Consider your experimental results from Part A of this lab. Suppose your strongest reducing agent were added to your strongest oxidizing agent. (Use the lowest possible coefficients. Omit states-of-matter from your answers.) (a) Write the half-reaction for your strongest reducing agent. chemPadHelp (b) Write the half-reaction for your strongest oxidizing agent. chemPadHelp (c) Note the number of electrons in each half reaction. In order to balance the number of electrons lost and gained, the oxidation half-reaction must be multiplied by and the reduction half-reaction must be multiplied by (d) Write the net redox reaction. chemPadHelp

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

See Explaination

Explanation:

We can define an oxidizing agent as a reactant that removes electrons from other reactants during a redox reaction. The oxidizing agent typically takes these electrons for itself, thus gaining electrons and being reduced. An oxidizing agent is thus an electron acceptor.

Please kindly check attachment for further solutions in details.

Consider Your Experimental Results From Part A Of This Lab. Suppose Your Strongest Reducing Agent Were
Answer 2
Final answer:

In this example, the strongest reducing agent is Aluminum (Al) and the strongest oxidizing agent is the dichromate ion (Cr₂O₇²¯). They both involve 6 electrons in their respective half-reactions. Balancing and summing these half-reactions give the net redox reaction.

Explanation:

To answer your experimental lab results query about redox reactions, we first identify our strongest oxidizing agent and reducing agent. An oxidizing agent is a substance that tends to oxidize other substances, meaning it is reduced. Conversely, a reducing agent reduces other substances while being oxidized itself.

Your strongest reducing agent might be represented by this half-reaction: 2Al(s) → 2Al³+ + 6e⁻, and your strongest oxidizing agent might be represented by: Cr₂O₇²¯ + 14H⁺ + 6e⁻ → 2Cr³+ + 7H₂0. Here, aluminum (Al) is losing electrons, so it's oxidized, and dichromate ion (Cr₂O₇²¯) is gaining electrons, so it's reduced.

So, identifying the number of electrons involved: Reducing half-reaction (Aluminum) = 6 electrons, Oxidizing half-reaction (Chromium) = 6 electrons. As the number of electrons in both half-reactions is equal, no multiplication is needed to balance them.

Now, combining these half-reactions to form the net redox reaction gives us: 2Al(s) + Cr₂O₇²¯ + 14H⁺ → 2Al³+ + 2Cr³+ + 7H₂0.

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Related Questions

Write the balanced half‑reaction that occurs at the anode in a hydrogen‑oxygen fuel cell in which an acidic electrolyte is used. A hydrogen fuel cell. H 2 flows into the cell at the negative electrode. O 2 flows into the cell at the positive electrode. Electrons travel through an external circuit from the negative to the positive electrode. Between the two electrodes is an electrolyte solution. Arrows in the electrolyte point from the negative electrode to the positive electrode. anode half-reaction: Write the balanced half‑reaction that occurs at the cathode in a hydrogen‑oxygen fuel cell in which an acidic electrolyte is used. cathode half-reaction: Write the balanced overall cell reaction. overall cell reaction:

Answers

Answer:

Cathode: O2 + 4H+ +4e--------> 2H20

Anode: 2H2 -4e- ---------> 4H+

Overall: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

Explanation:

A hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell is an alternative cell to rechargeable cells and batteries. In this cell, hydrogen and oxygen is used to produce voltage and water is the only byproduct.

At the cathode (positive electrode):

O2 + 4H+ +4e--------> 2H2O

At the anode (negative electrode);

2H2 -4e- ---------> 4H+

Adding the two half reactions we have:

2H2 + O2 + 4H+ + 4e-  ----------->  2H2O + 4H + 4e-

The overall reaction after cancelling out the like terms in the reaction is:

2H2 (g) + O2 (g) --------> 2H2O (l)

The hydrogen fuel cell is an electrochemical cell in which hydrogen is oxidized and oxygen is reduced.

A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell in which oxygen enters into the positive cathode and hydrogen flows into the negative cathode. Hydrogen is oxidized and oxygen is reduced during the electrochemical reaction.

At the negative electrode;

2H2(g)  ----->  4H^+(aq)+ 4e

At the positive electrode;

O2(g) + 4H^+(aq) + 4e -----> 2H2O(l)

The overall reaction is;

2H2(g)  + O2(g)  -----> 4H^+(aq) + 2H2O(l)

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How much 0.075 M NaCl solution can be made by diluting 450 mL of 9.0 M NaCl?

Answers

Answer:

54 L

Explanation:

Given data

Initial concentration (C₁): 9.0 MInitial volume (V₁): 450 mLFinal concentration (C₂): 0.075 MFinal volume (V₂): to be calculated

We have a concentrated NaCl solution and we will add water to it to obtain a diluted NaCl solution. We can find the volume of the final solution using the dilution rule.

