Cracking of hydrocarbons involves thermal decomposition.
This means that large hydrocarbon molecules break into
smaller molecules when they are heated. The hydrocarbons
are boiled and the hydrocarbon gases are either
mixed with steam and heated to a very high temperature or
passed over a hot powdered aluminium oxide catalyst.
The catalyst works by providing the hydrocarbon gases
with a convenient surface for the cracking to take place.
For example, decane (an alkane with 10 carbons)
can be cracked to produce octane and ethene.
decane octane + ethene.
C10H22(g) C8H18(g) + C2H4(g)
Octane is used as petrol.
Ethene is used in the manufacture of polymers.
Cracking an alkane produces a smaller alkane plus an alkene.
If you add up the number of hydrogen atoms in the
above reaction, you will see that there are 22 on each side.
An alkene is produced because the original alkane does
not have enough hydrogen atoms to produce two more alkanes.
hope this helps
Decane (C₁₀H₂₂) is not typically used to produce polyethylene (poly(ethene)). Polyethylene is produced from ethylene (C₂H₄) monomers.
Polyethylene, a widely used plastic, is produced through a polymerization process using ethylene monomers. The process typically involves the use of a catalyst, such as a Ziegler-Natta catalyst or a metallocene catalyst, along with specific reaction conditions.
These conditions include elevated temperatures, typically ranging from 150 to 300 degrees Celsius, and high pressures, typically ranging from 1000 to 3000 atmospheres.
These conditions are necessary to initiate and facilitate the polymerization reaction, allowing the ethylene monomers to join together and form the long chains characteristic of polyethylene. Decane (C₁₀H₂₂), which is an alkane, is not commonly used as a raw material for polyethylene production.
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Find the block labeled ? in Figure 2. What is its atomic number? How many valence electrons does it have? Which of the elements shown in Figure 2 will it most resemble?
The atomic number of the element is 12. The name of the element is magnesium. It has two valence electrons. The element it most resemble is Be, beryllium.
looking at the periodic table given in the question, we can see that the element we are looking for belong to group 2, thus, its properties will be similar to that of Be, which belong to the same group. The electronic configuration of magnesium is 2, 8, 2, this implies that, it has two electrons on its outermost shell.
An unknown compound contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (). Combustion of 7.50 of this compound produced 11.0 of carbon dioxide and 4.50 of water.
1) How many moles of carbon, C, were in the original sample?
An unknown compound contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (). Combustion of 7.50 of this compound produced 11.0 of carbon dioxide and 4.50 of water.
1) How many moles of carbon, C, were in the original sample?
7.50 g of a compound that contains hydrogen, carbon and oxygen, which produces 11.0 g of carbon dioxide and 4.5 g of water when burned, contains 0.25 moles of carbon in the original sample.
Further Explanation: A compound A compound is a substances that contains two or more different atoms that are bonded together. When the atoms are similar the substance is known as a molecule, therefore not all molecules are compounds. Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons are compounds that contains hydrogen and carbon as the only elements. Other hydrocarbons are composed of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen elements. When hydrocarbons are burned in air, they form carbon dioxide and water:That is;
CxHyOn + O2 = CO2 + H2O
Moles of carbon in the original sample of a Hydrocarbon
We can calculate the original number of moles in the original sample of the hydrocarbon.In our case:
Mass of CO2 formed is 11.0 g
Mass of the hydrocarbon is 7.5 g
Mass of carbon:
1 mole of CO2 contains 12.0 g of carbon
44.0 g/mol contains 12.0 g of carbon
Hence; 11.0 g of CO2 will contain;
= (11x 12)/44.0g
= 3 g of carbon
This means; the original mass of Carbon in 7.5 g of the hydrocarbon is 3 g
Number of moles = mass/R.A.M
= 3 g/ 12.0 g/mol
= 0.25 moles
Hence; 7.5 g of the hydrocarbon contained 0.25 moles of carbon.
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Level: High school
Subject: Chemistry
Topic: Empirical formula and molecular formula
To determine the number of moles of carbon in the original sample, we need to use the balanced equation for the combustion reaction. The original sample contained 11.0 moles of carbon.
Explanation:To determine the number of moles of carbon in the original sample, we need to use the balanced equation for the combustion reaction. From the reaction, we can see that 1 mole of CO2 is produced for every 1 mole of carbon in the compound. So, if 11.0 g of CO2 is produced, it means that there are also 11.0 moles of carbon in the compound. Therefore, the original sample contained 11.0 moles of carbon.
