After World War 2, Germany was divided among France, Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union. An actual wall was built in Berlin that seperated the Communist-controlled Soviet section from the capitalist sections of Germany.

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Answer 1
Shortly after midnight on this day in 1961, East German soldiers begin laying down barbed wire and bricks as a barrier between Soviet-controlled East Berlin and the democratic western section of the city.

After World War II, defeated Germany was divided into Soviet, American, British and French zones of occupation. The city of Berlin, though technically part of the Soviet zone, was also split, with the Soviets taking the eastern part of the city. After a massive Allied airlift in June 1948 foiled a Soviet attempt to blockade West Berlin, the eastern section was drawn even more tightly into the Soviet fold. Over the next 12 years, cut off from its western counterpart and basically reduced to a Soviet satellite, East Germany saw between 2.5 million and 3 million of its citizens head to West Germany in search of better opportunities. By 1961, some 1,000 East Germans–including many skilled laborers, professionals and intellectuals–were leaving every day.

In August, Walter Ulbricht, the Communist leader of East Germany, got the go-ahead from Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev to begin the sealing off of all access between East and West Berlin. Soldiers began the work over the night of August 12-13, laying more than 100 miles of barbed wire slightly inside the East Berlin border. The wire was soon replaced by a six-foot-high, 96-mile-long wall of concrete blocks, complete with guard towers, machine gun posts and searchlights. East German officers known as Volkspolizei (“Volpos”) patrolled the Berlin Wall day and night.


Many Berlin residents on that first morning found themselves suddenly cut off from friends or family members in the other half of the city. Led by their mayor, Willi Brandt, West Berliners demonstrated against the wall, as Brandt criticized Western democracies, particularly the United States, for failing to take a stand against it. President John F. Kennedy had earlier said publicly that the United States could only really help West Berliners and West Germans, and that any kind of action on behalf of East Germans would only result in failure.


Related Questions

100 points. How did the Jews practice their religion during the exile to Babylon

Answers

Jews were left to pretty much freely observe their religion during the Babylonian exile, the one limitation was that they weren't allowed to use the Torah, they were allowed to use the rest of the Tanach thought

Answer:

Before the exile, they could worship at the Temple where they sacrificed animals, but after their exile, the Temple was destroyed, and  focus shifted from animal sacrifices, which could only be properly performed at the Temple, to the study and teaching of the Torah. However, many other aspects of their religion stayed the same.

Explanation:

"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." - The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, 1865 Which statement describes the effect that the Thirteenth Amendment had on American society? A) Male freedmen were given the right to vote. B) Slavery was made illegal in the United States. C) Ex-slaves were given United States citizenship. D) Southern states were no longer allowed to use convicts as labor.

Answers

Slavery was made illegal in the United States.

Answer: B) Slavery was made illegal in the United States.

Explanation:

Based on the excerpt, it is clear that the under the Thirteenth Amendment, slavery was made illegal in the United States. Ex-slaves were given citizenship and voting rights by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, respectively.

Question 3(Multiple Choice Worth 3 points) (Sharing Power LO 1 HC) Statement I: "The … Manner of Elections for Senators and Representatives shall be prescribed (will be decided by) each State Legislature; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations (rules)…" Statement II: "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution … are reserved to the States …" Statement III: "Every Bill … shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States …" Statement IV: "Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings (laws and courts) of every other State." Which two quotations from the United States Constitution best illustrates the principle of federalism?

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The two quotations that best illustrates the principle of Federalism are:

"The powers not delegated to the United States by Constitution are reserved to the States."

"Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records and judicial proceedings (laws and courts) of every other State."

This is because the Framers of the Constitution feared centralizing power within a single governmental institution, so they gave some powers exclusively to the national government, shared some powers with both national and state governments, and reserved some powers only for state governments.

What was the name of the trial that was about the teaching of evolutionism and fundamentalism? A: a the defeat of al Smith B: a the scopes trial C: a the death of warren Harding C: a the high school reform movement

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the answer is b. the scopes trial

How was Barbara Jordan significant to American politics?
Her speech to the House Judiciary Committee was influential in bringing articles of impeachment against President Nixon.
She was the first majority whip of the United States Senate to be promoted to the president of the Senate.
She was the first speaker of the House of Representatives to be nominated as chief justice of the Supreme Court.
Her opening address at the Democratic National Convention in 1976 led her to be nominated for the ticket’s vice president.

