Describe an alternate method for determining the molar concentration of your unknown sample of copper (ii) sulfate solution, using the standard data

Ne (g) effuses at a rate that is [tex]\boxed{{\text{2}}{\text{.6}}}[/tex] times that of Xe (g) under the same conditions.

Further Explanation:

Graham’s law of effusion:

Effusion is the process by which molecules of gas travel through a small hole from high pressure to the low pressure. According to Graham’s law, the effusion rate of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the molar mass of gas.

The expression for Graham’s law is as follows:

[tex]\boxed{{\text{R}}\propto\dfrac{1}{{\sqrt {{\mu }} }}}[/tex]

Here,

R is the rate of effusion of gas.

[tex]{{\mu }}[/tex] is the molar mass of gas.

Higher the molar mass of the gas, smaller will be the rate of effusion and vice-versa.

The rate of effusion of Ne is expressed as follows:

[tex]{{\text{R}}_{{\text{Ne}}}} \propto \dfrac{1}{{\sqrt {{{{\mu }}_{{\text{Ne}}}}} }}[/tex]

                                                 ......(1)

Here,

[tex]{{\text{R}}_{{\text{Ne}}}}[/tex] is the rate of effusion of Ne.

[tex]{{{\mu }}_{{\text{Ne}}}}[/tex] is the molar mass of Ne.

The rate of effusion of Xe is expressed as follows:

[tex]{{\text{R}}_{{\text{Xe}}}}\propto\dfrac{1}{{\sqrt{{{{\mu }}_{{\text{Xe}}}}}}}[/tex]

                                     ......(2)

Here,

[tex]{{\text{R}}_{{\text{Xe}}}}[/tex] is the rate of effusion of Xe.

[tex]{{{\mu }}_{{\text{Xe}}}}[/tex] is the molar mass of Xe.

On dividing equation (1) by equation (2),

[tex]\dfrac{{{{\text{R}}_{{\text{Ne}}}}}}{{{{\text{R}}_{{\text{Xe}}}}}}=\sqrt {\dfrac{{{{{\mu }}_{{\text{Xe}}}}}}{{{{{\mu }}_{{\text{Ne}}}}}}}[/tex]     ......(3)

Rearrange equation (3) to calculate  [tex]{{\text{R}}_{{\text{Ne}}}}[/tex].

[tex]{{\text{R}}_{{\text{Ne}}}}=\left( {\sqrt {\dfrac{{{{{\mu }}_{{\text{Xe}}}}}}{{{{{\mu }}_{{\text{Ne}}}}}}} } \right){{\text{R}}_{{\text{Xe}}}}[/tex]     ......(4)

The molar mass of Ne is 20.17 g/mol.

The molar mass of Xe is 131.29 g/mol.

Substitute these values in equation (4).

[tex]\begin{aligned}{{\text{R}}_{{\text{Ne}}}}&= \left({\sqrt {\frac{{{\text{131}}{\text{.29}}}}{{{\text{20}}{\text{.17}}}}} } \right){{\text{R}}_{{\text{Xe}}}}\\&= \left( {\sqrt {6.50917} } \right){{\text{R}}_{{\text{Xe}}}}\\&= 2.5513{{\text{R}}_{{\text{Xe}}}}\\&\approx 2.6{{\text{R}}_{{\text{Xe}}}}\\\end{aligned}[/tex]

Therefore the rate of effusion of Ne is 2.6 times the rate of effusion of Xe.

Learn more:

1. Which statement is true for Boyle’s law: https://brainly.com/question/1158880

2. Calculation of volume of gas: https://brainly.com/question/3636135

Answer details:

Grade: Senior School

Subject: Chemistry

Chapter: Ideal gas equation

Keywords: Effusion, rate of effusion, molar mass, Ne, Xe, 2.6 times, Graham’s law, inversely proportional, square root.

Neon effuses faster than xenon due to its lighter molar mass, and the effusion rate for neon will be larger than that for xenon, resulting in a smaller effusion time for neon.