[tex]C_1 \times V_1 = C_2 \times V_2\\V_2 = \frac{C_1 \times V_1}{C_2} = \frac{9.0M \times 450mL}{0.075M} = 5.4 \times 10^{4} mL = 54 L[/tex]

The volume of the final solution should be 54L.

Calculation of the volume:

Since

Initial concentration (C₁): 9.0 M

Initial volume (V₁): 450 mL

Final concentration (C₂): 0.075 M

We know that

C1 * V1 = C2 * V2

V2 = C1 * V1/ C2

= 9.0M * 450 mL/ 0.075 M

= 54 L

hence, The volume of the final solution should be 54L.

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A weather balloon has a volume of 200.0 L at a pressure of 760 mm Hg. As it rises, the pressure decreases to 282 mm Hg. What is the new volume of the balloon? (Assume constant temperature)

Answers

Answer:

The new volume of the balloon is 539 L

Explanation:

As the volume increases, the gas particles (atoms or molecules) take longer to reach the walls of the container and therefore collide less times per unit time against them. This means that the pressure will be less because it represents the frequency of gas strikes against the walls. In this way, pressure and volume are related, determining Boyle's law that says:

"The volume occupied by a given gas mass at constant temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure"

Boyle's law is expressed mathematically as:

Pressure * Volume = constant

o P * V = k

Having an initial state 1 and an final state 2 will be fulfilled:

P1 * V1 = P2 * V2

So, in this case, you know:

P1= 760 mmHgV1= 200 LP2= 282 mmHgV2= ?

Replacing:

760 mmHg*200 L= 282 mmHg*V2

Solving:

[tex]V2=\frac{760 mmHg*200 L}{282 mmHg}[/tex]

V2=539 L

The new volume of the balloon is 539 L

Using Boyle's Law, we calculated the new volume of the weather balloon as approximately 538.7 L when the pressure decreases from 760 mm Hg to 282 mm Hg at constant temperature.

To find the new volume of the weather balloon when the pressure changes, we can use Boyle's Law, which states that the product of the initial pressure and volume is equal to the product of the final pressure and volume, assuming constant temperature.

The formula is:

P₁V₁= P₂V₂

Given: P₁ = 760 mm Hg, V₁ = 200.0 L, P₂ = 282 mm Hg

We need to find V₂.

Rearranging the formula to solve for V₂:

V₂= (P₁V1₁ / P₂)

Substituting the given values:

V₂ = (760 mm Hg * 200.0 L) / 282 mm Hg

V₂ = 152000 mm Hg L / 282 mm Hg

V₂ ≈ 538.7 L

Therefore, the new volume of the balloon is approximately 538.7 L.

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Online Content: Site 1

What factors can contribute to the process of desertification? (Site 1)

Answers

Answer:

Some of the factors include:

i. climate change

ii. urbanization

iii. overgrazing

iv. deforestation

v. natural disasters e.g yearly occurrence of wild fire in Austrailian forests

vi. soil erosion

Explanation:

Desertification is a process by which a fertile land degenerates into a desert due to some activities. These activities can either be natural or due to human activities, causing a land to become a desert. It has major effects on plants and animals (either domestic, wild or human).

In the world today, desertification is majorly caused by overgrazing and climate change. But other factors that can contribute to the process of desertification are; soil erosion, urbanization, deforestation, natural disasters etc.

Answer:

There are several reasons why the number of snow leopards is decreasing. Historically, and occasionally still today, snow leopards were hunted for their thick, soft fur.Other times snow leopards are killed by ranchers when the leopards attack their livestock. Humans now use some of the snow leopard’s habitat for farming and mining. This can make the snow leopards or their prey move to different habitats. Conservation groups are working to protect snow leopards and their habitat. Because of this the leopard species has decreased significantly.

Explanation:

Got 100%

I need help please answer

Answers

Answer:

A

Explanation:

Just thinking logically.

How much energy is released when 50.00 mol of glycerin melts? (Heat of fusion glycerin-91.7 KJ/mol)

Answers

Answer:

4585 KJ

Explanation:

Data obtained from the question. This includes following:

Number of mole (n) of glycerin = 50 moles

Heat of fusion glycerin (Hf) = 91.7 KJ/mol

Heat (Q) released =?

The heat released can be obtained as follow:

Q = n•Hf

Q = 50 x 91.7

Q = 4585 KJ

Therefore, 4585 KJ of heat is released.

