calculate the empirical formula from the given percent compositions. 82% nitrogen (N), 18% hydrogen (H)

Final answer:

In one mole of C12H22O11, there are 12 moles of Carbon, 22 moles of Hydrogen, and 11 moles of Oxygen. Hence, the conversion factors between moles of each of these elements and moles of the compound are 1:12, 1:22, and 1:11 respectively.

Explanation:

To establish the conversion factors between moles of each constituent element and moles of the compound for C12H22O11, we first need to determine the number of moles of each constituent element in one mole of C12H22O11. The molecule C12H22O11 has 12 Carbon (C), 22 Hydrogen (H), and 11 Oxygen (O) atoms. Therefore, one mole of C12H22O11 contains 12 moles of C, 22 moles of H, and 11 moles of O. These are the conversion factors between moles of each element and moles of the compound - there is a 1:12 factor between C and C12H22O11, a 1:22 factor between H and C12H22O11, and a 1:11 factor between O and C12H22O11.

These factors originate from the definition of mole as a unit of substance containing the same number of atoms, molecules, ions, and other entities as the number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of 12C. This means that the molar mass of any substance in grams is numerically equivalent to its atomic or formula weight in amu.

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The compound C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ has conversion factors for each element: 1 mole C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ is equivalent to 12 moles of C atoms, 22 moles of H atoms, and 11 moles of O atoms.

These factors assist in converting between moles of the elements and the compound.

For the compound C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁, we need to determine conversion factors between moles of each constituent element and moles of the compound.

Here's a step-by-step approach:

Identify the number of each type of atom in one mole of the compound: C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ has 12 carbon (C) atoms, 22 hydrogen (H) atoms, and 11 oxygen (O) atoms per molecule.

Write the conversion factors:

1 mole of C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ contains 12 moles of C atoms:
(1 mole C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ / 12 moles C)1 mole of C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ contains 22 moles of H atoms:
(1 mole C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ / 22 moles H)1 mole of C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ contains 11 moles of O atoms:
(1 mole C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ / 11 moles O)

These factors allow conversion between the moles of each element and the moles of the compound.

Correct question is: Write conversion factors between moles of each constituent element and moles of the compound for C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ .

More, Moon, and lighter, you're welcome

Particles in a plasma experience more collisions than particles in a solid.

Based on their state of matter alone, is it easier to speak of the shape of the Sun or the Moon?   moon

Two unknown substances are in identical beakers. One is a solid and the other is a plasma. If you were given a scale to allow you to obtain the mass of the substance, and had to guess based on mass alone, you would say that the plasma is in the lighter beaker.

Ammonium (NH4)+ gains one additional electron to form it's 1+ charge state. Sulfur, like oxygen, gains two electrons per atom to ionize to a 2- charge state.
To form an electrically stable ammonium sulfide, two ammonium ions combine with one sulfide ion. (NH4)2S
 

Final answer:

To form ammonium sulfide, two ammonium ions are needed to balance the 2- charge of one sulfide ion, resulting in the neutral formula (NH4)2S.

Explanation:

The student's question pertains to why we need two ammonium ions and one sulfide ion to form the chemical formula for ammonium sulfide. The reason is the charge balance. The ammonium ion (NH4+) carries a 1+ charge, and the sulfide ion (S2-) carries a 2- charge. To neutralize the charges, two ammonium ions are required to balance out the double negative charge of a single sulfide ion. Hence, the formula for ammonium sulfide is (NH4)2S. This is a fundamental concept in ionic bonding where charge neutrality must be achieved.

A silver atom has to lose only 1 electron to achieve a pseudo-noble-gas electron configuration.

There are 10 hydrogen atoms that bind and there are 2 pairs of free electrons in the non-binding O atom

Further explanation

Aldehydes are alkane-derived compounds containing carbonyl groups (-CO-) where one bond binds to an alkyl group while another binds to a hydrogen atom.