The student's question pertains to the comparison of the effusion rates of neon (Ne) and xenon (Xe) gases under the same conditions. The effusion rate of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass, according to Graham's law of effusion. Given that neon is lighter than xenon, it will effuse at a faster rate. Using the provided effusion time calculations, if it takes 243 seconds for xenon to effuse, then by solving for the time it would take for the same amount of neon to effuse using the ratio of the square roots of their molar masses, we determine the time for neon to be approximately 95.3 seconds.

This result is expected because the lighter a gas is, the faster it should effuse, making the effusion rate for neon larger than that for xenon, and consequently, the time for effusion is smaller for neon than xenon as presented in the example calculation.

Answer:

F⃗ mag  =

−cosθj^ + sinθi^

Explanation:

use cross product

Final answer:

The magnetic force acting on a positive charge moving in the xy plane with a velocity vector can be determined using the right-hand rule and the cross-product formula.

Explanation:

The direction of the magnetic force acting on a positive charge moving in the xy plane with velocity v⃗ =vcos(θ)i^+vsin(θ)j^, when the local magnetic field is in the +z direction, can be determined using the right-hand rule. First, join the tails of the velocity vector and the magnetic field vector. Then, curl your right fingers from the velocity vector to the magnetic field vector. The direction in which your right thumb points is the direction of the force. In this case, the magnetic force would be directed into the page.

If the velocity and magnetic field are parallel to each other, there is no orientation of the hand that will result in a force direction. Therefore, the force on the charge is zero.

If the velocity vector is given as v = (2.0î – 3.0ĵ + 1.0k) × 10^2 m/s, the force can be calculated using the cross-product formula.

The car would have traveled an estimated distance of approximately 185 miles.

The formula for distance which is:

Distance = Speed  x Time

In this case, the estimated distance would be:

Distance = 57.9 miles/hour x 3.2 hours

Now, do the multiplication:

Distance ≈ 57.9 x 3.2

Distance ≈ 185.28 miles

Therefore, the umber of miles driven is 185 miles.

By replacing one 60W incandescent lightbulb with an 18W compact fluorescent lightbulb, you would save 420 watt-hours of energy over 10 hours.

To calculate the amount of energy saved over 10 hours when one 60W incandescent lightbulb is replaced with an 18W compact fluorescent lightbulb, we need to find the energy consumed by each type of bulb and then calculate the difference.

Energy consumed by a bulb can be calculated using the formula:

Energy (in watt-hours) = Power (in watts) × Time (in hours)

Let's calculate the energy consumed by each bulb:

For the 60W incandescent lightbulb:

Energy consumed = 60W × 10 hours = 600 watt-hours

For the 18W compact fluorescent lightbulb:

Energy consumed = 18W × 10 hours = 180 watt-hours

Now, let's calculate the energy saved:

Energy saved = Energy consumed by incandescent bulb - Energy consumed by compact fluorescent bulb

Energy saved = 600 watt-hours - 180 watt-hours

Energy saved = 420 watt-hours

So, by replacing one 60W incandescent lightbulb with an 18W compact fluorescent lightbulb, you would save 420 watt-hours of energy over 10 hours.

To know more about fluorescent lightbulb here

https://brainly.com/question/29597647

#SPJ2

The number of moles of hydrogen gas in 345 mL volume at 752 torr and 29 ∘C, after accounting for the vapor pressure of water, is calculated using the Ideal Gas law equation and is approximately 0.014 moles.

To determine the number of moles of hydrogen gas in a given volume, we use the Ideal Gas Law (PV = nRT). Here, P is pressure (752 torr), V is the volume (345 mL, which is 0.345 L), T is the absolute temperature (29 + 273 = 302 K) and R is the gas constant (0.08206 L⋅atm/(mol⋅K)).

Convert the pressure from torr to atm, 752 torr is roughly equivalent to 0.9901 atm. We need to subtract this from the total pressure to account for the vapor pressure of water (approximately 25.2 torr at 26°C, or 0.0331 atm). So, the final pressure value we will use is 0.9901 atm - 0.0331 atm = 0.957 atm.