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What is the difference between an ionic bond and an covalent bond?
A) An ionic bond is a bond between charged atoms, while covalent is a bond between neutral atoms.
B) An covalent bond is a bond between charged atoms, while an ionic bond is a bond between neutral atoms.
C) A ionic bond shares electrons, while a covalent bond is an attraction between opposite charges.
D) A ionic bond is a bond between charging atoms, while a covalent bond is bond between opposite charges.
Answer:
a
Explanation:
when group 2A element from ion they
A. lose two proton
B. gain two proton
C. lose two electron
D. gain two electron
If an atom has 28 protons and 29 neutrons, what is the mass?
There are 9 cherry cokes, 3 diet cokes, and 4 coke zeros in a cooler. Selecting a drink and getting a cherry coke, then a coke zero, without replacement makes this probability independent or dependent?
Which of the following atoms would gain two electrons to fill its valence energy level?
A. Ca
B. Br
C. S
D. B
Which of the following elements has three (3) valence electrons?
Mg
K
Al
N
The Answer is Al.
Valence electron:-
It is an outer shell electron with an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the outer shell is not closed; in a single covalent bond, both atoms in the bond contribute one valence electron in order to form a shared pair.
Electronic configuration of Al:-[tex][Ne] 3s^{2} , 3p^{1}[/tex]So, the valence electrons are 3 in the case of Al.
Hence, the correct option is Al.
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a _ is a possible explanation for a problem using what you know and what you observe a-conclusion b-thesis c-theory d- hypothesis
Answer:
D: HYPOTHESIS is a possible explanation for a problem using what you know and what you observe.
Is the molecule NO nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, or ionic?
A. Nonpolar Covalent
B. Polar covalent
C. Ionic
D. None of the Above
Answer: Option (B) is the correct answer.
Explanation:
A covalent compound is defined as the compound in which there will be sharing of electrons between the combining atoms.
An ionic compound is defined as the compound in which there will be transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
A non-polar covalent compound is defined as the compound in which there will be equal sharing of electrons between the combining atoms.
A polar covalent bond is defined as the bond in which there will be unequal sharing of electrons between the combining atoms.
For example, in a NO molecule the oxygen atom is more electronegative than nitrogen atom. Hence, partial charges will tend to develop on both nitrogen and oxygen.
Also, there will be unequal sharing of electrons.
Thus, we can conclude that NO molecule is a polar covalent compound.
should atmospheric pressure increase or decrease as one goes from the beach to the mountains? why?
The atmospheric pressure decreases as one goes from beach to mountains because as altitude increases, pressure decreases because of the inverse relation between them.
What is pressure?Pressure is defined as the force applied on an object perpendicular to it's surface per unit area over which it is distributed.Gauge pressure is a pressure which is related with the ambient pressure.
There are various units by which pressure is expressed most of which are derived units which are obtained from unit of force divided by unit of area . The SI unit of pressure is pascal .
It is a scalar quantity which is related to the vector area element with a normal force acting on it.It is distributed over solid boundaries and across arbitary sections of fluid normal to the boundaries at every point.
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Which of the following is an example of a compound?
H2O
Na
Cl
O
Acetone and sodium chloride both have similar mass. explain why their other properties differ.
Explanation:
Molecular formula of acetone is [tex]CH_{3}COCH_{3}[/tex] and its mass is 58.08 g/mol. Molecular formula of sodium chloride is NaCl and its mass is 58.44 g/mol.
Acetone contains ketone as the functional group and it is acidic in nature. Whereas NaCl is also known as common salt and it is not acidic in nature.
As both acetone and sodium chloride contains different type of atoms. Hence, despite of having similar mass they tend to show different properties.
Carbon atoms have four electrons in their outer shell. This means that a single carbon atom can form up to _______ bonds with other atoms.
two
eight
four
six
The answer is: four.
For example compound carbon dioxide (CO₂):
Electron configuration of carbon: ₆C 1s² 2s² 2p².
Electron configuration of oxygen: ₈O 1s² 2s² 2p⁴.
Carbon atom is sp2 hybridized, it has three sp2 orbitals and one p orbital, they form four bonds.
Oxygen has two p orbitals, they form two bonds (one sigma and one pi bond).
p orbitals from carbon and oxygen overlap and form pi bond.
Which of these statements is true about endothermic reactions, but not about exothermic reactions?