Answers

The correct answer is A.

Barbara Jordan was an American politician and a leader of the Civil Rights Movement. She was the first African American elected to the Texas Senate and the first Southern African American elected to the United States House of Representatives.

She is best known for her famous and influential opening statement at the House Judiciary Committee hearings during the impeachment process against Richard Nixon.

On July 15, 1974, Barbara Jordan gave the 15-minute opening statement in which she defended the U.S. Constitution and its checks and balances designed to prevent abuse of power. Her speech helped to lead to Nixon's resignation over the Watergate scandal. Jordan won national acclaim for her integrity, rhetoric and intellect, all of which she manifested during her speech.

Compare and contrast the roles played King Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth in establishing the Church of England.

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Before King Henry VIII established the Church of England, the country had been purely Catholic. But when he wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon, his wife, the Pope didn't allow it. Divorce was absolutely prohibited. The King wanted an annulment of the marriage because his wife couldn't give him a male son.  He asked the Pope for a divorce several times but it wasn't granted. Until he and his ministers found the solution in establishing the Protestant Church of England, which was absolutely independent of the Papacy. Protestants didn't like the Pope, so Henry was free to manage the Church as he desired. Henry made himself "Head of the Church of England" and was free to marry Ann Boleyn. As the head of the Church , he was in charge of the Archbishops, Bishops and all the clergy that the English Church still retained.

The change of religion in England had enormous repercussions for the country. Monasteries and convents were all closed. His ministers declared that monks, nuns and friars were living immoral lives rather than godly lives.  They used to live lives of luxury rather than humility, while the rest of common people lived poor lives.

As regards Queen Elizabeth, when she became Queen in 1558, it was said that she would  restore the Protestant faith in England. The persecution to Protestants during the reign of her half-sister Queen Mary had done much damage to the country. Elizabeth's religious points of view were surprisingly tolerant for the age in which she lived. She had her own convictions and beliefs and respected other people's views.

During her reign , her main priority was to bring peace and stability to her people. She only adopted strict measures against Catholics when Catholic extremists threatened her government.

Unfortunately for the Queen, many of her contemporaries didn't share her views on toleration and she was forced to be harsher towards Catholics than she wanted.  She wanted her Church to appeal to both Catholics and Protestants. She had little sympathy with extremists of both religions. She hoped that by keeping the church as it was, her people would slowly become accustom to it. She wanted Catholicism to die naturally as people turned to the religion she had established. By the year of her death, 1603, the English people were generally Protestant and Catholics were the minority.

Who’s kingdom did Charlemagne rule during the Middle Ages? What are some of his accomplishments as a leader ?

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Charlemagne was the king of the Franks, a Germanic tribe that lived in what today are the countries of France, Belgium and parts of Germany. He was also crowned as the Holy Emperor of Rome. During his rule, he promoted a number of economic and social reforms including the promotion of education and the enforcement of laws on lending and prices. He also defended Christianity in Western Europe and pemited a cultural revival there (the Carolingian Renassaince).

No two performances of The Unanswered Question are the same because

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Orchestras are different sizes.

Answer:

orachestras are different sizes is wrong on penn foster test

Explanation:

Which controversial issue was at the center of the Scopes trial in 1925? A.The constitutionality of the military draft B. the role of science and religion in public education C. the responsibilities of the federal government to help the poor D. the right of individuals to be protected from unlawful search and seizure

Answers

The answer is c I’m pretty sure

What does it mean to go before a grand jury? To have a case that is retried after a mistrial. To have a case heard in the appellate court. To have a jury hear your case to determine guilt or innocence. To have a jury decide if there is enough evidence to go to trial.

Answers

This is one of those juries that is basically the final one. Grand juries are the ones who determine if someone is guilty or innocent.

Answer:

To have a jury decide if there is enough evidence to go to trial.