Chlorophenols impart unpleasant taste and odor to drinking water at concentrations as low as 5 mg/m3. They are formed when the chlorine dis- infection process is applied to phenol-containing waters. What is the threshold for unpleasant taste and odor in units of (a) mg/L, (b) mg/L, (c) ppmm, and (d) ppbm

Answers

Answer:

See explaination

Explanation:

Chlorine’s disinfection properties have helped improve the lives of billions of people around the world. Chlorine also is an essential chemical building block, used to make many products that contribute to public health and safety, advanced technology, nutrition, security and transportation.

Please kindly check attachment for the step by step solution of the given problem.

The threshold for unpleasant taste and order in the respective units are;

A) 0.005 mg/L

A) 0.005 mg/LB) 5 μg/L

A) 0.005 mg/LB) 5 μg/LC) 0.005 ppm

A) 0.005 mg/LB) 5 μg/LC) 0.005 ppmD) 5 ppb

We are given the concentration of chlorophenols as; M = 5 mg/m³

A) Converting mg/m³ to mg/L means that;

1 mg/m³ = 0.001 mg/L. Thus;

5 mg/m³ = (5 × 0.001)/1

>> 0.005 mg/L

B) Converting mg/m³ to μg/L means that;

1 mg/m³ = 1 μg/L

Thus; 5 mg/m³ = 5 × 1/1 μg/L

>> 5 μg/L

C) Converting mg/m³ to ppm gives;

1 mg/m³ = 0.001 ppm

Thus;

5 mg/m³ = (5 × 0.001)/1 ppm

>> 0.005 ppm

D) Converting mg/m³ to ppb gives;

1 mg/m³ = 1 ppm

Thus;

5 mg/m³ = 5 × 1/1 ppb

>> 5 ppb

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Consider the following reaction at equilibrium. What effect will adding 1.4 mole of He to the reaction mixture have on the system? 2 H2S(g) + 3 O2(g) ⇌ 2 H2O(g) + 2 SO2(g) Consider the following reaction at equilibrium. What effect will adding 1.4 mole of He to the reaction mixture have on the system? 2 H2S(g) + 3 O2(g) ⇌ 2 H2O(g) + 2 SO2(g) The reaction will shift to the left in the direction of reactants. No effect will be observed. The reaction will shift to the right in the direction of products. The equilibrium constant will increase. The equilibrium constant will decrease.

Answers

Final answer:

Adding 1.4 moles of He to the reaction mixture will have no effect on the equilibrium of the system.

Explanation:

Adding 1.4 moles of He to the reaction mixture will have no effect on the system. The equilibrium of the reaction will not shift to the left or right, and there will be no change in the equilibrium constant. This is because He is considered an inert gas and does not participate in the reaction.

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Which compound contains a triple bond?

Answers

Answer: C2H2

Explanation: Because each of the lines represent one bond, and because there are three lines (bonds) between the carbons, it means that they are bonded by three bonds, also known as a triple bond.

The triple bond that we have is shown by image D.

What is a triple bond?

Two atoms share three pairs of electrons in a triple bond, making a total of six electrons present in the bond. Multiple bonds are formed between the atoms as a result of the sharing of electrons, offering a high degree of stability.

Two pi (π) bonds and a sigma (σ) bond define a triple bond. Atomic orbitals overlap head-on to form the sigma bond, whereas side-to-side overlap produces the two pi bonds.

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Devin is watching two runners at the park. The runners are the same weight, and the speed that each of them is running is not changing.

Devin wants to know which runner has the most energy of motion. What would he need to find out about the runners in order to determine this?

Answers

Answer:

Reeeeeeeeeerereeeee

Reeeee reee reee ree ree re

Answer:

the speed of which they are running.

Explanation:

Which option is a solution that is 20% (v/v) methanol in water?

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

1.The solution contains 20 mL of methanol and 100 mL of water.

2.The solution contains 20 mL of methanol and 80 mL of water.

3.The solution contains 20 g of methanol and 100 mL of water.

4.The solution contains 20 g of methanol and 80 mL of water.

Answer:

20 % volume/volume methanol in water contains 20 mL of methanol and 80 mL of water.

Explanation:

Total volume of the solution= 20 + 80 = 100 mL

When of alanine are dissolved in of a certain mystery liquid , the freezing point of the solution is lower than the freezing point of pure . On the other hand, when of ammonium chloride are dissolved in the same mass of , the freezing point of the solution is lower than the freezing point of pure . Calculate the van't Hoff factor for ammonium chloride in . Be sure your answer has a unit symbol, if necessary, and is rounded to the correct number of significant digits.

Answers

Answer:

The figures and parameters to answer this question are not clearly stated, so I will answer it in the closest best way I can.