The general structure is R-CHO with the molecular formula :

[tex]\large{\boxed{\boxed{\bold{C_nH_{2n}O}}}[/tex]

Naming is generally the same as the alkane by replacing the suffix with -al

Butanal or butyraldehyde is an aldehyde which has 4 C atoms

Inside the structure there are 3 atoms involved in bonding:

1. Atom C with 4 valence electrons, requires 4 electrons to reach the octet 2. Atom O with 6 valence electrons, requires 2 electrons to reach the octet 3. Atom H with 1 valence electron, requires 1 electron to reach a duplet

In describing Lewis's structure the steps that can be taken are:

 1. Count the number of valence electrons from atoms in a molecule 2. Give each bond a pair of electrons 3. The remaining electrons are given to the atomic terminal so that an octet is reached 4. The remaining electrons that still exist in the central atom 5. If the central atom is not yet octet, free electrons are drawn to the central atom to form double bonds

In the Butanal structure (C₄H₈O) there is 1 double bond of the functional group (-CHO) between the C atom and the O atom

Learn more:

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Keywords: butanal, aldehyde, Lewis structure, a valence electron

There are [tex]\boxed{10}[/tex] hydrogens and [tex]\boxed2[/tex] lone pairs in the Lewis structure of butanal. (Refer structure in the attached image)

Further Explanation:

The bonding between the different atoms in covalent molecules is shown by some diagrams known as the Lewis structures. These also show the presence of lone pairs in the molecule. These are also known as Lewis dot diagrams, electron dot diagrams, Lewis dot structures or Lewis dot formula. In covalent compounds, the geometry, polarity, and reactivity are predicted by these structures.

Lewis structure of [tex]{\mathbf{C}}{{\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{3}}}{\left( {{\mathbf{C}}{{\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{2}}}} \right)_{\mathbf{2}}}{\mathbf{CHO}}[/tex] :

The total number of valence electrons of [tex]{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\left({{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_2}}\right)_2}{\text{CHO}}[/tex] is calculated as,

Total valence electrons = [(4) (Valence electrons of C) + (8) (Valence electrons of H) + (1) (Valence electrons of O)]

[tex]\begin{aligned}{\text{Total valence electrons}}\left({{\text{TVE}}}\right)&= \left[{\left({\text{4}}\right)\left({\text{4}}\right)+\left({\text{8}}\right)\left({\text{1}}\right)+\left({\text{1}} \right)\left({\text{6}}\right)}\right]\\&=30\\\end{gathered}[/tex]

The general formula of aldehyde functional group is [tex]{\text{R}} - {\text{CHO}}[/tex] . The given molecule has also the same formula and therefore the given molecule is an aldehyde.

In [tex]{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\left({{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_2}}\right)_2}{\text{CHO}}[/tex] , the total number of valence electrons is 30. Here, [tex]{{\text{C}}_1}[/tex]  forms two single bonds, one with a hydrogen atom and other with [tex]{{\text{C}}_2}[/tex] . It also forms one double bond with an oxygen atom. [tex]{{\text{C}}_2}[/tex]  forms two single bonds with other two hydrogen atoms and two single bonds with [tex]{{\text{C}}_1}[/tex] and [tex]{{\text{C}}_3}[/tex]  separately. [tex]{{\text{C}}_3}[/tex]  forms two single bonds with two hydrogen atoms and two single bonds with [tex]{{\text{C}}_2}[/tex] and [tex]{{\text{C}}_4}[/tex] separately. [tex]{{\text{C}}_4}[/tex] forms one single bond with [tex]{{\text{C}}_3}[/tex]  and three single bonds with three hydrogen atoms. Oxygen forms one double bond with [tex]{{\text{C}}_1}[/tex] . Each hydrogen forms a single bond with carbon atoms and therefore 26 electrons are utilized. The remaining four are present in the form of lone pair on the oxygen atom. (Refer to the structure in the attached image)

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Answer details:

Grade: Senior School

Subject: Chemistry

Chapter: Molecular structure and chemical bonding

Keywords: Lewis structure, valence electrons, butanal, CH3(CH2)2CHO, single bonds, double bonds, carbon atom, hydrogen atom, oxygen atom, valence electrons.