Explanation:

The Grand Jury is important in a criminal case because it will decide whether to bring criminal charges or an indictment against a defendant or not. The Jury will analyze if there is enough evidence or probable cause to indict a criminal suspect or not. To do so, the jury will hear testimonies and see the evidence. In the end, the Jury may choose to indict the defendant or not.

A person of Spanish and American Indian descent is referred to as:

A.creole
B.mulatto
C.mestizo

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A person of Spanish and American Indian descent is referred to as: C. Mestizo

Which outcome was the eventual result of the burglary committed at the Democratic National Headquarters in 1972

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The eventual outcome was that Richard Nixon resigned as President.

Context/explanation:

The first break-in by burglars was in May, 1972, as persons connected to the Nixon reelection campaign broke into the Democratic National Committee office in the Watergate complex of buildings in Washington, DC.  They were planting wire-taps on the Democrats' phone lines, and also stole copies of documents.  When the wire-taps didn't work properly, they broke in again (in June) to try to fix the surveillance devices, but they were caught.

The burglars were part of an organization known as the "plumbers," who originally were a "special investigations" unit that the Nixon White House had set up in 1971 to stop the leaking of classified information.  Members of this group were those then later involved in the Watergate break-in (among other activities).

"Deep Throat" was the name given to an inside source at the FBI that gave information concerning Watergate to reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein of the Washington Post.  Years later it was revealed that Deep Throat was Mark Felt, who at the time was Associate Director of the FBI.

Nixon's role in Watergate was especially in his efforts and those of members of his staff to cover up what had happened.

Ultimately, the Watergate affair brought down the Nixon presidency.  He resigned in order to avoid impeachment.  And the whole affair made Americans more distrusting of government.

According to the Supreme Court ruling in Vernonia v. Acton,

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students are subject to more strict government control than adults.

According to the Supreme Court ruling in Vernonia v. Acton, every student was liable to submit drug tests without the protection under the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution.

What is the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution?

The Fourth Amendment of the Constitution provides protection to the citizens against unreasonable searches and seizures by the government.

However, in the case of Vernonia v. Acton, the Supreme Court held that any searches of students for probable drug possession are not protected under the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution.

Hence, the significance of the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution is aforementioned.

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A detailed description of the money your business makes and expends every month for the first year is called a(n)
cash-flow statement. income statement. balance statement. bank statement.

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cash-flow statement.

The correct answer is A) cash-flow statement.

A detailed description of the money your business makes and expends every month for the first year is called a cash-flow statement.

The cash-flow statement is an important financial statement that reports the cash generated and the cash spent during a month, a quarter, or a year. It shows the amount of money that was moved by the company in any of those periods. The statement of cash flow includes Operating Activities, Investment Activities, and Financing Activities.

Discuss the major advancements in early human development. Answers should include an analysis of bipedalism, tool making, the Neolithic revolution, and the development of writing.

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The human being was evolving in terms of physiognomy, physical abilities, incorporation of new techniques and technologies, development of forms of communication, social organization and various cooperation mechanisms.

When the ancestors of homo sapiens managed to walk in a bipedal manner, this allowed them to travel great distances across the African savannah in order to obtain food or escape from predators.

Being able to stand on his legs, his hands were left free to manufacture and carry weapons and tools increasingly sophisticated.

It was very important to discover the techniques of domination over fire, which allowed man to protect himself from nocturnal beasts, to see in the dark, to have heating and above all the possibility of cooking his food, thus generating a greater assimilation of the nutrients and allowing great advances in cognitive development and population growth.

Once man could dominate agriculture and livestock, a great change was made in the way of life and social organization that we call the Neolithic Revolution. It is at this time when the first sedentary communities emerge and then the cities, kingdoms, etcetera.

When the cities became more complex and their organization was more structured, the first written codes began to appear in the form of tablitas of engraved clays.

Tablillas were used to promote commercial exchange, tax collection, the establishment of laws, the development of poetry and religious writing, etcetera.

It was very important to discover the techniques of domination over fire, which allowed man to protect himself from nocturnal beasts, to see in the dark, to have heating and above all the possibility of cooking his food, thus generating a greater assimilation of the nutrients and allowing great advances in cognitive development and population growth.

Once man could dominate agriculture and livestock, a great change was made in the way of life and social organization that we call the Neolithic Revolution. It is at this time when the first sedentary communities emerge and then the cities, kingdoms, etcetera.