Explanation:

Molality of alanine = mole / weight of solvent( kg)

= (170×1000)/(89×600)

= 3.18 molal

We know ∆ T​​​​​​f​​​​​ = K​​​​f × m

K​​​​​​f​​​​​ = ∆ T​​​​f / molality

= 7.9/3.18 = 2.48 °c.kg.mol-1

Now using the value of cryoscopic constant we calculate can't Hoff factor for Ammonium chloride.

i = ∆ T​​​​​​f /( K​​​​f × molality of NH​​​​​4​​​​Cl)

= (24.7 × 53.5 × 600) /(2.48 × 170 × 1000)

= 1.8

Need help ASAP!!!!!!!

Answers

My Heroes is the time of my time I am in college now that I will do it again tomorrow night and you can do something to me about it and then I will never go back again I hope that I can do this again I don’t want

ball has a volume of 5.27 liters and is at a temperature of 27.0°C. A pressure gauge attached to the ball reads 0.25 atmosphere. The atmospheric pressure is 1.00 atmosphere.

Answers

Answer:

The absolute pressure inside the ball is 1.25atm.

Explanation:

Given-

Volume, V = 5..27L

Temperature, T = 27°C

Gauge Pressure, Pg = 0.25 atm

Atmospheric pressure, Patm = 1 atm

Absolute pressure, Pabs = ?

We know,

Therefore, absolute pressure inside the ball is 1.25atm.

Answer:

The absolute pressure inside the ball is 1.25 atmospheres.

The ball contains 0.267 moles of air

Explanation:

Upon adding solid potassium hydroxide pellets to water the following reaction takes place: KOH(s) → KOH(aq) + 43 kJ/mol Answer the following questions regarding the addition of 14.0 g of KOH to water: Does the beaker get warmer or colder? Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? What is the enthalpy change for the dissolution of the 14.0 grams of KOH?

Answers

Answer:

a) Warmer

b) Exothermic

c) -10.71 kJ

Explanation:

The reaction:

KOH(s) → KOH(aq) + 43 kJ/mol

It is an exothermic reaction since the reaction liberates 43 kJ per mol of KOH dissolved.

Hence, the dissolution of potassium hydroxide pellets to water provokes that the beaker gets warmer for being an exothermic reaction.

The enthalpy change for the dissolution of 14 g of KOH is:

[tex] n = \frac{m}{M} [/tex]

Where:

m: is the mass of KOH = 14 g

M: is the molar mass = 56.1056 g/mol

[tex] n = \frac{m}{M} = \frac{14 g}{56.1056 g/mol} = 0.249 mol [/tex]

The enthalpy change is:

[tex] \Delta H = -43 \frac{kJ}{mol}*0.249 mol = -10.71 kJ [/tex]

The minus sign of 43 is because the reaction is exothermic.

I hope it helps you!

Pure substances cannot be separated by physical means into simpler substances. True or False?

Answers

Answer:

true

Explanation:

Which is an example of a beneficial mutation?

Answers

Answer:

b.one that results in lighter flower petal colors without changing the plant’s ability to reproduce

Explanation:

on edge

Final answer:

Beneficial mutations improve the survival and reproductive chances of an organism. Examples include mosquitos' resistance to insecticides, the color change in peppered moths during the Industrial Revolution, and the Antennapedia mutation in Drosophila.

Explanation:

A beneficial mutation can be understood as the type of mutation that improves an organism's chances of survival and reproduction. For instance, consider the case of mosquitoes. The mutation that has provided them with resistance to some insecticides is an example of a beneficial mutation. This resistance has allowed them to survive even when faced with these chemicals, thus enhancing their chances of propagation.

Similarly, during the Industrial Revolution, peppered moths underwent a beneficial mutation where their coloration turned from light to dark. As industrial pollution darkened the environment, the dark coloration assisted in camouflage, aiding their survival.

The mutant allele can also interfere with the normal gene's function or its distribution in the body, which can result in beneficial mutations. For example, the Antennapedia mutation in Drosophila that allowed for the development of legs in place of antennae. However, whether a mutation is beneficial or not primarily depends on its effects on the organism's ability to mature sexually and reproduce successfully.

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Which process is a chemical change?
TIL
00
burning a match
boiling water
melting ice
O breaking glass

Answers

Answer:

Burning a match is a chemical change while the rest are physical changes.

Explanation:

Final answer:

Burning a match represents a chemical change, where a substance transforms into new substances with distinct chemical properties. In contrast, boiling water, melting ice, and breaking glass are examples of physical changes, altering the substance's form but not its identity.

Explanation:

Among the given options, burning a match is a chemical change. A chemical change is a process that involves a substance changing into a new substance with different chemical properties. In this case, when a match is burned, it undergoes a chemical reaction leading to the formation of new substances such as heat, light, water vapor, and carbon dioxide, which were not there before the match was lit. On the other hand, boiling water, melting ice, and breaking glass are all examples of physical changes, which involve changes in the form of a substance but do not change the identity of the substance itself.

