According to the Kinetic Molecular Theory, as the volume of an enclosed gas increases:
the number of particle impacts per unit area increases
the temperature must change
the total number of particle impacts increase
the number of particle impacts per unit area decreases

Mixture is different from a compound because components of a mixture can be separated by physical means.

Compound is defined as a chemical substance made up of identical molecules containing atoms from more than one type of chemical element.

Molecule consisting atoms of only one element is not called compound.It is transformed into new substances during chemical reactions. There are four major types of compounds depending on chemical bonding present in them.They are:

1)Molecular compounds where in atoms are joined by covalent bonds.

2) ionic compounds where atoms are joined by ionic bond.

3)Inter-metallic compounds where atoms are held by metallic bonds

4) co-ordination complexes where atoms are held by co-ordinate bonds.

They have a unique chemical structure held together by chemical bonds Compounds have different properties as those of elements because when a compound is formed the properties of the substance are totally altered.

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Final answer:

The rate of evaporation is higher with increased temperature, greater surface area, and weaker intermolecular forces; temperature rise decreases the surface tension of water.

Explanation:

The rate of evaporation of a liquid is influenced by several factors. Let us look at these factors one by one:

Temperature: As temperature increases, the average kinetic energy of the molecules also increases. This means more molecules have sufficient energy to overcome the intermolecular forces and escape into the gas phase, thus increasing the rate of evaporation.

Surface Area: The greater the surface area exposed to air, the more molecules are available to evaporate at any given time, leading to a higher rate of evaporation.

Intermolecular Forces: Stronger intermolecular forces make it more difficult for molecules to escape into the gas phase, resulting in lower rates of evaporation. Conversely, weaker intermolecular forces enhance the rate of evaporation.

If we specifically look at how temperature affects surface tension, we note that an increase in temperature will generally result in a decrease in the surface tension of water. This happens because as the temperature rises, the molecules have more kinetic energy, which disrupts the cohesive intermolecular forces between water molecules, thus decreasing surface tension.

Answer:

The oxidation number are

NH₃: -3

HNO₃ : +5

NO₂ : +4

Explanation:

The oxidation number is calculated considering that

a) oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 in all compounds except hydrides

b) oxidation number of oxygen is -2 in all compound except peroxides, superoxides and compound of fluorine.

a) NH₃ : let the oxidation number of nitrogen is "x"

x + 3 (+1) = 0

Therefore x = -3

b) HNO₃

Let the oxidation number of nitrogen is "x"

+1 + x +3(-2) = 0

x = -5.

c) NO₂

Let oxidation number of nitrogen ix "x"

x + 2(-2)= 0

x = +4

To solve this problem, let us all convert the mass of each element into number of moles using the formula:

moles = mass / molar mass

Where,

molar mass K = 39.10 g / mol

molar mass Cl = 35.45 g / mol

molar mass O = 16 g / mol

and mass O = 13 g – 4.15 g – 3.76 g  = 5.09 g

moles K = 4.15 g / (39.10 g / mol) = 0.106 mol

moles Cl = 3.76 g / (35.45 g / mol) = 0.106 mol

moles O = 5.09 g / (16 g / mol) = 0.318 mol

The ratio becomes:

0.106 K: 0.106 Cl: 0.318 O

We divide all numbers with the smallest number, in this case 0.106. This becomes:

K: Cl: 3O

Therefore the empirical formula is:

[tex] KClO_{3} [/tex]

Copper has a total of 29 electrons which would place the atom on the 29th number in the periodic table. In [Cu(NH₃)₄], there are 9 3d electrons of copper. The electron configuration of copper is [Ar] 4s² 3d¹⁰ but since there is a sub shell of its figuration that indicates only 1 electron filled, and since it is in the law that an electron must be paired up with another electron no matter how completely filled is the last sub shell, that is why the ast electron was given up to the other sub shell making it 9. The d shell can occupy around 10 electrons so it means that copper is a stable atom in the 3d sub shell. When you add [Cr(H₂O)₆]³⁺ (aq) and NH₃ (aq) a green solution because both are aqueous in form, you will get a purple solution containing [Cr(NH₃)₆]³⁺ (aq) and H₂O (l). 