When the cities became more complex and their organization was more structured, the first written codes began to appear in the form of tablitas of engraved clays.

Tablillas were used to promote commercial exchange, tax collection, the establishment of laws, the development of poetry and religious writing, etcetera.

The development of writing in turn allowed the deployment of various areas of knowledge such as mathematics, astronomy, administration. They continued incorporating new technologies such as irrigation, tillage, wheel, mill, and civil construction, clothing.

The Neolithic Revolution occurred first in the fertile growing corresponding to the plains bathed by the Nile River, the Mesopotamia watered by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, then in the Indus valley and in the region today belong India (Indus and Ganges rivers) and in the Far East (Huang He and Yangtze rivers in China).

In America a parallel situation arose and in the rest of the world these advances were expanded by diffusion from these territories.

Other great revolutions that changed the life of man can be the Scientific Revolution, the Democracy, the Industrial Revolution, the Information Revolution, and we are waiting for new advances to come.






In the 1500s, African societies were better than their European counterparts at_____. Select the best answer from the choices provided. A. Practicing the same customs and beliefs across the whole continent B. Trading complex technologies with people around the world C. Using tradition to preserve many diverse customs and cultures D. Developing huge kingdoms that were politically and culturally united

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I'm not quite sure about my answer, so I may be incorrect, but I think the answer would be C.

I'm just going with my gut instinct right now, so I may be incorrect.

the "irrepressible conflict" according to William H. Seward and how does he specifically define the two sides involved

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William H.Seward was a famous lawyer and politician. He was born in New York, USA. He served as the United States Secretary  of State between 1861 and 1869 and as Governor of New York between 1839 and 1842 .

In 1858 he delivered an important speech which was later known as "the irrepressible conflict" speech. During this oral presentation he adressed the slavery issue.

The so-called irrepressible confict was considered between the oposing forces and the enduring forces. This means the ones that support slavery and the ones that do not.  

On slavery, Seward believed that a decision should be made urgently. He was in total opposition to the slave system. He described this as unfair,not human at all. Furthermore, he pointed at the irony that it made no sense having free states but on the other hand having slave states.


Many people would not accept the heliocentric theory because: ?

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It went against their religious belief that the earth was the center of the universe.

Which statement best describes relations with native Americans in New England colonies?

A. Colonists relied on them for survival during the early years

B. Based on trade and diplomacy at first, but increased violence as English population grew.

C. All of these

D. Puritan believed they needed to be converted to Christianity

Answers

Final answer:

The best description of relations with Native Americans in the New England colonies is based on initial trade and diplomacy, but growing violence followed as the English population increased, leading to conflicts like King Philip's War.

Explanation:

The statement that best describes relations with Native Americans in New England colonies is B. Based on trade and diplomacy at first, but increased violence as English population grew. During the early years of English settlement in North America, particularly in New England, colonists had a fairly stable relationship with Native Americans because of trade. Squanto, a member of the Patuxet tribe, taught the Pilgrims vital survival skills such as growing corn and fishing, which became staples of the Plymouth and other Puritan colonies.

As English colonists looked to spread their religious beliefs, figures such as John Eliot urged natives to convert to Christianity and live in "praying towns." English authorities and Puritan missionaries emphasized the conversion of natives, which at first included effort to encourage native preachers and the translation of the Bible into local languages. However, as the English population grew, land disputes and religious tensions added to the complexity of relations, often leading to violent conflicts such as King Philip's War, signaling a departure from the initial diplomacy.

Thus, while colonists did indeed rely on Native Americans for survival and attempted to convert them to Christianity, it was the increasing demands for land that escalated to violence, highlighting a shift in the dynamic from interdependence and conversion endeavors to that of open conflict.

Why do entrepreneurs risk failure to go into business? A) There is no failure in the market. B) The risk to go bankrupt is too great. C) The risk to succeed at a profit is worth it. D) Entrepreneurs do not risk failure, only success.

Answers

Answer:

C) The risk to succeed at a profit is worth it.

Explanation:

Entrepreneurs take the risk of failing in business because profitability is worth it.

