To calculate the volumes related to a spherical human cell, we use the volume formula for a sphere. The total volume of the cell is computed as well as the volume of the membrane, then we determine the percentage of the total cell volume that the membrane occupies, which is about 0.0624%.
Explanation:To calculate the various volumes requested in these questions regarding a typical human cell modeled as a sphere, we start by computing the volume of the entire cell including its membrane. The formula for the volume of a sphere is V = (4/3)\u03c0r^3.
To find the volume of the cell, including the membrane, with a diameter of 12.00 \u03bcm, we first determine the radius, which is half the diameter, so 6.00 \u03bcm or 6.00 x 10^-6 m. Substituting this into the formula gives us approximately 904.78 x 10^-18 m^3.
For the volume of the cell membrane, we must consider the volume of the cell with the membrane and subtract the volume of the cell without the membrane. The thickness of the membrane is 5.000 nm, or 5.000 x 10^-9 m. The outer radius of the cell is 6.00 \u03bcm, and the inner radius, after subtracting the thickness of the membrane, is 5.995 \u03bcm or 5.995 x 10^-6 m. The volume of the cell membrane is then the volume of the sphere with a 6.00 x 10^-6 m radius minus the volume of the sphere with a 5.995 x 10^-6 m radius, which comes out to approximately 0.565 x 10^-18 m^3.
Lastly, to find the percent of the total volume that the membrane occupies, we divide the membrane volume by the total cell volume and multiply by 100%, resulting in approximately 0.0624%.
What's the difference between Parasympathetic nervous system and Sympathetic nervous system?
The sympathetic nervous system is what stimulates the body during fight or flight. It quickens the heart and breath, and may also cause the release of adrenaline.
The parasympathetic nervous system is the system that "calms" down the body after fight or flight. It relaxes the muscles and slows down the breathing, among several others body functions.
How if remember this is that both parachute and parasympathetic start with the letter p, and both "slow" the body down. After that it is easy to remember that sympathetic is the "quick" one
Hope this helped!
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The fate of amino acids after they enter body cells by active transport is that they are
A) Quickly synthesized into glucose
B) Quickly synthesized by liver enzymes and carried to the blood stream
C) Almost immediately synthesized into proteins
D) Oxidized
Explain the cellular functions that occur when antibiotics attack a bacteria cell.
a. antibiotics target the cell wall, cell membrane, and the processes of protein and nucleic acids production in bacteria to rupture the cell.
b. antibiotics create dormant resistant endospores to preserve the genetic material and rupture the cell.
c. antibiotics target the cell wall and form a bridge-like connection to form conjugation.
d. antibiotics use binary fission to grow twice its size, replications its DNA, and split into two cells.
Answer: A, antibiotics target the cell wall, cell membrane, and the processes of protein and nucleic acids production in bacteria to rupture the cell.
Explanation:
Because I am smort. I got a big fat brain.
Muscle that flexes the forearm
a. Brachialis
b. Triceps
Answer:
The muscle that flexes the forearm is the triceps
Which of the following types of pollution is most responsible for large numbers of deaths worldwide because of unsafe drinking water? (a) nutrient pollution (b) thermal pollution (c) pathogen pollution (d) sediment pollution
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Nutrient population is mainly as a result of unsustainable farming methods that are rampant in the world. The excessive use of fertilizers in farms results in nutrient runoffs to water bodies. The nutrients especially phosphorus and nitrogen when consumes with water can be harmful to humans and animals. The nutrients also cause eutrophication of water. The anoxic waters harbor dangerous disease-causing bacteria, unlike oxygenated water.
A broad, flat muscle of lower back
a. Adductor magnus
b. Latissimus dorsi
Hello There!
A broad, flat muscle of the lower back is called the "Latissimus dorsi"
The latissimus dorsi is a very large important muscle in the back. This muscle helps perform different kinds of movements involving the arms and the shoulders.
The manubrium articulates with the ________ on its superior border.
The manubrium articulates with the clavicles on its superior border.
What circulates through the ventricles? What is the function?
Answer:
Cereberospinal fluid circulates through the ventricles.
The main function is cereberospinal fluid is the protection from the shock and distribute nutrients..
Explanation:
Ventricles are the four cavites of braion. Cereberospinal fluid is filled in these ventricles. This fluid is colorless, clear and produced by the ependymal cells.
Cereberospinal fluid has the ability to absorb the physical shock and thus protect the brain from any shock. This fluid helps in the exchange of nutrients and removal of waste material from the tissues. Cereberospinal fluid provides the stable chemical environment to the nervous tissue.
What is produced from pyruvic acid when O2 levels are low
A. Acetyl coenzyme A
B. ATP
C. Glucose-6-phosphate
D. Lactic acid
E. Pyruvic acid
Answer:
pyruvic acid converts into lactic acid when there is a lack of oxygen
The area monitored by a single receptor is called
a. Neural area
b. Receptor field
c. Receptive field
d. Receptor specificity
e. Receptor modality
I think the answer is C.
Which of the following is true regarding white blood cells or leukocytes?
A. Leukocytes are smaller than red blood cells.
B. Leukocytes contain hemoglobin.
C. Leukocytes defend the body against pathogens.
D. The most common leukocyte is the monocyte.
Answer: C. Leukocytes defend the body against pathogens.
Explanation:
Leukocytes or white blood cells are type of blood cells which provide immunity to the body by producing antibodies in the body. These antibodies fight against the disease causing pathogens which invade the host human body for shelter and nourishment.
C. Leukocytes defend the body against pathogens is the correct answer. White blood cells are larger than red blood cells, contain a nucleus, and are part of our immune system.
