Classical and operant conditioning are forms of associative learning. Classical conditioning involves associating a natural and neutral stimulus. Operant conditioning involves learning through the consequences of behavior.
Explanation:Classical and operant conditioning are forms of associative learning. This is a psychological concept that describes how we link two stimuli or events together. In classical conditioning, an association is made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral one, causing the neutral one to elicit a similar response. In operant conditioning, it involves learning through the consequences of behavior, either positive reinforcement (addition of a reward) or punishment.
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Classical and operant conditioning are forms of associative learning, where classical conditioning involves associating two stimuli and operant conditioning involves associating behaviors with their consequences.
Classical and operant conditioning are forms of associative learning. This is a form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment. Specifically:
Classical conditioning: This is a type of learning in which an organism learns to associate two stimuli, often a neutral stimulus (such as a sound) with a stimulus that naturally brings about a certain response (such as food causing salivation). This was famously demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs, leading to what is also known as Pavlovian conditioning. Operant conditioning: This type of learning involves behaviors and their consequences. Through operant conditioning, an organism learns that certain behaviors have certain consequences, like rewards or punishments. This form of learning was extensively studied by psychologist B.F. Skinner. The law of effect is fundamental to this learning process, where behaviors followed by positive outcomes tend to be repeated, and those followed by negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated.Both classical and operant conditioning are important in understanding how we learn from our environment and are used to explain a wide range of behaviors.
Mary was bitten by a dog. now she fears the dog that bit her as well as other dogs. what aspect of classical conditioning is illustrated in what happened to mary?
In which scenario would the use of a wisp be recommended?
The use of a wisp in atmospheric observations can aid in weather prediction by indicating cloud formation, particularly over elevated regions.
Explanation:A wisp is a ball of condensed water vapor or ice droplets, commonly seen in moist air, and is a type of cloud. In the scenario of observing a wisp, it would indicate atmospheric conditions that are conducive to cloud formation and can help in predicting weather changes. For example, seeing wisps forming over mountaintops can signal the likelihood of fog or rain.
The presence of four vehicles and a pedestrian approaching an intersection at the same time might represent a situation to _______ the risk (and move forward to an alternative maneuver at a different intersection) of completing the maneuver.
To mitigate risk at an intersection crowded with vehicles and a pedestrian, the implementation of a traffic signal can enhance safety by controlling vehicle speeds and providing safer crossing for pedestrians.
Explanation:The presence of four vehicles and a pedestrian approaching an intersection at the same time might represent a situation to mitigate the risk (and move forward to an alternative maneuver at a different intersection) of completing the maneuver. This is particularly important considering pedestrian safety, as crowded intersections near campuses can be dangerous for students and others trying to cross. The installation of a traffic signal at problematic intersections can regulate vehicle speeds, enforce stopping at red lights, and provide safe crossing for pedestrians.
Indeed, without proper signals, vehicles often disregard speed limits, and pedestrians are forced to navigate through traffic, which increases the possibility of accidents. These accidents can have serious consequences, including fatalities. Therefore, the implementation of a traffic signal can significantly enhance safety by controlling traffic flow and providing predictable crossing periods for pedestrians.
Lila and thomas are playing in the sandbox together. lila kicks thomas when he takes her toy train. lila's behavior demonstrates
Final answer:
Lila demonstrates conditioning and might be acting out in aggression when her autonomy is threatened. This reflects how children learn through play and may imitate behaviors to assert independence or handle conflict.
Explanation:
Lila's behavior of kicking Thomas when he takes her toy train demonstrates conditioning and possibly acting out due to frustration or a desire for autonomy. This situation highlights how children learn through play and develop preferences, but may also show behaviors of aggression when their autonomy is threatened. Lila may have been seeking independence in her play and reacted negatively when that was disrupted. Furthermore, this behavior can be seen as a form of observational learning, where Lila may be imitating actions she has seen elsewhere, which might be an inappropriate method of dealing with conflict.
A(n) _______ is a test that predicts future performance in a particular setting or on a specific task.
A predictive test is used to predict a candidate's future performance on a specific task or in a certain setting. These tests can range from IQ tests, and skills assessments, to personality tests, which help companies discern the most suitable candidates based on their job requirements. They are usually complemented by cutoff scores that decide whether the candidate is eligible for further selection stages.