Now we substitute the values into the Ideal Gas Law: (0.957 atm) * (0.345 L) = n * (0.08206 L⋅atm/(mol⋅K)) * (302 K). Calculating the number of moles, n, we get approximately 0.014 moles of hydrogen gas present in 345 ml at the given conditions.

https://brainly.com/question/30458409

#SPJ11

The system volume of 1 gram-mole of methyl chloride vapor at 100°C and 10 atm is approximately 3.06 liters.

To estimate the system volume of 1 gram-mole of methyl chloride vapor under given conditions, we use the Ideal Gas Law equation:

PV = nRT

Here, P is the pressure in atm, V is the volume in liters, n is the number of moles, R is the universal gas constant (0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K)), and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

Given:

Using the equation, we solve for V:

V = (nRT)/P

Substituting the values, we get:

[tex]V = \frac{(1 \, \text{mol} \times 0.0821 \, \text{L} \cdot \text{atm} / (\text{mol} \cdot \text{K}) \times 373.15 \, \text{K})}{10 \, \text{atm}}[/tex]

[tex]V = \frac{(1 \times 0.0821 \times 373.15) \, \text{L} \cdot \text{atm} / \text{K}}{10 \, \text{atm}}[/tex]

[tex]V = \frac{30.634115 \, \text{L} \cdot \text{atm}}{10 \, \text{atm}}[/tex]

[tex]V = 3.0634115 \, \text{L}[/tex]

V ≈ 3.06 L

So, the system volume is approximately 3.06 liters.

The balanced molecular equation is [tex]\boxed{{\text{Al}}\left(s\right)+3{\text{AgN}}{{\text{O}}_3}\left({aq}\right)\to {\text{Al}}{{\left({{\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}}\right)}_3}\left({aq}\right)+3{\text{Ag}}\left(s\right)}[/tex]

The balanced net ionic equation is [tex]\boxed{{\text{Al}}\left( s\right)+3{\text{A}}{{\text{g}}^+}\left({aq}\right)\to{\text{A}}{{\text{l}}^{3+}}\left({aq}\right)+3{\text{Ag}}\left(s\right)}[/tex]

The reduction half-cell reaction is [tex]\boxed{{\text{Ag}}+{e^-}\to{\text{Ag}}}[/tex]

The oxidation half-cell reaction is [tex]\boxed{{\text{Al}}\to{\text{A}}{{\text{l}}^{3+}}+3{e^-}}[/tex]

Further Explanation:

The three types of equations that are used to represent the chemical reaction are as follows:

1. Molecular equation

2. Total ionic equation

3. Net ionic equation

The reactants and products remain in undissociated form in the molecular equation. In the case of total ionic equation, all the ions that are dissociated and present in the reaction mixture are represented while in the case of overall or net ionic equation only the useful ions that participate in the reaction are represented.

The steps to write the molecular equation and net ionic reaction are as follows:

Step 1: Write the molecular equation for the reaction with the phases in the bracket.

In the reaction,1 mole of Al reacts with 3 moles of [tex]{\text{AgN}}{{\text{O}}_3}[/tex] to form 1 mole of [tex]{\text{Al}}{\left( {{\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_3}} \right)_3}[/tex] and 3 moles of Ag. The balanced molecular equation of the reaction is as follows:

 [tex]{\text{Al}}\left(s\right)+3{\text{AgN}}{{\text{O}}_3}\left( {aq}\right)\to{\text{Al}}{\left( {{\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}}\right)_3}\left({aq}\right)+3{\text{Ag}}\left(s\right)[/tex]

Step2: Dissociate all the compounds with the aqueous phase to write the total ionic equation. The compounds with solid and liquid phases remain same. The total ionic equation is as follows:

 [tex]{\text{Al}}\left(s\right)+3{\text{A}}{{\text{g}}^+}\left({aq}\right)+{\text{NO}}_3^-\left( {aq}\right)\to{\text{A}}{{\text{l}}^{3+}}\left({aq}\right)+{\text{NO}}_3^-\left({aq}\right)+3{\text{Ag}}\left(s\right)[/tex]

Step3. The common ions on both sides of the reaction get cancelled out to get the net ionic equation.