The reactants and products are different substances.
The reactants have less energy than the products.
The temperature of the container increases.
No change in energy occurs.
If you were a water molecules in a glass of water how would you best describe your relationship with the water molecules around you
What relationship exists between the mass number of an element and the isotopes of that element?
Chemical bonds are likely to form when
a. two atoms have the same number of electrons.
b. an atom s outer energy level doesn t have the maximum number of electrons.
c. an atom s nucleus has the same number of protons as neutrons.
d. an atom s outer energy level is filled.
b hope it helps i got it right so you should to thanks for asking
The radius of which of the following orbit is same as that of the first Bohr's orbit of hydrogen atom?
A) He+ (n=2)
B) Li2+ (n=2)
C) Li2+ (n=3)
D) Be3+ (n=2)
where n=orbit ...?
If the symbol X represents a central atom, Y represents outer atoms, and Z represents lone pairs on the central atom, the structure Y--X(with 2 lone pairs)--Y can be abbreviated as XY2Z2
Classify these structures by the hybridization of the central atom in either..
classify the abbreviations into each hybridization category
HYBRIDIZATIONS:
sp
sp2
sp3
sp3d
sp3d2
ABREVIATIONS:
XY2
XY3
XY4
XY5
XY6
XY2Z3
XY2Z
XY3Z2
XY4Z
XY4Z2
XY3Z
XY5Z
XY2Z2
How many moles are in 12.3 grams of CO2
Answer: The amount of carbon dioxide for a given amount are 0.28 moles.
Explanation:
To calculate the number of moles, we use the equation:
[tex]\text{Number of moles}=\frac{\text{Given mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}[/tex]
We are given:
Given mass of carbon dioxide = 12.3 g
Molar mass of carbon dioxide = 44 g/mol
Putting values in above equation, we get:
[tex]\text{Moles of carbon dioxide}=\frac{12.3g}{44g/mol}=0.28mol[/tex]
Hence, the amount of carbon dioxide for a given amount are 0.28 moles.
In addition to canyons,what other kinds of geologic formations might separate similar organisms
Geologic formations such as new rivers, valleys, lakes, and unique erosional structures like hoodoos can separate organisms and lead to speciation. The likelihood of this depends on the organisms' dispersal abilities.
In addition to canyons, other geologic formations that might separate similar organisms and lead to allopatric speciation include the formation of new rivers, valleys through erosion, or lakes. For instance, if rodent populations were separated by the formation of a new lake, gene flow between them would be restricted, increasing the likelihood of speciation due to geographic isolation. Conversely, organisms with greater dispersal capabilities, such as flying insects residing in separate valleys, may continue to interbreed due to ongoing gene flow.
Another example is when seeds are carried across the ocean to a new island. This geographic isolation is the foundation of allopatric speciation, which depends significantly on the biology and dispersal abilities of the organism. Variations in erosion resistance can also create unique formations, like the hoodoos in Bryce Canyon, which might further separate populations.
The number of moles of H+ ions in a liter of distilled (pure) water is:
1 x 10-7
1 x 10-14
0.5 x 10-7
2 x 10-14
none of these
Answer : The correct option is, [tex]1\times 10^{-7}[/tex]
Explanation :
As we know that the ionic product of water is the product of the concentration of hydrogen ion and the concentration of the hydroxide ion.
In the pure water, the concentration of hydrogen ion and the concentration of the hydroxide ion are equal.
Mathematically,
[tex][H^+][OH^-]=1\times 10^{-14}mole/L[/tex]
When [tex][H^+]=[OH^-][/tex]
[tex][H^+]^2=1\times 10^{-14}mole/L[/tex]
[tex][H^+]=1\times 10^{-7}mole/L[/tex]
Therefore, the number of moles of [tex][H^+][/tex] ions in a liter of distilled pure water is, [tex]1\times 10^{-7}[/tex]
What is the general trend in atomic size within a group? Within a period?
The atomic size along period in periodic table decreases whereas down a group, the atomic size increases due to the addition of more energy levels.
What is atomic size?The atomic size is considered to be the distance from the nucleus to the valence shell of the atom. The size of an atom depends on the nuclear charge, number of electrons and number of shells.
Along a period, the atomic size is decreasing this is because, the nuclear charge is increasing with an increase in atomic number and no increase in number of shell. Thus, electrons are occupying within the same energy level and experience more nuclear attractive pull results in smaller size.