Explanation:A(n) predictive testis a type of assessment used to forecast future performance in a particular setting or on a specific task. In the context of job selection, organizations often use diverse tests such as IQ tests, job-specific skills tests, or personality tests to evaluate the competency and suitability of candidates. The use of these tests serves to determine which candidates possess the required knowledge, skills, and abilities needed for the position. For instance, a high score in agreeableness might be highly desired for a customer support position. However, the use of these predictive tests should be supplemented by a confirmed assessment of what scores on the test correspond positively with good job performance. Importantly, organizations may set cutoff scores, that is, a score beneath which a candidate will not progress, for each test.
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Analysts often refer to the three ____’s when describing characteristics of big data
You earn $50,000 per year, and the federal tax rate is 10 percent. Your gross income is A. $5,000 B. $10,000 C. $45,000 D. $50,000
The correct answer is C. After paying 10 percent of the annual income as federal tax, the gross income is $45,000.
To solve this problem, we need to calculate the gross income after federal taxes are deducted. The federal tax rate is given as 10 percent, so we will calculate 10 percent of the annual income and subtract it from the total income to find the gross income.
1. Calculate the federal tax amount:
Federal tax amount = Federal tax rate of Annual income
Federal tax amount = 10% of $50,000
Federal tax amount = 0.10 of $50,000
Federal tax amount = $5,000
2. Subtract the federal tax amount from the annual income to get the gross income:
Gross income = Annual income - Federal tax amount
Gross income = $50,000 - $5,000
Gross income = $45,000
Therefore, after paying 10 percent of the annual income as federal tax, the gross income is $45,000.
Jerry is experiencing hallucinations. he hears voices telling him which people to avoid because they are out to get him. he believes that he is a wealthy heir related to the trump family. he avoids his actual family and exhibits confusion and fear. jerry is most likely experiencing __________ schizophrenia.
Which agency helps the president prepare the annual economic report to congress?
The correct answer is Council of Economic Advisers. It is a group of notable economic analysts. It advises the U.S. President on fiscal policy. It does not advise the nation's central bank on monetary policy. It does, however, clearly express its point of view. Their primary role is to prepare an annual Economic Report, out every February. That gives the economic background that funds the President's annual budget. It clarifies what's happened to the economy over the past year. It also forecasts growth for next year.
The correct answer is Council of Economic Advisers. It is a
group of notable economic analysts. It advises the U.S. President on fiscal
policy.
Immediately after a divorce, both children and parents may show several types of psychological maladjustment for a period that may last from
When carla was discussing the party with one of her friends, she was trying to remember a conversation sheâd had. carla was trying to access her:?
According to cognitive psychologists, the most common form of thinking involves:
Millie receives a parcel from her aunt in indonesia. the delivery man asks her to sign an authorization document to receive the parcel. millie signs without reading the? document, as she is in a hurry.? however, on the other side of the document are contract terms that transfer all of? millie's property to the delivery man. this is an instance of? ________.
Answer:
fraud by concealment.Explanation:
This type of fraud is characterized by the omission of a fact or circumstance that is not revealed with the intention of deceiving. They are related to the scam since they are part of the framework. The scam is damage to the property or assets of another person.
Determining which people will enter what occupation is a function of education referred to as ________.
How did Japan’s situation after World War II help its economy recover faster than Germany’s economy?
A. Japan had more trade partners than Germany did.
B. Japan had not been attacked by the Allies in Japanese territory.
C. Japan already had been an industrial powerhouse before the war.
D. Japan was not divided up into occupation zones among the Allies.
Japan's post-WWII economic recovery was expedited by pre-war industrialization, significant U.S. aid, and a focused industrial policy that transformed its economy from producing low-wage export goods to becoming an innovator in high technology, unlike the divided and occupationally controlled German situation.
Explanation:The Japanese economy was able to recover swiftly after World War II due, in part, to the pre-war industrialization and urbanization of Japanese society. This, coupled with significant U.S. aid including a $2 billion investment and preferential access to the vast U.S. consumer market, allowed Japan to refocus on low-wage industries and products for export. The U.S. viewed Japan as a potential ally against the rise of communism, rather than a threat, which facilitated even more economic cooperation between the two nations. Japan's impressive work ethic and government policy promoting industrialization further fueled this recovery, ultimately allowing Japan to transform from a producer of cheap goods to a leader in high technology.
Germany, on the other hand, was divided into occupation zones and faced different challenges that made its recovery trajectory differ from Japan's. Significant aid provided by the Marshall Plan assisted in the reconstruction of Europe, including West Germany. However, Japan's single-government focus and the lack of such division as seen in Germany enabled a more streamlined and efficient rebuilding process.