The ions present in the solution of [tex]\rm Na_3PO_4[/tex] will be [tex]\rm Na^+\,,\;PO_4^-\;,\;H_2PO_4^-\;,\;HPO_4^2^-[/tex].

The solution of [tex]\rm Na_3PO_4[/tex] will results in the dissociation of the molecule.

The dissociation will be:

[tex]\rm Na_3PO_4\;\rightarrow\;3\;Na_+\;+\;PO_4^-[/tex]

Thus the dissociation will result in the 3 sodium ions and 1 phosphate ion. The phosphate ion in the water solution will form phosphonium ions as well.

Thus the ions in the solution will be:

[tex]\rm Na^+\,,\;PO_4^-\;,\;H_2PO_4^-\;,\;HPO_4^2^-[/tex].

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In compounds, metals have positive oxidation numbers; for instance, iron has a +2 oxidation number in FeO. In the reaction Zn + Fe2+  → Zn2+ + Fe, Fe2+ is the oxidizing agent as it gains electrons and is reduced.

In their compounds, metals are generally assigned positive oxidation numbers because they tend to lose electrons and form cations. For example, in FeO, iron has an oxidation number of +2 (Fe2+), correctly balancing the -2 charge from oxygen to result in a neutral compound.

Regarding the reaction Zn (s) + Fe2+ (aq) → Zn2+ (aq) + Fe (s), the oxidizing agent is the species that is reduced by gaining electrons. In this case, Fe2+ is the oxidizing agent because it gains electrons from Zn to form Fe (s). The Zn is oxidized to Zn2+, making it the reducing agent.

The given function is:

P = 120 i / (i^2 + i + 9)

or

P = 120 i (i^2 + i + 9)^-1

The maxima point is obtained by taking the 1st derivative of the function then equating dP / di = 0:

dP / di = 120 (i^2 + i + 9)^-1 + (-1) 120 i (i^2 + i + 9)^-2 (2i + 1)

setting dP / di =0 and multiplying whole equation by (i^2 + i + 9)^2:

0 = 120 (i^2 + i + 9) – 120i (2i + 1)

Dividing further by 120 will yield:

i^2 + i + 9 – 2i^2 – i = 0

-i^2 + 9 =0

i^2 = 9

i = 3      (ANSWER)

Therefore P is a maximum when i = 3

Checking:

P = 120 * 3 / (3^2 + 3 + 9)

P = 17.14

To find the light intensity at which photosynthesis rate for a given phytoplankton species is maximal, you must differentiate the function expressing photosynthesis rate in terms of light intensity, set the derivative equal to zero, and solve for i. This equation's solutions are the critical points where the rate of photosynthesis may reach a maximum.

The question asks when photosynthesis rate (in mg carbon/m3/h) for a certain species of phytoplankton is maximal, given the function p = 120i / (i2 + i + 9) where i stands for light intensity (in 1000s of foot-candles).

To find the maximum value for any given function, you must find the derivative of that function (also referred to as the rate of change) and set it to equal zero. This can be performed using calculus, specifically the application of differentiation rules. Since the given function is a complex fraction, it's necessary to apply the Quotient Rule of differentiation, which states that the derivative of the quotient of two functions is the denominator times the derivative of the numerator minus the numerator times the derivative of the denominator all over the square of the denominator.

Once you have found the derivative, you find its roots by solving for i when the derivative equals zero. These i values provide the inflection points of the initial function which correspond to either the maximum or minimum values of p (these can be distinguished by checking a value to the left and right of each root), or where the function has a horizontal tangent.

In this way, the intensity of light at which photosynthesis rate for the phytoplankton is maximal can be derived.

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Answer:

The concentration of hydroxide ions in a solution with a pH of 5.24 is [tex]1.74\times 10^{-9} M[/tex].

Explanation:

The pH of the solution is defined as negative logarithm of [tex]H^+[/tex] ions in solution.

[tex]pH=-\log[H^+][/tex]

The pH of the solution = 5.24

Sum of pH and pOH is equal to 14.