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A hydrogen atom transitions from the n = 6 excited state to the n = 3 excited state, emitting a photon. a) What is the energy, in electron volts, of the electron in the n = 6 state? How far from the nucleus is the electron? b) What is the energy, in electron volts, of the photon emitted by the hydrogen atom? What is the wavelength of this photon? c) How many different possible photons could the n = 6 electron generate by dropping to a lower level (not just the n = 3 state)? d) After reaching the n = 3 state, the electron absorbs an photon with an energy of 50 eV, which ionizes the hydrogen atom (i.e., the electron reaches n=infinity). What is the wavelength of the electron after it is ejected from the hydrogen ato

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

a ) energy, in electron volts, of the electron in the n = 6 state

= -13.6 / 6² eV

= - .378 eV .

b )

energy of n=3

= - 13.6 / 3²

= - 1.5111 eV

Difference = - .378 + 1.511

= 1.133 eV

the energy, in electron volts, of the photon emitted by the hydrogen atom

= 1.133 eV

c ) No of possible photons

= 6C₂

= 15

d) energy at n = 3

= - 1.5111 eV

50 eV energy is added to it so its energy

= 50 - 1.5111 eV

= 48.4889 eV .

From De broglie wavelength formula

λ = h / √ mE , m is mass of electron , E is kinetic energy h is plank's constant.  

λ = 6.6 x 10⁻³⁴ / √ ( 9.1 x 10⁻³¹ x 48.4889 x 1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ )

= 6.6 x 10⁻³⁴ / 26.57 x 10⁻²⁵

= .248 x 10⁻⁹ m

= .248 nm .

Compare the number of valence electrons for each to whether or not they donate or receive electrons

Answers

Answer:

Valency electrons is the number outermost electron present in atom of an element . The valency electron of an atom determines the kind of bonding an element undergoes. The valency electrons determines whether an atom of element will either donate electrons or receive electrons.

Explanation:

Valency electrons is the number outermost electron present in atom of an element . The valency electron of an atom determines the kind of bonding an element undergoes. The valency electrons determines whether an atom of element will either donate electrons or receive electrons.

Elements donates  or receive electron to attain or fulfill the octet rule and this account for the stability. Most metallic elements donates electrons and because they have few valency electrons , this also contributes to their ability to loose electrons easily . Metallic elements like sodium, magnesium, calcium etc loose electrons during bonding with other non metals. When metals loose electrons they form cations

Non metallic element have high number of valency electron and they tend to receive electrons from metallic elements to attain stability . When they gain electron they form anions.  

An example of bonding that involves donating and receiving are bonding between Na and Cl atoms to form NaCl . The metallic sodium loose one electron while the chlorine atom gains one electron to attain the octet rule.

a) A 25.3 mg sample of sodium carbonate is present in a container.

i) Write the formula of sodium carbonate:

Answers

Answer:

Formula of sodium carbonate is [tex]Na_{2}CO_{3}[/tex].

Explanation:

Sodium carbonate is an ionic compound consists of [tex]Na^{+}[/tex] and [tex]CO_{3}^{2-}[/tex] ions.

In a formula unit of sodium carbonate, there should be two [tex]Na^{+}[/tex] ions and one [tex]CO_{3}^{2-}[/tex] ion to maintain charge neutrality.

In general, formula of an ionic compound consists of [tex]A^{x+}[/tex] and [tex]B^{y-}[/tex] ions is written as : [tex]A_{y}B_{x}[/tex] ([tex]x\neq y[/tex]) and AB ([tex]x= y[/tex])

If x or y is equal to 1 then it is not written explicitly in formula.

So, formula of sodium carbonate = [tex]Na_{2}CO_{3}[/tex]

Final answer:

The formula for sodium carbonate is Na₂CO₃; it is used for various purposes in chemical experiments such as stoichiometry, titration, and hydration analysis.

Explanation:

The formula for sodium carbonate is  Na₂CO₃. In the context of these questions, sodium carbonate is often used in stoichiometric calculations, titrations, determining solubility of compounds, and calculating the formula of a hydrated compound by heating the sample to remove water of hydration. A sample of sodium carbonate is specified in different quantities across various experimental setups, which highlights its versatile use in chemical reactions and in the preparation of specific molar concentration solutions.

Consider the reaction.


2 upper N upper o upper c l double-headed arrow 2 upper N upper O (g) plus upper C l subscript 2 (g).


At equilibrium, the concentrations are as follows.


[NOCl] = 1.4 ´ 10–2 M

[NO] = 1.2 ´ 10–3 M

[Cl2] = 2.2 ´ 10–3 M


What is the value of Keq for the reaction expressed in scientific notation?