One of the most effective ways to apply progressive resistance is through weight training
whether the sequence 1 3 ,0,1,−2… is arithmetic, geometric, or neither. Find the next three terms of the sequence. Type your answer in the blank to the left. A. neither; 7, -20, 61 B. geometric;7, -20, 61 C. arithmetic; −1 3 ,11 3 ,3 D. geometric;−31 3 ,−55 9 ,−9 7 27
What is the fastest way to obtain an application for admission to a college, university, or other post-high school institution?
Which u.s. supreme court case upheld the practice of preventive detention with the argument that this practice protects juveniles and society from a dangerous juvenile before trial?
Rescorla applies a cognitive perspective in explaining classical conditioning. he focuses on the extent to which the cs __________ the us. interferes with
Rescorla applies a cognitive perspective in explaining classical conditioning. He focuses on the extent to which the CS predicts the US.
To add, the learning procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus (e.g. food) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus (e.g. a bell) is called classical conditioning.
In classical conditioning, the UCS is the stimulus that naturally elicits a response, the CS is a previously neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the UCS, the UCR is the natural response to the UCS, and the CR is the learned response to the CS.
Explanation:In classical conditioning, the UCS (unconditioned stimulus) is the stimulus that naturally elicits a response, without any prior conditioning. The CS (conditioned stimulus) is a previously neutral stimulus that, through association with the UCS, comes to elicit a response. The UCR (unconditioned response) is the natural response that is elicited by the UCS, and the CR (conditioned response) is the learned response that is elicited by the CS.
An example of classical conditioning in humans is when a baby gets excited and salivates upon seeing a formula canister. Here, the formula canister is the CS, the baby's excitement and salivation is the CR, the baby's natural excitement and salivation upon receiving the formula is the UCR, and the formula itself is the UCS.
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Three-year-old molly's family took her to the circus six months ago, and she still remembers meeting the clowns. which type of memory is molly demonstrating
Taking the sociological approach to everyday life has strengths and weaknesses. one of the weaknesses of this approach is what?
When john o'sullivan used the term manifest destiny, what was he suggesting the united states do?
While hillary thought her grandpa looked very distinguished with his gray hair, she thought that gray hair made her grandmother look old. hillary is demonstrating the idea of _______?
Both the social facilitation and social loafing are examples of the influence that the presence of others have on our behaviors. these phenomenon differ, however, in the presence of others __________ in social facilitation situations and _______ in social loafing situations.
When speaking to a child, you simplify your vocabulary. on the other hand, when speaking to your professor, you use larger words to gain his/her social approval. which theory explains this process of adjustment?
The theory of social approval explains why people adjust their language based on the listener, influenced by cultural norms and individual factors.
Social approval theory explains the process of adjusting one's speech based on the listener. When speaking to a child, individuals simplify their vocabulary to be more easily understood, whereas when speaking to a professor or higher authority figure, they may use larger words to gain approval.
According to Russian scholar Mikhail Bakhtin, human interactions are influenced by cultural norms and rules, leading individuals to adjust their language based on different social contexts.
Factors such as vocabulary size, socio-economic status, and parental language use also play a role in shaping an individual's language development and communication style.
In a variation of the "forbidden toy" experiment by aronson and carlsmith (1963), another researcher issued mild and severe threats to prevent children from playing with a very attractive toy. several weeks later, a woman came to the school, allegedly to administer tests to the children. when she left the room to score the tests, children were left alone with the same attractive toy and other less attractive toys. almost 80 percent of the children who were issued severe threats by the researcher played with the attractive toy; only 30 percent of those children issued mild threats succumbed to temptation. this experiment is noteworthy because it demonstrated that
The modified "forbidden toy" experiment showed that severe threats are not as effective in preventing behavior as mild threats, highlighting the influences of punishment severity on behavior alteration.
Explanation:The variation of the "forbidden toy" experiment by Aronson and Carlsmith (1963), which involved using mild and severe threats to discourage children from playing with an attractive toy, is noteworthy because it demonstrated the effects of punishment severity on behavior.
The outcome showed a higher incidence of disobedience among the children who received stronger threats, suggesting that when the threat of punishment is too severe and not immediately enforced, it may not be as effective at preventing the behavior.
This contrasts with the findings from Bandura's Bobo doll study, which indicated that observed consequences (reward or punishment) for a model's behavior could greatly influence the imitation of that behavior by children.
An example of a privacy right is ....
A. writing a blog about a future vacation .
B. speaking out against a proposed state law.
C. publishing personal information on a website.
D. refusing to testify against oneself in court.
"truth in sentencing" guarantees that offenders will serve at least ________ of their sentence.
Modern psychoanalysts differ from traditional freudian psychoanalysts in that they focus on the ______ as a motivating force of behavior, and they favor ______ their patients.