If an individual takes a higher risk, the higher the benefit he or she will earn if the investment pays off.

If an entrepreneur, from the other hand, just takes a tiny risk, he or she is eligible to secure a small payoff.

The risk and reward trade-off is the name for this idea.

Option "C" is the correct answer to the following question.

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What are some similarities and differences in the economic, cultural , and political features of the maya , aztec , and inca civilization

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Both were among the first Mesoamerican civilizations

Deeply religious

 Built huge cerimonial temples where they performed human sacrifices

Differences ;  

Incas lived in the mountians

The Incas practiced terrace farming and used irrigation

Maya gradually disappeared

Incas were wept out by Spanish Settlers

Incas were ruled by an established government ; Mayas were ruled by kings and priests

Maya & Aztec  

Similarities ;   Both built great cities

Studied astronomy and develpoed calenders

Located in present day Mexico

Worshipped many gods

 Differences ;

 Aztec fell to Spanish invaders ; Maya disappeared back into the jungle

Maya used "slash + burn" farming ; the Aztecs estalished irrigation systems & built terrace form structures

Maya lived much earlier than the Aztecs ; Also the Maya civilization lasted longer

 Aztec & Inca

 Simlarities .  

Both civilizations ended in the 1500's when the Spanish took over

Both used terrace farming and irrigation

 Deeply religious and worshipped may gods

 Differences ;  

Inca had no writing system ; the Aztecs used Hieroglyphics

Incas lived in the mountians of Peru and used llamas to help with farming

Incas built hundreds of miles of roads

Aztecs were more focused around the city of Tenochtitlan

One of the reasons given for the colonization of Georgia was to serve as a "buffer" colony. This meant that Georgia was A) an outpost from which English pirates could attack Spanish galleons. B) founded to export raw materials to England and serve as a market for English imports. C) a colony built to give England's debtors a new start and a chance to escape English prisons. Eliminate D) a military protective zone between the English colonies and the Spanish settlement in Florida.

Answers

The colony of Georgia was established to serve as a military protective zone between the English colonies and the Spanish settlement in Florida.

Answer:

D) A military protective zone between the English colonies and the Spanish settlements in Florida is the correct answer.

Explanation:

There were various reasons for settlement of the colony of Georgia. Charity was the first reason as  King George Second needed a place to keep his prisoners because the jails in UK were overfilled with prisoners. Economic reason was that great Britain wanted to use the resources and export the raw materials from Georgia. But their main motive was  to use it as a buffer colony for protecting South Carolina. The Spanish controlled Florida and English were afraid of their attacks.


What was the main reason the Nazis killed millions of Jews in the Holocaust?

A)The Nazis believed that Jews were a political threat.

B)The Nazis wanted to acquire the wealth that was held by Jews.

C)The Nazis believed that Jews were racially inferior.

D)The Nazis wanted to acquire land that was held by Jews.

Answers

the answer for this is C
The answer is C because the nazis thought that the Jews were racially inferior so it tells us how the nazis are being racist

Fulton's Folly, the Model T, and the Tom Thumb improved distribution of goods. True False

Answers

The correct answer is True.

Fulton's Folly, the Model T, and the Tom Thumb improved the distribution of goods, it’s true.

In 1802, Robert Fulton produced the first commercially successful steamboat. With the help of Robert Livingstone -the U.S. minister to France- they built the steamboat. The commercial success of the ship allowed the development of America's distribution system, specifically in Ohio and the Mississippi River.  

The Ford Motor Company built the Model T car from 1908 until 1927It was the Henry Ford’s invention. He thought this automobile should be practical, affordable and offers good transportation for people at a low cost and durability.

The first American-built steam locomotive was the Tom Thumb and was created by Peter Cooper in 1830. It used steam engines.


Use the image below to answer the following question: all of the following are true except

A) trouble in the balkans United European leaders

B) trouble in the balkans was reaching a boiling point

C) European leaders were keeping a close eye on the balkans

D) European leaders were having trouble containing issues in the balkans

Answers

Hello!

Correct answer is a: trouble in the balkans United European leaders.

Hope this helps.


Answer:

A is the correct answer

Explanation:

WILL GIVE 98 POINTS TO AND BRAINLIEST TO WHOEVER ANSWERS THIS ASAP!!!

