming hydrogen bonds. These hydrogen bonds are stronger than conventional dipole-dipole forces and contribute to some of the unique properties of water, such as its high boiling point and ability to dissolve many substances.

To determine whether something is solid all or inside of a we must look at the anions which are the _______charges at the back of the compound. In addition we will also have to look at the cactions which are the _______ charges at the front of the compound ​

Answers

Answer:

Negative; positive

Explanation:

Whenever we have an ionic substance, by convention, we firstly write a symbol of a metal we have. Metals tend to lose their electrons to make ionic compounds and become positively charged species, also known as cations.

Similarly, the metal cation in an ionic substance is followed by a nonmetal. Nonmetal atoms tend to gain the electrons lost by the metals in order to become negatively charged species, also known as anions.

That said, at the front of the compound we have a cation with the positive charge and at the back of the compound we have an anion with the negative charge.

When a nonpolar liquid displays a convex meniscus, which of the following explains this behavior?A)It has a low surface tension, and therefore clings to the glass.B)The cohesive forces are stronger than the adhesive forces to the glass.C)The adhesive forces to the glass are stronger than the cohesive forces.D)The liquid's viscosity is low.E)None of these.

Answers

Answer:

B

Explanation:

The cohesive and adhesive forces are terms that are used to explain the phenomena that lead up to the formation of a meniscus when a liquid is poured into a capillary tube.

The cohesive forces are those forces that exist between the molecules of the liquid. They are essentially the intramolecular forces that exist in between the molecules of the liquid.

The adhesive forces are the intermolecular forces that occur between molecules of the liquid and the molecules of the material used to make the container.

Let’s use the pouring of a non polar liquid such as mercury into a capillary tube. It would be noted that the shape of the surface of the mercury shows a convex meniscus. This is because the cohesive forces between mercury molecules is greater than the adhesive forces between glass and mercury molecules.

Hence, what we’re driving at is that the shape the meniscus of the surface of the liquid takes depend on the balance between the cohesive and the adhesive forces.

Which Group in the periodic table would have an an ion of a -2 charge?

Answers

Answer: Group 6

Explanation:

There are eight (8) groups in the periodic table. Elements in Group 6 include OXYGEN, SULPHUR etc.

These elements have an outermost shell with 6 electrons; thus, they are always ready to RECEIVE two electrons from possible donors to form a completely filled outermost shell.

For example

Oxygen has atomic number of 8, its configuration is 2, 6

Sulphur, has atomic number of 16, its configuration is 2, 8, 6

Each require TWO electrons to attain stable octet structure, so, will accept two electrons and become an ANION with -2 charge

O2 + 2e- ---> 2O-

S2 + 2e- ---> 2S-

Describe the quantization of energy at the atomic level

Answers

The quantization of energy at atomic level has been described below.

        Quantization of energy is a postulate developed by Max Planck where he stated that energy was quantized and that it could either be emitted or absorbed but that will happen in just integral multiples of a small unit of energy which he referred to as quantum.

        Now, applying that concept of quantization of energy to atomic level, It simply means that by promoting electrons to higher-energy orbitals, there will be particular discrete energy levels which an atom can achieve.

       Now, what the above paragraph implies is that for every possible orbital from which an electron can be promoted, it would definitely possess a certain energy level. Thus, when an amount of electron falls from a high-energy orbital to a lower-energy orbital, it means that a discrete amount of energy would be released which will be called a photon.

Read more at; https://brainly.com/question/13443199

Final answer:

At the atomic level, energy is quantized, meaning electrons can occupy only discrete energy levels, described by quantum numbers. Movement between these energy states occurs via the absorption or emission of a photon with the precise energy difference.

Explanation:

The concept of energy quantization at the atomic level refers to the observation that the energies of electrons within an atom are quantized, meaning that these electrons can only occupy certain fixed energy levels. These discrete energy states are described by quantum numbers, which are integer values that define the possible arrangements of electrons in an atom. Electrons can move between these energy states by absorbing or emitting a photon that matches the energy difference between levels.

One of the first indications of energy quantization came from the study of blackbody radiation, where Max Planck proposed that the energy levels of emitting atoms and molecules were quantized with allowed values of E = (n + 1)hf, with n being a non-negative integer (0, 1, 2, 3,...). Therefore, these quantized energy levels help to explain the unique emission and absorption spectra observed for different elements.

please answer asap

What is the standard cell potential of an electrochemical cell?

the standard electrode potential of the anode, relative to a hydrogen cell
the difference between the standard electrode potential of the two half-cells
the standard electrode potential of the cathode, relative to a hydrogen cell
the sum of standard electrode potential of the two half-cells

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is the difference between the standard electric potential of the two half cells.

Explanation:

Cell potential of an electro chemical cell can be defined as the difference between the reduction potential of the negatively charged electrode or cathode and reduction potential of the positively charged electrode or cathode.

              E0 cell= Eo cathode - E0 anode

If the E0 cell of an ion is positive then that ion will have high tendency to gain electron thereby acting as an oxidant.On the hand if an ion has negative E0 then that ion will have high tendency to donate electron thereby acting as reducing agent.

A hypothesis concerned with a specific phenomenon is found to be acceptable through many experiments over a long period of time. This hypothesis usually becomes known as a

Answers

Answer:

Theory

Explanation:

A proved hypothesis usually becomes known as a theory.

Let's take an example. Remember the experiment for the Newton's law of universal gravitation. In an experiment like this, we should have a reference point, a hypothesis. The thought process would be, for example, to intuitively propose that the force of gravity depends on the masses of the two objects and the distance between them.

As a second step, sufficiently high number of experiments should be performed to prove this relationship with different masses and different distances to see how force correlates with the given variables.

Having noticed that the two masses are directly proportional to force and that force is inversely proportional to the square of a distance between the two objects, a proportionality constant is also found, so then we have an equation which would help us solve for the force of gravity between any two objects knowing their masses and the distance between them.

Overtime, after this hypothesis is proved analyzing substantial data, it becomes an accepted theory that can be used and applied.

Final answer:

A hypothesis that is extensively supported by numerous experiments and evidence can become a scientific theory, which is a well-substantiated explanation for a set of observations.

Explanation:

A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for scientific observations that seeks to put the system being studied into a testable form. When a hypothesis is supported through many experiments over an extended period, it can evolve into a well-substantiated explanation known as a scientific theory.

Scientific theories are broad explanations for events that are widely accepted as true because they have been thoroughly tested and are supported by a significant amount of evidence. For a hypothesis to become a scientific theory, it must consistently produce experimental results that agree with predictions, and it must withstand rigorous scrutiny. The process of experimental verification and any necessary modification of a hypothesis as part of its development into a theory is an essential aspect of the scientific method.

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