[tex]{\text{Al}}\left(s\right)+3{\text{A}}{{\text{g}}^+}\left({aq}\right)+\boxed{{\text{NO}}_3^-\left({aq}\right)}\to{\text{A}}{{\text{l}}^{3+}}\left({aq}\right)+\boxed{{\text{NO}}_3^ - \left({aq}\right)}+3{\text{Ag}}\left(s\right)[/tex]

Therefore, the net ionic equation is as follows:

[tex]{\text{Al}}\left(s\right)+3{\text{A}}{{\text{g}}^+}\left({aq}\right)\to{\text{A}}{{\text{l}}^{3 + }}\left({aq}\right)+3{\text{Ag}}\left(s\right)[/tex]

Redox reaction:

It is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed. In this reaction, both reduction and oxidation are carried out at the same time. Such reactions are characterized by the transfer of electrons between the species involved in the reaction.

The process of gain of electrons or the decrease in the oxidation state of the atom is called reduction while that of loss of electrons or the increase in the oxidation number is known as oxidation. In redox reactions, one species lose electrons and the other species gain electrons. The species that lose electrons and itself gets oxidized is called as a reductant or reducing agent. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced is known as an oxidant or oxidizing agent. The presence of a redox pair or redox couple is a must for the redox reaction.

The general representation of a redox reaction is,

[tex]{\text{X}}+{\text{Y}}\to{{\text{X}}^+}+{{\text{Y}}^-}[/tex]

The oxidation half-reaction can be written as:

[tex]{\text{X}}\to{{\text{X}}^+}+{e^-}[/tex]

The reduction half-reaction can be written as:

[tex]{\text{Y}}+{e^-}\to{{\text{Y}}^-}[/tex]

Here, X is getting oxidized and its oxidation state changes from  to +1 whereas B is getting reduced and its oxidation state changes from 0 to -1. Hence, X acts as the reducing agent whereas Y is an oxidizing agent.

Ag in silver nitrate forms solid silver during the reaction so it is getting reduced. The reduction half-cell reaction is as follows:

[tex]{\text{Ag}}+{e^-}\to{\text{Ag}}[/tex]

Aluminium gets converted to [tex]{\text{A}}{{\text{l}}^{3+}}[/tex] by oxidizing itself. The oxidation half-cell reaction is as follows:

[tex]{\text{Al}}\to{\text{A}}{{\text{l}}^{3+}}+3{e^-}[/tex]

Learn more:

1. Balanced chemical equation: https://brainly.com/question/1405182

2. Oxidation and reduction reaction: https://brainly.com/question/2973661

Answer details:

Grade: High School

Subject: Chemistry

Chapter: Chemical reaction and equation

Keywords: net ionic equation, Ag, Al, NO3-, Al3+, e-, Ag+, redox, oxidizing, reducing, oxidation half-cell reaction, reduction half-cell reaction, molecular equation, AgNO3, Al(NO3)3.

CO mass = 4,435. 18 = 79,839 grams

Stokiometry in Chemistry learns about chemical reactions mainly emphasizing quantitative, such as calculation of volume, mass, number, which is related to the number of ions, molecules, elements etc.

In chemical calculations, the reaction can be determined, the number of substances that can be expressed in units of mass, volume, mole, or determine a chemical formula, for example the substance level or molecular formula of hydrate.

In stockiometry therein includes

relative atomic mass (Ar) and relative molecular mass (Mr)

Mr. AxBy = (x.Ar A + y. Ar B)

Reactions that occur:

Bi₂O₃ (s) + 3C (s) → 2Bi (s) + 3CO (g)

Mr Bi₂O₃ = 2. ar bi + 3. Ar O

Mr Bi₂O₃ = 2. 209 + 3. 16

Mr. Bi₂O₃= 466

mole Bi₂O₃ = gram / Mr

mole = 689/466

mole 1.4785

Comparison of Bi reaction coefficients:  Bi₂O₃  = 1: 2,

Mr. CO = 12 + 16 = 18

mass CO = mole. Mr

CO mass = 4,435. 18 = 79,839 grams

how many moles of water you can produce

https://brainly.com/question/1405182

Excess reactant

brainly.com/question/6857557

The percentage yield

brainly.com/question/12044319

Limiting reactant

brainly.com/question/5798341

Mg^2+ + EDTA^4-   ->   MgETDA^2-

number µmoles of EDTA used = 21.3 µl x 1 x 10^-2 M = 21.3 µl x 1 x 10^-2 µm/µl = 21.3 x 10^-2 = 0.213 µmoles EDTA