Answers

Answer: The value of Keq for the reaction expressed in scientific notation is  [tex]1.6\times 10^{-5}[/tex]

Explanation:

Equilibrium constant is defined as the ratio of concentration of products to the concentration of reactants each raised to the power their stoichiometric ratios.

For the given chemical reaction:

[tex]2NOCl(g)\rightarrow 2NO(g)+Cl_2(g)[/tex]

The expression for [tex]K_{eq}[/tex] is written as:

[tex]K_{eq}=\frac{[NO]^2\times [Cl_2]}{[NOCl]^2}[/tex]

[tex]K_{eq}=\frac{(1.2\times 10^{-3})^2\times (2.2\times 10^{-3})}{(1.4\times 10^{-2})^2}[/tex]

[tex]K_{eq}=1.6\times 10^{-5}[/tex]

The value of Keq for the reaction expressed in scientific notation is  [tex]1.6\times 10^{-5}[/tex]

Answer:

its A

Explanation:

When ignited, solid ammonium dichromate decomposes in a fiery display. This is the reaction for a "volcano" demonstration. The decomposition produces nitrogen gas, water vapor, and chromium(III) oxide. The temperature is constant at 25°C.


Substance H0f (kJ/mol) S0 (kJ/mol . K)


a. Cr2O3 (g) -1140 0.0812

b. H2O (I) -242 0.1187

c. N2 (g) 0 0.1915

d. (NH4)2 Cr2O7 - 22.5 0.1137

Answers

Answer:

Your question is half unfinished, regarding the chromium III oxide the correct option that expresses the inorganic formula of said compound is "A"

Explanation:

In the reaction an initial salt reacts giving as product water vapor, nitrogen gas and an oxide that is chromium oxide.

Chromium oxide is an oxide that adopts the structure of corundum, compact hexagonal. It consists of an anion oxide matrix with 2/3 of the octahedral holes occupied by chromium. Like corundum, Cr2O3 is a tough, brittle material.

It is used as a pigment, green in color.

The energy of any one-electron species in its nth state (n = principal quantum number) is given by E = –BZ2 /n2 where Z is the charge on the nucleus and B is 18 2.180 10  J. a) Find the ionization energy of the Be3+ ion in its first excited state in kilojoules per mole. b) Find the wavelength of light given off from the Be3+ ion by electrons dropping from the fourth (n = 4) to the second (n = 2) energy levels.

Answers

Explanation:

(a) The given data is as follows.

            B = [tex]2.180 \times 10^{-18} J[/tex]

            Z = 4 for Be

Now, for the first excited state [tex]n_{f}[/tex] = 2; and [tex]n_{i} = \infinity[/tex] if it is ionized.

Therefore, ionization energy will be calculated as follows.

         I.E = [tex]\frac{-Bz^{2}}{\infinity^{2}} - (\frac{-2.180 \times 10^{-18} J /times (4)^{2}}{(2)^{2}})[/tex]

              = [tex]8.72 \times 10^{-18} J[/tex]

Converting this energy into kJ/mol as follows.

           [tex]8.72 \times 10^{-18} J \times 6.02 \times 10^{23} mol[/tex]  

           = 5249 kJ/mol

Therefore, the ionization energy of the [tex]Be^{3+}[/tex] ion in its first excited state in kilojoules per mole is 5249 kJ/mol.

(b) Change in ionization energy is as follows.

         [tex]\Delta E = -Bz^{2}(\frac{1}{(4)^{2}} - {1}{(2)^{2}}) = \frac{hc}{\lambda}[/tex]

   [tex]\frac{hc}{\lambda} = 0.1875 \times 2.180 \times 10^{-18} J \times (4)^{2}[/tex]                

        [tex]\lambda = \frac{6.626 \times 10^{-34} \times 2.998 \times 10^{8} m/s}{0.1875 \times 2.180 \times 10^{-18} J \times 16}[/tex]

                     = [tex]303.7 \times 10^{-10} m[/tex]

or,                 = [tex]303.7^{o}A[/tex]

Therefore, wavelength of light given off from the [tex]Be^{3+}[/tex] ion by electrons dropping from the fourth (n = 4) to the second (n = 2) energy levels [tex]303.7^{o}A[/tex].

The ionization energy of the Be³+ ion in its first excited state is approximately 5250 kJ/mol. The wavelength of light emitted when an electron transitions from n=4 to n=2 in a Be³+ ion is approximately 75.9 nm.

Ionization Energy and Wavelength Calculation for Be³+

The problem involves calculating the ionization energy of a Be³+ ion in its first excited state and the wavelength of light emitted during an electron transition.

a) Ionization Energy

For a one-electron species like Be³+, the energy in the nth state is given by:

E = –BZ²/n², where Z is the charge on the nucleus and B = 2.180 × 10⁻¹⁸ J.