[tex]pH+pOH=14[/tex]

[tex]pOH=14-pH=14-5.24=8.76[/tex]

[tex]pOH=-\log[OH^-][/tex]

[tex]8,76=\log[OH^-][/tex]

[tex][OH^-]=1.7378\times 10^{-9}\approx=1.74\times 10^{-9} M[/tex]

The concentration of hydroxide ions in a solution with a pH of 5.24 is [tex]1.74\times 10^{-9} M[/tex].

The less volatile a chemical is, the stronger the intermolecular interactions must be overcome before they can be overcome using energy or temperature.

Intermolecular forces, such as the electromagnetic forces of attraction or repulsion that act between atoms and other kinds of nearby particles, such as atoms or ions, mediate interactions between molecules.

Intermolecular forces come in five flavors: ion-induced dipole forces, dipole-induced dipole forces, induced dipole forces, and dipole-dipole forces. Ions and polar (dipole) molecules are held together by ion-dipole forces.

Ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals dipole-dipole interactions, and Van der Waals dispersion forces are the four main intermolecular force.

Thus, The weaker the intermolecular interactions, the less energy is needed to overcome them and convert the substance from liquid to vapor or gas.

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Answer:

The model was the result of hundreds of years of experiments. however we have had modifications.

Explanation:

the correct answer is low

The [OH-] concentration in the 0.169 M Ca(OH)2 solution is 0.0088 M. The pOH of the solution is 2.055, and the pH is 11.945.

We begin by determining the concentration of hydroxide ions, [OH-], in the Ca(OH)2 solution. Since Ca(OH)2 is a strong base, there are two OH ions for every formula unit dissolved, so the concentration of OH- is 2 times the concentration of Ca(OH)2. Therefore, [OH-] = 2 × 0.0044 M = 0.0088 M.

The concentration of hydroxide ions can be used to calculate the pOH of the solution. The pOH is obtained by taking the negative logarithm of [OH-]. In this case, pOH = -log(0.0088) = 2.055.

To calculate the pH of the solution, subtract the pOH from 14. pH = 14 - 2.055 = 11.945.

Final answer:

The empirical formula of a compound with 18.0% carbon, 2.26% hydrogen, and 79.7% chlorine can be calculated by converting the percentages to grams, assuming a 100 g sample, and then converting that to moles. The moles are then used to find the simplest whole number ratio, and after comparison and adjustment, we deduce an empirical formula of C₂H₃Cl₃.

Explanation:

To calculate the empirical formula of a compound with a given percent composition, we first convert the percentages to grams, assuming we have a 100 g sample. This means the compound contains 18.0 g of carbon (C), 2.26 g of hydrogen (H), and 79.7 g of chlorine (Cl). Next, we convert the mass of each element to moles by dividing by its atomic mass (C: approximately 12.01 g/mol, H: approximately 1.01 g/mol, Cl: approximately 35.45 g/mol).

Step-by-step:

As hydrogen and chlorine are in almost a 1:1 molar ratio and carbon seems to be in a 2:3 ratio with chlorine, the empirical formula appears to be C₂H₃Cl₃. It's important to note that slight variations in these calculations could change the final empirical formula. Thus, we must adjust our calculations accordingly to ensure the molar ratios reflect whole numbers. If necessary, we multiply each of the mole ratios by the smallest common factor to obtain whole numbers.

The caloric content of peanut butter is approximately 1,347 cal/g.

To find the caloric content of peanut butter in cal/g, we need to calculate the amount of heat transferred from the combustion of the peanut butter. We can use the formula:

q = mcΔT

Where q is the heat transferred, m is the mass of the peanut butter, c is the heat capacity of the calorimeter, and ΔT is the change in temperature.

Using the given values:

Substituting these values into the formula:

q = (17.0 g)(110 kJ/°C)(3.2 °C)

q ≈ 5,632 J

To convert joules to calories, we divide by 4.184 (1 cal = 4.184 J):

5,632 J ÷ 4.184 cal/J ≈ 1,347 cal

Therefore, the caloric content of peanut butter is approximately 1,347 cal/g.

Cooking can alter the structure of proteins and destroy certain vitamins in the soup ingredients, while salt acts as a preservative to prevent bacterial growth.

When the soup is cooking, some of the minerals in its ingredients may undergo changes. For example, cooking can alter the structure of proteins in the ham and vegetables, making them easier to digest. However, cooking can also destroy certain vitamins, such as vitamins B and C in vegetables. Additionally, salt, which is a mineral, is used as a preservative in the soup, preventing the growth of bacteria by dehydrating them through osmotic pressure.