Construct three paragraphs explaining how trade may have shaped African cultures. Be sure to use specific examples from at least two different cultures.

Answers

Trade among European and African precolonial nations developed relatively recently in the economic history of the African continent. Prior to thein the fifteenth century, African rulers and with the Mediterranean world, western Asia, and the Indian Ocean region. Within the continent itself, local exchanges among adjacent peoples fit into a greater framework of long-range trade.
The merchants from Britain,
, and the Netherlands who began trading along the Atlantic coast of Africa therefore encountered a well-established trading population regulated by savvy and experienced local rulers. European companies quickly developed mercantile ties with these indigenous powers and erected fortified “factories,” or warehouses, on coastal areas to store goods and defend their trading rights from foreign encroachment. Independent Portuguese merchants called lançadossettled along the coasts and rivers of Africa from present-day Senegal to Angola, where they were absorbed into African society and served as middlemen between European and African traders.
Those goods imported to Africa in greatest volume included 
, iron and copper in raw and worked form, and cowry shells used by local populations as currency. Nonutilitarian items such as jewelry, beads, mechanical toys and curiosities, and alcohol also met a receptive audience. Catholic countries such as Portugal were, in theory at least, forbidden by papal injunction from selling items with potential military uses to non-Christians, although it is unclear how closely this order was followed in practice. In exchange for their wares, Europeans returned with textiles, 
Contrary to popular views about precolonial Africa, local manufacturers were at this time creating items of comparable, if not superior, quality to those of preindustrial Europe. Due to advances in smiths in some regions of sub-Saharan Africa were producing steels of a better grade than those of their counterparts in Europe, and the highly efficient.

Which was the original purpose of the Freedman’s Bureau?

A. to ensure the civil rights of freed slaves

B. to look after refugees, freed slaves, and abandoned lands

C. to provide education for the children of freed slaves

Answers

Freedmen's Bureau, (1865–72), during the Reconstruction period after the American Civil War, popular name for the U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, established by Congress to provide practical aid to 4,000,000 newly freed African Americans in their transition from slavery to freedom.


Your answer is B: To look after refugees, freed slaves, and abandoned lands

B. To look after refuges, freed slaves, and abandoned lands.

. The Freedmen's Bureau provided newly freed African Americans Food, More established schooling, medical aid, also housing. With this new advantage for African Americans it also attempted to give African Americans land that was either abandoned, or confiscated.  

Name at least three people centered in Philadelphia who were important in the Abolitionist Movement.

Answers

Hello, three people centered in Philadelphia were Anthony Benezet, Benjamin Franklin, and Dr. Benjamin Rush.

What did the United States wish to buy from the French when the Louisiana
Purchase was made?

A.) Florida

B.) New Orleans

C.) Mississippi River

D.)Ohio River Valley

Answers

B because they wanted the land in new Orleans for themselves

The answer here is B, the U.S got around 827,000 square miles of the west land of the Mississippi River (New Orleans)

As Magellan sailed through the straits at the tip of South America:

A.his ship was forced into the cliffs and sank
B.ice formed on the rigging, rails, sails and he was forced to put two mutinous sailors ashore
C.he was forced to put two mutinous sailors ashore
D.ice formed on the rigging, rails, sails and a storm crippled one of the ships.

Answers

The correct answer is D) ice formed on the rigging, rails, sails and a storm crippled one of the ships.  That was the time when Magellan found a sea route called Straits of Magellan, which is in southern Chile.  It is the most important passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

Magellan faced icy conditions and a storm while sailing through the straits at the tip of South America. The correct option is: D. ice formed on the rigging, rails, sails and a storm crippled one of the ships.

The correct answer is: D. ice formed on the rigging, rails, sails and a storm crippled one of the ships.

This event occurred as Magellan sailed through the straits at the tip of South America. Ice formation on the ship's rigging, rails, and sails due to the cold weather in the straits, and a storm that crippled one of the ships, are the key incidents that took place.

This situation showcases the challenging conditions Magellan and his crew faced during their voyage, including harsh weather, navigational obstacles, and the physical toll these challenges took on the ships and crew.

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