A condensation reaction is described to be a reaction wherein two molecules form an even larger product and consequently produces a smaller molecule as a by-product. For example, when two amino acids are combined, a dipeptide bond is formed. As a result, 1 molecule of water is produced as a by-product.

Since the leaving ability of the halide ions increasees as the basicity of the halide decreases.

If the basicity of the halide decreases as the its conjugate acid is strong.

Since the pKa value of conjuage acid of haldie is 3, it is a weak acid. So, it halide is not a good leaving group.

Therefore the answer is No, because a good leaving group is the conjugate base of a strong acid. The halide not acidic enough to be a good leaving group.

Final answer:

There are 1.98 × 10^24 sulfur atoms in 1.10 mol of aluminum sulfide.

Explanation:

The formula for aluminum sulfide is Al2S3. To determine the number of sulfur atoms in 1.10 mol of aluminum sulfide, we need to multiply Avogadro's number (6.022 × 1023 mol-1) by the number of moles of sulfur in the compound. In Al2S3, there are 3 sulfur atoms per molecule. Therefore, the number of sulfur atoms in 1.10 mol of aluminum sulfide is 3 × 1.10 × 6.022 × 1023 = 1.98 × 1024.

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Final answer:

In 1.10 mol of aluminum sulfide, there are 1.987 x 10^24 atoms of sulfur, based on the stoichiometry of Al₂S₃ and the use of Avogadro's number.

Explanation:

To determine the number of sulfur atoms in 1.10 mol of aluminum sulfide (Al₂S₃), it's essential to understand the compound's stoichiometry. Aluminum sulfide has a molecular formula of Al₂S₃, indicating that each mole of aluminum sulfide contains two moles of aluminum atoms and three moles of sulfur atoms.

Given 1.10 moles of Al₂S₃, the calculation to find the number of sulfur atoms involves multiplying the number of moles of aluminum sulfide by the ratio of sulfur atoms per mole of aluminum sulfide, then by Avogadro's number (6.022 × 1023 atoms/mol) to convert moles to atoms:

Total moles of sulfur = 1.10 moles Al₂S₃ × 3 moles S/mol Al₂S₃ = 3.30 moles STotal sulfur atoms = 3.30 moles S × 6.022 × 1023 atoms/mol = 1.987 × 1024 atoms of sulfur.

Assuming that the percent composition that is given is based on volume, therefore amount og agarose needed would simply be the product of the fractional composition and the total volume of the solution, that is:

required agarose = 0.01 * 40 mL

required agarose = 0.4 mL

Final answer:

To make a 40 ml 1% agarose gel, you will need 400 mg of agarose.

Explanation:

Agarose gel electrophoresis:

To calculate the amount of agarose needed to make a 40 ml 1% agarose gel, you can use the formula:

Amount of agarose (mg) = volume of gel (ml) x concentration (%) x 10

Substitute the values into the formula; for a 40 ml 1% agarose gel, you will need 400 mg of agarose.

Answer: [tex]N_2(g)+3H_2(g)\rightarrow 2NH_3(g)[/tex]

Explanation: According to the law of conservation of mass, mass can neither be created nor be destroyed. Mass remains conserved. Thus the mass of products has to be equal to the mass of reactants. The number of atoms of each element has to be same on reactant and product side. Thus chemical equations are balanced.

Haber's process used for manufacturing of ammonia in terms of balanced chemical equation is:

[tex]N_2(g)+3H_2(g)\rightarrow 2NH_3(g)[/tex]

Final answer:

The balanced chemical equation for the synthesis of ammonia using the Haber-Bosch process is N₂(g) + 3H₂(g) → 2NH₃(g), which is a crucial industrial reaction for producing fertilizers.

Explanation:

The balanced chemical equation for the Haber-Bosch process, where nitrogen and hydrogen combine to form ammonia, is as follows:

N₂(g) + 3H₂(g) → 2NH₃(g)

This represents the direct combination of nitrogen gas (N₂) and hydrogen gas (H₂) to yield ammonia (NH₃), which is widely utilized in the production of fertilizers. The Haber-Bosch process operates under high pressure and temperature to favor the formation of ammonia from its constituent elements. The coefficients in the balanced equation indicate the molar ratio at which the reactants combine to form the product.