The products of neutralization reaction of carboxylic acid are salt of weak acid and water.

Neutralization reactions are chemical reactions wherein acid and a base react to form salt and water as the products.In these reactions, the H[tex]^+[/tex] and OH[tex]^-[/tex] ions combine to give water.

Neutralization reactions wherein strong acid and strong base are involved the pH of solutions is 7.The neutralization reaction of strong acid and weak base result in solution with pH less than 7 and pH  is greater 7 when neutralization takes place between strong base and weak acid.

Salts formed from neutralized solution has equal weight of acid and base.Most commonly used application  of neutralization reactions is titrations. Neutralization reactions are a type of double displacement reactions.These reactions are important because it affects behavior of solution and it's interaction with other substances.

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The coefficient in front of CO2 in the reaction: C5H12 + 8O2 → 5CO2 + 6H2O is 5.

BALANCING A CHEMICAL EQUATION:

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Final answer:

The coefficient in front of carbon dioxide (CO2) when balancing the reaction C5H12 + O2 → CO2 + H2O is 5, as we need 5 CO2 molecules to match the 5 carbon atoms in C5H12.

Explanation:

To find the coefficient in front of carbon dioxide (CO2) when the given reaction C5H12 + O2 → CO2 + H2O is balanced, we first balance carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms, since they appear in only one reactant and one product each. Then we adjust the oxygen (O) atoms. For the given reaction:

The balanced chemical equation is:

1 C5H12 + 8 O2 → 5 CO2 + 6 H2O

Checking the balanced equation: There are 5 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and 16 oxygen atoms on both sides of the equation, thus confirming the reaction is balanced.

To decompose 1.96 mol of NaHCO₃ (s), 199.2 kJ of heat is required.

When baking soda (NaHCO₃) decomposes upon heating, it undergoes a chemical reaction, producing sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), water vapor (H₂O), and carbon dioxide gas (CO₂). The balanced equation for this reaction is:

NaHCO₃ (s) [tex]\rightarrow \text[/tex] {Na₂CO₃ (s) + H₂O (g) + CO₂ (g)

To determine the heat required to decompose a given amount of (NaHCO₃), we can use the stoichiometry of the reaction. The coefficient in front of (NaHCO₃) in the balanced equation is 2, indicating that 2 moles of (NaHCO₃) produce the products mentioned in the reaction.

Given that we have 1.96 mol of (NaHCO₃), we can set up a proportion to find the heat required:

[tex]\[\frac{\text{moles of } NaHCO₃}{\text{coefficient of } NaHCO₃} = \frac{\text{heat required}}{\text{coefficient of } Na₂CO₃}\][/tex]

[tex]\[ \frac{1.96}{2} = \frac{\text{heat required}}{1} \][/tex]

Solving for the heat required:

[tex]\[ \text{heat required} = 1.96 \times \frac{1}{2} \times \text{heat of the reaction} \][/tex]

The heat of the reaction can be obtained from thermochemical tables or databases. For the given reaction, it is typically around 199.2 kJ. Therefore, the heat required to decompose 1.96 mol of (NaHCO₃) is [tex]\(1.96 \times \frac{1}{2} \times 199.2 = 99.6\) kJ.[/tex]

In conclusion, 99.6 kJ of heat is needed to decompose 1.96 mol of (NaHCO₃) based on the provided chemical reaction.

Complete Question:

Baking soda (NaHCO₃) decomposes when it is heated according to the equation below:

[tex]\[2 \text{NaHCO}_3 (s) \rightarrow \text{Na}_2\text{CO}_3 (s) + \text{H}_2\text{O} (g) + \text{CO}_2 (g)\][/tex]

How many kilojoules of heat are required to decompose 1.96 mol of NaHCO₃ (s)?

Answer: There are 1.216×10^26 protons in 20.02mole of neon

Explanation:

Using Avogadro's number

1 mole of neon contains 6.023×10^23 neon atoms.

I atm contains 10 protons

Number of protons = (6.023×10^23)×20.02×10= 1.216×10^26