µmoles Mg^+2 present = 0.213 µmoles because the stoichiometry ratio of the above equation is 1:1

[Mg^+2] = 0.213 µmol / 25 µl = 0.00852 µmol/µl = 0.00852 M = 8.52 x 10^-3 M

The answer is 8.52 x 10^-3 M

The reaction between 67.0 g of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and hydrofluoric acid (HF) will produce roughly 40.16 g of water (H2O).

The question is related to a chemical reaction between silicon dioxide (SiO2) and hydrofluoric acid (HF) which produces silicon tetrafluoride (SiF4) and water (H2O). From the balanced equation, we can see that for each mole of SiO2 reacted, 2 moles of H2O are produced. To find out the mass of water produced from 67.0 g of SiO2, we first need to determine the number of moles of SiO2 in 67.0 g. Using the molar mass of SiO2 (60.08 g/mol), we find that 67.0 g corresponds to 1.115 moles. As the reaction produces 2 moles of water for each mole of SiO2, this means we have 2 * 1.115 = 2.23 moles of water. The molar mass of water is 18.015 g/mol, so this equates to approximately 40.16 g of water.

https://brainly.com/question/34828728

#SPJ2

Final answer:

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between NaOH and HCl is NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H₂O (l). It is a neutralization reaction with a one-to-one molar ratio.

Explanation:

The balanced chemical equation to show the reaction of NaOH with the monoprotic acid HCl is as follows:

NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H₂O (l)

This reaction between sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a typical acid-base reaction where NaOH is the base and HCl is the acid. When NaOH and HCl react together, they form sodium chloride (NaCl) and water (H₂O). This reaction is also called a neutralization reaction and in this case, occurs in a one-to-one molar ratio where one mole of NaOH reacts with one mole of HCl to produce one mole of NaCl and one mole of water.

Answer: "2" should be placed infront of [tex]Na_3PO_4[/tex] to have the same number of phosphate ions on each side.

Explanation: For a given reaction in the question,

The phosphate ions on product side are 2, so there should be 2 phosphate atoms on the reactant side as well.

And the number of Magnesium atoms on product side is 3, there should be 3 magnesium atoms on the reactant side as well.

To balance out Phosphate and magnesium atoms, 6 sodium and chlorine atoms each are formed on reactant side, so to balance these atoms, 6 atoms of each should be present on product side.

Now, the balanced Chemical equation becomes:

[tex]2Na_3PO_4+3MgCl_2\rightarrow Mg_3(PO_4)_2+6NaCl[/tex]

By placing the coefficient '2' in front of Na3PO4 in the given chemical equation, we can ensure that the same number of phosphate ions are present on both sides of the equation.

In the given chemical equation, we see PO4 appearing twice: once in Na3PO4 and again in Mg3(PO4)2 on the other side of the equation. It's crucial to balance this equation so that the same number of phosphate ions are present on both sides. Each Mg3(PO4)2 molecule contains two phosphate ions (PO4 units), which means if we have one Mg3(PO4)2 on the right side of the equation, we need two PO4 units on the left side as well.

To achieve this, place the coefficient '2' in front of Na3PO4, which dictates that we have two Na3PO4 molecules (each containing one PO4 unit) allowing us to have two phosphate ions on the left. Hence, the balanced chemical equation will look like: 2Na3PO4 + MgCl2 → Mg3(PO4)2 + NaCl.

https://brainly.com/question/29233369

#SPJ6

The electrostatic potential energy between an electron and a proton can be calculated using the equation PE = k(q1q2)/r, where k is the Coulomb constant, q1 and q2 are the charges of the electron and proton respectively, and r is the separation between them. Plugging in the given values, the electrostatic potential energy can be calculated.

The electrostatic potential energy between an electron and a proton can be calculated using the equation PE = k(q1q2)/r, where k is the Coulomb constant, q1 and q2 are the charges of the electron and proton respectively, and r is the separation between them.