The first thing you will need to do is find some information about your element. Go to the Periodic Table of Elements and click on your element. If it makes things easier, you can select your element from an alphabetical listing.

Use the Table of Elements to find your element's atomic number and atomic weight. The atomic number is the number located in the upper left corner and the atomic weight is the number located on the bottom, as in this example for krypton:

Krypton's data from the Table of Elements

Step 2 - The Number of Protons is...
The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom of an element. In our example, krypton's atomic number is 36. This tells us that an atom of krypton has 36 protons in its nucleus.

The interesting thing here is that every atom of krypton contains 36 protons. If an atom doesn't have 36 protons, it can't be an atom of krypton. Adding or removing protons from the nucleus of an atom creates a different element. For example, removing one proton from an atom of krypton creates an atom of bromine.

Step 3 - The Number of Electrons is...
By definition, atoms have no overall electrical charge. That means that there must be a balance between the positively charged protons and the negatively charged electrons. Atoms must have equal numbers of protons and electrons. In our example, an atom of krypton must contain 36 electrons since it contains 36 protons.

Electrons are arranged around atoms in a special way. If you need to know how the electrons are arranged around an atom, take a look at the 'How do I read an electron configuration table?' page.

An atom can gain or lose electrons, becoming what is known as an ion. An ion is nothing more than an electrically charged atom. Adding or removing electrons from an atom does not change which element it is, just its net charge.

For example, removing an electron from an atom of krypton forms a krypton ion, which is usually written as Kr+. The plus sign means that this is a positively charged ion. It is positively charged because a negatively charged electron was removed from the atom. The 35 remaining electrons were outnumbered by the 36 positively charged protons, resulting in a charge of +1.

Step 4 - The Number of Neutrons is...
The atomic weight is basically a measurement of the total number of particles in an atom's nucleus. In reality, it isn't that clean cut. The atomic weight is actually a weighted average of all of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element relative to the mass of carbon-12. Didn't understand that? Doesn't matter. All you really need to find is something called the mass number. Unfortunately, the mass number isn't listed on the Table of Elements. Happily, to find the mass number, all you need to do is round the atomic weight to the nearest whole number. In our example, krypton's mass number is 84 since its atomic weight, 83.80, rounds up to 84.

The mass number is a count of the number of particles in an atom's nucleus. Remember that the nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons. So, if we want, we can write:

Mass Number = (Number of Protons) + (Number of Neutrons)

For krypton, this equation becomes:

84 = (Number of Protons) + (Number of Neutrons)

If we only knew how many protons krypton has, we could figure out how many neutrons it has. Wait a minute... We do know how many protons krypton has! We did that back in Step 2! The atomic number (36) is the number of protons in krypton. Putting this into the equation, we get:

84 = 36 + (Number of Neutrons)

What number added to 36 makes 84? Hopefully, you said 48. That is the number of neutrons in an atom of krypton.

The interesting thing here is that adding or removing neutrons from an atom does not create a different element. Rather, it creates a heavier or lighter version of that element. These different versions are called isotopes and most elements are actually a mixture of different isotopes.

If you could grab atoms of krypton and count the number of neutrons each one had, you would find that most would have 48, others would have 47, some would have 50, some others would have 46, a few would have 44 and a very few would have 42. You would count different numbers of neutrons because krypton is a mixture of six isotopes.

In Summary...
For any element:

Number of Protons = Atomic Number
Number of Electrons = Number of Protons = Atomic Number
Number of Neutrons = Mass Number - Atomic Number
For krypton:

Number of Protons = Atomic Number = 36
Number of Electrons = Number of Protons = Atomic Number = 36
Number of Neutrons = Mass Number - Atomic Number = 84 - 36 = 48

Upon a constant pressure (P), volume (V) of a gas will vary in direct proportion to changes in temperature (T). So V1/T1 = V2/T2
V2 = V1T2/T1 = (500)(300)/150
V2 = 150000/150 = 1000 mL

Balance the number of atoms of the key element on both sides. Add the appropriate number of electrons to compensate for the change of oxidation state. Add H+(in acid medium), or OH- (in basic medium), to balance the charge on both sides of the half-reactions; and H2O, if necessary, to balance the equations.