In the first excited state (n = 2) for Be³+ (Z = 4), we get:

En = –B(4)²/2² = –2.180 × 10⁻¹⁸ J × 16/4 = –8.72 × 10⁻¹⁸ J.

To find the ionization energy, we need the energy to liberate 1 mole of Be³+ ions:

Ionization Energy = |En| × Avogadro's Number = 8.72 × 10⁻¹⁸ J × 6.022 × 10²³ mol⁻¹ = 5.25 × 10⁶ J/mol = 5250 kJ/mol.

b) Wavelength of Light

The energy difference between the fourth (n=4) and second (n=2) energy levels is calculated using:

ΔE = E₄ - E₂ = -BZ² / 4² - (-BZ² / 2²) = BZ² (1/4² - 1/2²)

ΔE = 2.180 × 10⁻¹⁸ J × 16 × (1/16 - 1/4) = 2.180 × 10⁻¹⁸ J × 16 × (-¾) = -2.616 × 10⁻¹⁷ J

The emitted photon's wavelength is given by:

λ = hc /ΔE = (6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ Js × 3.00 × 10⁸ m/s) / 2.616 × 10⁻¹⁷ J ≈ 7.59 × 10⁻⁸ m = 75.9 nm

10.3 5-Methylcyclopentadiene undergoes homolytic bond cleavage of a bond to form a radical that exhibits five resonance structures. Determine which hydrogen atom is abstracted and draw all five resonance structures of the resulting radical.

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

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Give TWO examples of energy conversion that produces unwanted forms of energy.

Answers

For example, consider the energy used by an electric fan. The amount of electrical energy used is greater than the kinetic energy of the moving fan blades. Because energy is always conserved, some of the electrical energy flowing into the fan's motor is obviously changed into unusable or unwanted forms.

Final answer:

In a car engine, the chemical energy in the fuel converts into mechanical energy, but also produces unwanted heat and sound energy. In electric lighting, electrical energy becomes light energy, but also generates unnecessary heat energy.

Explanation:Examples of Energy Conversion

The first example is a car engine. When a car engine operates, the chemical energy in the fuel is converted into mechanical energy that moves the car. However, this process also produces unwanted forms of energy, such as heat and sound energy. The heat is generated due to the combustion of fuel, and the sound is created due to the movement of engine parts. This wasted energy reduces the overall efficiency of the energy conversion process.

The second example is electric lighting. The electrical energy that is input into the lightbulb gets converted into light energy, which is useful. But at the same time, unwanted heat energy is also produced. This heat energy is unhelpful and represents inefficiency in the energy conversion process.

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Compared to the ideal angle, you would expect the actual angle between the bromine-oxygen bonds to be

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Final answer:

The expected bond angle between bromine and oxygen, based on hybridization and molecular geometry, would likely be slightly less than the ideal tetrahedral angle of 109.5°, due to electron repulsion effects.

Explanation:

The bond angle between bromine and oxygen can be predicted using the concepts of hybridization and molecular geometry. If bromine and oxygen were to form a molecule similar to water (H₂O), one might expect a tetrahedral geometry because the valence orbitals of oxygen consist of one 2s orbital and three 2p orbitals. These combine during hybridization to form four hybrid orbitals that point toward the corners of a tetrahedron. The ideal bond angle for a tetrahedron is 109.5°. However, due to the effects of lone pair repulsion, the actual bond angle would likely be less, similar to how the H-O-H bond angle in water is experimentally found to be 104.5°.

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The actual angle between the bromine-oxygen bonds in BrO3⁻ is expected to be less than 120° due to the presence of the lone pair on the central bromine atom.

The ideal bond angle for a sp³ hybridized central atom is 109.5°. However, the presence of lone pairs on the central atom can distort the bond angles. Lone pairs are more electron-rich than bonding pairs, so they repel the bonding pairs more strongly. This repulsion causes the bond angles to decrease.

In the case of BrO3⁻, the central bromine atom is sp³ hybridized and has one lone pair. The lone pair will repel the two bonding pairs between the bromine and oxygen atoms. This repulsion will cause the bond angles between the bromine and oxygen atoms to decrease from the ideal angle of 120°.

The actual bond angle between the bromine-oxygen bonds in BrO3⁻ has been measured to be 107.1°. This is slightly less than the ideal angle of 120°, as expected.

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The question probable may be:

Compared to the ideal angle  120 ,the central atom Br lone pair 1 How you would expect the actual angle between the bromine-oxygen bonds to be  

what is the best definition of nuclear fusion

Answers

Answer:

A nuclear fusion is a nuclear reaction in which atomic nuclei of low atomic number fuse to form a heavier nucleus with the release of energy.