In this case, the charge of an electron is -1.6 x 10-19 C and the charge of a proton is +1.6 x 10-19 C. The separation between them is 54 pm, which is equal to 54 x 10-12 m.

Plugging in these values, we get:
PE = (9 x 109 N m2/C2)((-1.6 x 10-19 C)(1.6 x 10-19 C))/(54 x 10-12 m)

https://brainly.com/question/35913879

#SPJ12

The electrostatic potential energy (in joules) between an electron and a proton that are separated by 54 pm is approximately [tex]- 4.25 \times 10^{-18} J[/tex].

To calculate the electrostatic potential energy between an electron and a proton that are separated by a distance of 54 picometers (pm), we can use the formula for the electrostatic potential energy [tex]E_{pot}[/tex]​ of two point charges:

[tex]E_{pot} = - \frac{k_e \cdot q_1 \cdot q_2}{r}[/tex]

Where:

1. Convert 54 pm to meters: 54pm = 54 × 10⁻¹² m

2. Substituting values into the equation: Since the charges of the proton and electron are equal and opposite, we have:

Therefore, substituting these values:

3. Calculating the potential energy:

The negative sign indicates that the potential energy is attractive, which is characteristic of opposite charges (the electron and proton).

The face-centered cubic unit cell of nickel has an edge length of 352.4 pm. The density of nickel is 8.9 gcm⁻³.

The mass of a material per unit of volume is its density. Density is most frequently represented by the symbol, however the Latin letter D may also be used. Density is calculated mathematically by dividing mass by volume.

Because it enables us to predict which compounds will float and which will sink in a liquid, density is a crucial notion. As long as an object's density is lower than the liquid's density, it will often float.

Four atoms altogether make up a face-centered cubic unit cell. As a result, a face-centered cubic unit cell has a density of 4 x M / A3 x Na. There are two types of density, absolute and relative density.

Thus, The density of nickel is 8.9 gcm⁻³.

To learn more about density, follow the link;

https://brainly.com/question/6107689

#SPJ2

Final answer:

Nickel does not crystallize in a simple cubic structure because the calculated density for a simple cubic arrangement is much lower than the actual density of nickel. The actual density of nickel (8.90 g/cm³) indicates that nickel has a denser crystal structure, specifically a face-centered cubic lattice, which contains more atoms per unit cell.

Explanation:

No, nickel does not crystallize in a simple cubic structure. If nickel were to crystallize in a simple cubic structure, we would calculate its density based on the volume occupied by one atom in the unit cell. To find the volume of the unit cell, we would cube the edge length of the unit cell, which is given as 0.3524 nm (convert to cm: 3.524 x 10−8 cm). The volume of the unit cell would then be (3.524 x 10−9 cm)3 = 4.376 x 10−23 cm3.

Knowing that there is one atom per unit cell in a simple cubic structure and using the molar mass of nickel (58.6934 g/mol) along with Avogadro's number (6.022 x 1023 atoms/mol), we can determine the mass of one atom of nickel. The mass of one mole of nickel atoms divided by Avogadro's number gives the mass of a single atom to be 9.746 x 10−23 g. Therefore, the density of nickel in a simple cubic structure would be the mass of one atom divided by the volume of the unit cell, equating to 2.23 g/cm3.

However, the actual density of Ni is 8.90 g/cm3, which is significantly higher than what we would expect for a simple cubic structure. This implies that nickel crystallizes in a denser structure, such as a face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice, where more atoms are present per unit cell compared to a simple cubic structure. In an fcc lattice, there are effectively 4 atoms per unit cell.

Chlorine has higher ionization energy

Ionization energy is defined as the minimum amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron, the valence electron, of an isolated neutral gaseous atom, molecule or ion. It is quantitatively expressed in symbols as

X + energy → X+ + e−

Where X is any atom, molecule or ion capable of being ionized, X+ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed, and e− is the removed electron. This is generally an endothermic process.

The ionization energy of Sodium (alkali metal) is 496KJ/mol whereas Chlorine's first ionization energy is 1251.1 KJ/mol.  