We can calculate for the volume using the formula:

volume = mass / density

Therefore:

volume = 5.72 kg / (0.78 kg / L)

volume = 7.33333 L

 

We know that 1 mL = cm^3 and that 1 L = 1000 mL, therefore: 1  L = 1000 cm^3

volume = 7.33333 L * (1000 cm^3 / L)

volume = 7,333.33 L

I can help you with some of the ions

Cl- : the purpose of this is to alter neuron responsiveness to stimulation; also main component of stomach acid which is important in digestion; shift in erythrocytes

PO43- : forms Ca3(PO4) with Calcium which is important in hardening of bone and teeth; an important component of phospholipids; also a component of nucleotides; the most common intracellular anion; intracellular buffer

Final answer:

Zinc, iron, chloride, ammonium, and phosphate ions respectively contribute to enzyme function, oxygen transport, osmotic balance, acid-base balance, and energy transfer within the human body among other roles, highlighting their physiological significance.

Explanation:

The physiological significance of the ions Zn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Cl-, NH4+ and PO4³⁻extends across various important functions in the human body. Here we delve into each ion's role to clarify their critical contributions.

Zinc (Zn²⁺) plays a fundamental role in enzyme function, DNA synthesis, and the immune response. Iron (Fe²⁺) is essential for oxygen transport in the blood, as part of hemoglobin, and is also involved in energy metabolism. Chloride (Cl⁻) helps maintain osmotic balance, is part of hydrochloric acid production in the stomach, and assists in electrical activity of neurons. Ammonium (NH⁴⁺) results from protein metabolism and its regulation is vital for maintaining the body's acid-base balance. Phosphate (PO4³⁻ )is crucial for energy transfer within cells, as part of ATP, and contributes to the structure of DNA and RNA.

The answer is Calcium (Ca)

1 magnesium atom, 1 sulfur atom, 4 oxygen atoms.

I think it might be a Combustion reaction hope I'm right

The highest point of a wave is called the crest. ... Wave height is the vertical distance between the crest and trough. Wavelength is the horizontal distance between waves in a series. Wavelength can be measured between two wave crests.

Answer:

Wavelength

Explanation:

A wave in general, is a disturbance that travels through a point in space. It is composed of a series of alternating peaks and valleys.

Peaks are points along the wave, where its amplitude or displacement from the rest position is maximum in a positive upward direction. These peaks are also referred to as 'crests'. Valleys or 'troughs' are points with maximum displacement in the negative downward direction.

In a water wave (or waves in general), the distance between two crests or peaks is referred to as the wavelength represented by the greek symbol, λ.

Only dissociated substances are written as ions in equations. Dissociated substances must balance numerically, and electrically. The process in which ions leave a solution and regenerate an ionic solid is precipitation. Precipitate insoluble solid formed, dissolution and precipitation are opposite processes.

salt dissolving into water is a physical change because it can be reversed as in chemical change cannot be reversed as in you can boil water and have the salt on the bottom

Answer: physical change

Explanation:

A physical reaction is defined as the reaction in which a change in shape, size takes place. No new substance gets formed in these reactions.

Example: salt dissolves in water, as there is only a change in phase and no new substance is being formed.

A chemical reaction is defined as the reaction in which a change in chemical composition takes place. A new substance is formed in these reactions.

Example: Oxidation of magnesium leads to formation of white magnesium oxide and is a chemical change.

[tex]2Mg+O_2\rightarrow 2MgO[/tex]

The atomic mass is measured in "atomic mass units" (amu). One mole of an element weighs the same atomic mass number, but in grams. 
For example, carbon, C, has an atomic mass of 12.011 amu. One mole of carbon has a mass of 12.011 grams. 