Down a group the number of principal shell increases Thus the valence electrons are getting far apart from the nucleus and the valence electrons are more screened by the inner electrons. Therefore, the atomic size increases.
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what occurs when potassium reacts with chlorine to form potassium chloride
The bond between K⁺ and Cl⁻ ions is an ionic bond
Further explanationAtoms have different stability. Unstable atomic atoms will try to form stable electron configurations like those of noble gases. Where noble gases have the number of outer electrons 2 or 8
The formation of electron configurations such as noble gases can be done by forming shared ions or electron pairs
Atoms with high ionization energy and atoms that are difficult to draw electrons will form bonds with shared electron pairs (electrons can be from one atom or two atoms attached)
Inform ions, atoms will release or attract electrons
Ion bonds occur because atoms that have low ionization energy (easily release electrons) form a + ion, and these electrons are bound by atoms that have large affinity energy (easily pulling electrons)
Generally, ionic bonds occur in metals and nonmetallic elements. Metal elements have low ionization energy and non-metallic elements have a high electron affinity
In Atoms, to achieve stability, K will release one electron so that it has an electron configuration like noble gas Ar
Electron configuration of K (atomic number 19) and Ar (atomic number 18)
K: 2 8 8 1
Ar: 2 8 8
so that it becomes a K⁺ ion
While the Cl atom will bind one electron, so it has an electron configuration like noble gas Ar
Cl: 2 8 7
Ar: 2 8 8
So that it becomes a Cl⁻ ion
Finally, there will be an attractive attraction between positive and negative ions and KCl is formed
So the bond between K + and Action is an ionic bond
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how do you know which halide salts confirms a presence of F- ions, Cl- ions, Br- ions, and I- ions?
what happens when air becomes warme and drier as it moves down the Leeward side
What is true of saturated fatty acid chains?
a. They are more healthy that unsaturated fats.
b. They contain only single covalent bonds.
c. They are only made in leaf cells of green plants.
d. They contain at least one double or triple bond.
Statement which is true about saturated fatty acid chains is that they contain only single covalent bonds.
What is covalent bond?
Covalent bond is defined as a type of bond which is formed by the mutual sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between the two atoms.These electron pairs are called as bonding pairs or shared pair of electrons.
Due to the sharing of valence electrons , the atoms are able to achieve a stable electronic configuration . Covalent bonding involves many types of interactions like σ bonding,π bonding ,metal-to-metal bonding ,etc.
Sigma bonds are the strongest covalent bonds while the pi bonds are weaker covalent bonds .Covalent bonds are affected by electronegativities of the atoms present in the molecules.Compounds having covalent bonds have lower melting points as compared to those with ionic bonds.
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Which factor is responsible for the weak attraction between diatomic molecules of the halogens (group 7A)?
A) Hydrogen bonding
B) Ionic bonding
C) Dipole interactions
D) London dispersion forces
Final answer:
The weak attraction between diatomic molecules of halogens is due to London dispersion forces, which are the result of shifting electron densities within molecules inducing temporary dipoles in neighboring molecules. The correct option is D.
Explanation:
The weak attraction between diatomic molecules of the halogens (group 7A) is mostly due to London dispersion forces. These are van der Waals forces resulting from the constant motion and shifting electron density within any molecule, which can induce a temporary dipole in a neighboring molecule, hence creating a transient dipole-dipole interaction. They are the weakest of the intermolecular forces and are present in nonpolar molecules. Halogens, being nonpolar as diatomic molecules, interact primarily through these forces. In contrast, hydrogen bonding involves a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom like nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine, and is much stronger than London dispersion forces. Dipole interactions occur in polar molecules where there is a permanent separation of charge. Meanwhile, ionic bonding occurs in compounds consisting of metals and nonmetals and involves the transfer of electrons, leading to the formation of oppositely charged ions, which is significantly stronger than dispersion forces.
Which compound represents the compound aluminum iodide?
Answer: The compound represents aluminium iodide is AlI3.
Explanation:
The algebraic sum of the oxidation numbers of atoms that combined in a neutral and stable molecule must be zero.It is known that the oxidation state of Al is (3+) and of iodide ion is (-1) .The (Al) ion must bonded by 3 atoms of (I) ion, then it will be AlI3.Also, a monoiodide can find a role in the Al-I system, but the compound AlI is unstable at room temperature and converted to the triiodide form as shown in the following equation: 3 AlI → AlI 3 + 2 Al