Answer:

Nuclear  fusion is the joining of two or more nuclei into one nucleus

Explanation:

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Methanol, ethanol, and n−propanol are three common alcohols. When 1.00 g of each of these alcohols is burned in air, heat is liberated as indicated. Calculate the heats of combustion of these alcohols in kJ/mol. (a) methanol (CH3OH), −22.6 kJ kJ/mol (b) ethanol (C2H5OH), −29.7 kJ Enter your answer in scientific notation. × 10 kJ/mol (c) n−propanol (C3H7OH), −33.4 kJ Enter your answer in scientific notation. × 10 kJ/mol

Answers

Final answer:

The heats of combustion for methanol, ethanol, and n-propanol, when expressed in kJ/mol, are -0.710 × 10³ kJ/mol, -0.644 × 10³ kJ/mol, and -0.56 × 10³ kJ/mol, respectively. This shows that the amount of heat liberated decreases as the molecular weight of the alcohol increases.

Explanation:

The heat of combustion of a substance is defined as the amount of heat energy released when 1 mole of a substance is completely burned in oxygen. Here, the heats of combustion for methanol (CH3OH), ethanol (C2H5OH), and n−propanol (C3H7OH) are given in kJ/g, and we need to convert them into kJ/mol.

To do this conversion, you first need to find the molar mass of each alcohol. You can do this by adding up the atomic masses of each element in the molecule.

Using the atomic masses in g/mol from the periodic table, we have: Methanol (CH3OH): 12.01 + 3(1.01) + 16 + 1.01 = 32.05 g/mol; Ethanol (C2H5OH): 2(12.01) + 5(1.01) +16 + 1.01=46.07 g/mol; n-Propanol (C3H7OH): 3(12.01) + 7(1.01) + 16 + 1.01 = 60.1 g/mol.

Next, divide the heat of combustion given in kJ/g by the molar mass calculated in g/mol to obtain the heat of combustion in kJ/mol:

Methanol: -22.6 kJ/g ÷ 32.05 g/mol = -0.710 × 10³ kJ/mol (scientific notation)

Ethanol: -29.7 kJ/g ÷ 46.07 g/mol = -0.644 × 10³ kJ/mol (scientific notation)

n-Propanol: -33.4 kJ/g ÷ 60.1 g/mol = -0.56 × 10³ kJ/mol (scientific notation)

So, the heats of combustion for the alcohols are: Methanol: -0.710 × 10³ kJ/mol, Ethanol: -0.644 × 10³ kJ/mol, and n-Propanol: -0.56 × 10³ kJ/mol. As you can see, the amount of heat liberated per mole decreases as the molecular mass of the alcohol increases.

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Which will not appear in the equilibrium constant expression for the reaction below?

H2O(g) + C(s) +

H2() + CO(g)

[H20]

[C]

[H2]

[CO]

Answers

Concentration of C, [C] will not appear in the equilibrium constant expression for the reaction.

What is meant by equilibrium constant ?

Ratio of product of concentration of the products to the product of concentration of reactants.

Here,

H₂O(g) + C(s) ⇆ H₂ + CO

The expression for equilibrium constant for the reaction is given by,

K = [H₂] [CO]/ [H₂O] [C]  

where K is the equilibrium constant of the reaction.

We know, the concentration of solids does not change in a reaction and therefore the concentration is taken as unity.

In the given reaction, since the reactant C is in solid form, its concentration is taken as 1.

So, K = [H₂] [CO]/ [H₂O]

As a result, the concentration of C, [C] will not be included in the expression for equilibrium constant.

Hence,

Concentration of C, [C] will not appear in the equilibrium constant expression for the reaction.

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Final answer:

In the reaction H2O(g) + C(s) → H2(g) + CO(g), the component that does not appear in the equilibrium constant expression is C(s), carbon in its solid form. This is because pure solids do not change concentration and do not affect the state of equilibrium.

Explanation:

To answer which component will not appear in the equilibrium constant expression for the reaction H2O(g) + C(s) → H2(g) + CO(g), we need to understand how equilibrium expressions are formed. The equilibrium constant expression for a reaction is based on the balanced chemical equation and includes the concentrations of the gaseous and aqueous species, raised to the power of their coefficients in the balanced equation. Pure solids and pure liquids are not included in the expression because their concentrations don't change during the reaction.

In the given reaction, C(s), which is carbon in its solid form, does not appear in the equilibrium constant expression because as a pure solid, its concentration is constant and does not affect the state of equilibrium. Therefore, the equilibrium constant expression for this reaction would be K = [CO][H2], excluding both the water (H2O) because it is in gaseous form and included in the expression, and the carbon (C) because it is a solid.

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