Final answer:

The atomic mass of an element in atomic mass units (amu) is numerically the same as the molar mass in grams per mole (g/mol). One mole of any substance contains Avogadro's number of entities and has a mass in grams equal to its atomic or formula mass. This correlation is a fundamental concept in chemistry that allows for conversions among mass, moles, and number of atoms or molecules.

Explanation:

The relationship between an atom's atomic mass and one mole of that atom is represented by the concept of molar mass. Specifically, the atomic mass of an element, expressed in atomic mass units (amu), is numerically equivalent to the molar mass of that element in grams per mole (g/mol). This means that if you have a sample with a mass in grams equal to the atomic mass listed on the periodic table, you have one mole of that element.

For example, the atomic mass of carbon (C) is 12 amu, and therefore, the molar mass of carbon is 12 g/mol. If we have 12 grams of carbon, we have one mole of carbon atoms, which also contains Avogadro's number of atoms, roughly 6.022 × 1023 atoms. This relation provides an essential link between microscopic particles, such as atoms, and macroscopic quantities that we can measure in the laboratory.

Understanding the molar mass allows chemists to convert between mass, moles, and number of atoms or molecules, which is crucial for performing calculations related to chemical reactions and the stoichiometry of compounds.

This is a process which is called as:

“Diffusion”

 

In the process of diffusion, molecules move from regions of higher concentration to regions of low erconcentration, just by moving at random. In one example, there is more oxygen in the lungs than there is in the blood, so by diffusion oxygen molecules will move into the blood.

xmoles (6.022x10^(23)) = number of atoms of water at STP 
I belive thats correct ^,^

Answer:Total atoms in 131.97 liters of water vapor at STP are[tex]1.0643\times 10^{25} atoms[/tex].

Explanation:

At STP, one mole of gas occupies 22.4 L of volume.

Then 131.97 L of the volume will be occupied by:

[tex]\frac{1}{22.4 L}\times 131.97 L=5.8915 moles[/tex]

Number of water vapor molecules :

[tex]Moles\times N_A=5.8915 mol\times 6.022\times 10^{23} mol^{-1}=3.5478\times 10^{24} molecules[/tex]

In 1 molecule of water vapor = 3 atoms

Total number of atoms in [tex]3.5478\times 10^{24} molecules[/tex]:

[tex]3\times 3.5478\times 10^{24} molecules=1.0643\times 10^{25} atoms[/tex]

Total atoms in 131.97 liters of water vapor at STP are[tex]1.0643\times 10^{25} atoms[/tex].

There aren't any ions on here, but it will be the ion with a charge of 2+; since electrons have a negative charge, losing one will cause a 1+ charge, losing two will cause a 2+ charge and so on.

Hope this helps :)

Final answer:

An ion from an atom that lost two electrons is a cation with a 2+ charge, such as Ca²⁺ for calcium or Mg²⁺ for magnesium, typically occurring with group 2 elements.

Explanation:

An ion that came from an atom that lost two electrons is known as a cation. This is because when an atom loses electrons it becomes positively charged since it has more protons than electrons. The alkaline earth metals of group 2 in the periodic table are an example of atoms that lose two electrons to form cations with a 2+ charge. When a calcium atom loses two electrons, it forms a Ca²⁺ ion, which is a calcium ion with a 2+ charge. Similarly, a magnesium atom will lose two electrons to form a Mg²⁺ ion, also known as a magnesium ion. These ions have the same number of electrons as the nearest noble gas in the periodic table.

should be gas, since it has no volume nor shape.hope this helped

Rainwater is fairly pure however it can also pick up some particulate matter and electrolytes from the air, although not much. It will be saturated with atmospheric CO2, so with a little buffering capacity, it will be at a pH of about 5.5, which is also the pH of carbonic acid, a weak acid. Hence rainwater is a weak acid.

It should be C.

Rubber.

B. data that supports a hypothesis

Delta H >0  means reaction is endothermic means energy is added.

Delta H  <  0 means  reaction is exothermic means energy is released.