Alkali metals (IA group) have small ionization energies, especially when compared to halogens.  Because as we move across the period from left to right, in general, the ionization energy increases. The atoms become smaller which causes the nucleus to have greater attraction for the valence electrons. Therefore, the electrons are more difficult to remove.

[tex]\boxed{{\text{Chlorine}}}[/tex] has higher ionization energy than sodium.

Further Explanation:

Ionization energy:

It is the amount of energy that is required to remove the most loosely bound valence electrons from the isolated neutral gaseous atom. It is denoted by IE. The value of IE is related to the ease of removing the outermost valence electrons. If these electrons are removed so easily, small ionization energy is required and vice-versa. It is inversely proportional to the size of the atom.

Ionization energy trends in the periodic table:

1. Along the period, IE increases due to the decrease in the atomic size of the succeeding members. This results in the strong attraction of electrons and hence are difficult to remove.

2. Down the group, IE decreases due to the increase in the atomic size of the succeeding members. This results in the lesser attraction of electrons and hence are easy to remove.

Sodium and chlorine are present in period 3 of the periodic table. Sodium lies to the left region of the period while chlorine lies to the right.

The atomic number of sodium atom [tex]\left({{\text{Na}}}\right)[/tex] that lies in left region of the period 3 is 11 and its electronic configuration is [tex]{\mathbf{1}}{{\mathbf{s}}^{\mathbf{2}}}{\mathbf{2}}{{\mathbf{s}}^{\mathbf{2}}}{\mathbf{2}}{{\mathbf{p}}^{\mathbf{6}}}{\mathbf{3}}{{\mathbf{s}}^{\mathbf{1}}}[/tex] . The atomic number of chlorine is 17 and its electronic configuration is [tex]{\mathbf{1}}{{\mathbf{s}}^{\mathbf{2}}}{\mathbf{2}}{{\mathbf{s}}^{\mathbf{2}}}{\mathbf{2}}{{\mathbf{p}}^{\mathbf{6}}}{\mathbf{3}}{{\mathbf{s}}^{\mathbf{2}}}{\mathbf{3}}{{\mathbf{p}}^{\mathbf{5}}}[/tex] . Sodium has only one electron in its outermost valence shell that can be removed easily in order to achieve the nearest stable noble gas configuration of He, resulting in its low ionization energy. Chlorine is one electron short of noble gas so it can gain an electron easily, but its removal requires a large amount of energy. So the ionization energy of chlorine is higher than that of sodium.

Learn more:

1. Rank the elements according to first ionization energy: https://brainly.com/question/1550767

2. Write the chemical equation for the first ionization energy of lithium: https://brainly.com/question/5880605

Answer details:

Grade: Senior School

Subject: Chemistry

Chapter: Periodic classification of elements

Keywords: ionization energy, sodium, atomic number, electron, neutral, isolated, gaseous atom, IE, chlorine, group, period, higher.

A gallon of water with a mass of 3.79 kg is equal to 208.76 mol of water.

To find out how many moles of water (H2O) are in a gallon, we need to use the molar mass of water as a conversion factor.

The molar mass of water is 18.02 g/mol. To convert the mass of water from kg to g, we can multiply the number of kg by 1000.

Therefore, a gallon of water with a mass of 3.79 kg is equal to 208.76 mol of water.

Final answer:

Diluting 80.00 mL of 9.13×10⁻² M NaOH to a concentration of 1.60×10⁻² M would result in 456.25 mL of the solution, calculated using the dilution formula M1V1 = M2V2.

Explanation:

The question asks about diluting a solution of NaOH from an initial concentration to a lower concentration while preserving the number of moles of solute. This is a classic chemistry problem involving the concept of molarity and dilution. The formula used to solve such problems is M1V1 = M2V2, where M1 and V1 are the molarity and volume of the initial solution, respectively, and M2 and V2 are the molarity and volume of the final solution, respectively.

Given: M1 = 9.13×10⁻² M, V1 = 80.00 mL, M2 = 1.60×10⁻² M. We need to find V2.

Using the formula:

Therefore, diluting 80.00 mL of 9.13×10⁻² M NaOH to a concentration of 1.60×10⁻² M would result in a volume of 456.25 mL of the solution.

The answer is 4 valence electrons