Explanation:The correct answer to the question regarding white blood cells or leukocytes is C. Leukocytes defend the body against pathogens. White blood cells, or leukocytes, are a crucial part of the immune system. Their primary role is to protect the body against invading microorganisms and body cells with mutated DNA, as well as cleaning up debris.
Unlike red blood cells, leukocytes have a nucleus and lack hemoglobin, which means they do not carry oxygen. Instead, they are involved in the immune response and can be classified as granulocytes and agranulocytes, each with different functions. The most common leukocyte is not the monocyte, but the neutrophil.
Osmosis involves the movement of______ to achieve equilibrium between intracellular and extracellular fluids.
A. Electrolytes
B. Salts
C. Solutes
D. Water
Answer:
Water.
Explanation:
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a memnbrane.
What are the responsibilities of the region of the brain highlighted below?
The green area btw
A. Controlling voluntary body movements, processing information from sense organs, thoughts, and learning abilities.
B. Regulating important involuntary bodily functions such as blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and swallowing.
C.Regulating the body’s homeostasis, hunger and eating, thirst and drinking, and other functions of basic survival.
D. Coordinating movement and balance by using information from sensory nerves, including hand-eye coordination.
Answer:
That part of the brain is specifically used for expressing language, so I would say "Controlling voluntary body movements, processing information from sense organs, thoughts, and learning abilities." Is the answer. It's known as the Bronca's Area.
Which of the following types of cells can directly kill cells and secretes a chemical known as perforin which accomplishes the killing by producing pore-like openings in the membranes of cells?
a. Cytotoxic T cells
b. Helper T cells
c. Antibodies
d. Natural killer cells
Answer:
Cytotoxic T cells
Explanation:
Perforin is the cytosolic protein and upon degranulation forms pores in the target cell. Perforin protein helps in the transport of water and ions.
Perforin is present in the granules of cytotoxic T cells. These cells have the ability to kill virus infected cells and cancer cells. Cytotoxic T cells bind with the class 1 MHC molecules. These cells are also known as CD8+ T cells.
Thus, the correct answer is option (A).
Describe the function of each region of the cerebral cortex.
Answer:
Cerebral cortex is divided into four regions and each region performs a specific function. The the function of each region of the cerebral cortex are as follows:
Parietal lobes: This lobe receives and process the sensory information. Parietal lobe is important for touch sensations.
Frontal lobes: This lobe is involved in the decision making problem, processing and planning. Right frontal lobe controls the left side of body and left frontal lobe controls the right side of body.
Occipital lobes: This lobes process the visual information and sent the information to parietal and temporal lobe.
Temporal lobe: This lobe is involved in the process of memory, emotions, language and hearing.
The cerebral cortex is critical for higher brain functions, with various lobes responsible for specific tasks such as sensation, cognition, and movement. Brodmann's areas provide a structural basis for dividing the cortex into distinct functional regions. Techniques like TMS and fMRI assist in mapping these functions to behaviors.
Explanation:Functions of the Cerebral CortexThe cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the cerebrum and is vital for higher mental functions such as memory, learning, language, and perception. The cortex can be subdivided based on anatomical and functional differences, famously categorized into Brodmann's areas in the early 1900s. These functional regions include primary sensory areas, association areas, and integration areas, each with distinct responsibilities for processing different aspects of information and higher cognitive functions.
Lobes of the Cerebral CortexLocalized functions are distributed across these lobes, such as Brodmann areas 17 and 18 in the occipital lobe which are key in primary visual perception. Furthermore, technology like transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) help scientists understand more about cortical functions and their association with behavior and cognition.
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Complete oxidation of C6H12O6 to H20 + CO2
A. Cell respiration
B. Glycongenolysis
C. Glycolysis
D. Electron transport chain
E. Kreb’s cycle
Answer:
A. Cell respiration
Explanation:
Cell respiration is the process wherein glucose (C6H12O6) is completely oxidized into water and carbon dioxide. The process occurs in three steps namely, glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Glycolysis breaks down the glucose into pyruvate. The pyruvate enters link reaction and is converted into acetyl CoA. The acetyl CoA enters the Kreb's cycle and is completely oxidized into CO2 and H2O. The energy released during these reactions is stored in the form of ATP, NADP, and FADH2.
You are a scientist. Somehow, you get a hold of a sample from a celestial body located far away from Earth. Some of your colleagues allege that the sample has evidence of life in that other part of the universe. What tests would you perform to support the hypothesis that the sample may have contained traces of past life?
Give one example of a factor that can influence airflow resistance.
Answer:
Airways diameter can influence the airflow resistance.
Explanation:
Airflow resistance follows the same principle followed by the airway resistance. This is the resistance offered during the pulmonary blood flow.
Airways diameter affects the airflow resistance. If the diameter of airway is increased, the airflow resistance decreases and air can flow easily in the body. The decrease in the airway diameter (dilution) increases the airflow resistance of the blood artery.
The size of the airway is a factor that can influence airflow resistance. In conditions like asthma, narrowed airways can increase resistance.
Explanation:One factor that can influence airflow resistance is the size of the airway. When the airway has a smaller diameter, it forces air through a smaller space, causing more collisions of air molecules with the walls of the airways and increasing resistance. For example, in conditions like asthma, the airways can narrow, leading to increased airflow resistance.
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Which of the following is/are phase(s) of the uterine cycle?
a. menstrual phase only
b. both menstrual and secretory phases
c. proliferative phase only
d. secretory phase only
e. menstrual, secretory, and proliferative phases
Answer:
e. menstrual, secretory, and proliferative phases
Explanation:
Proliferative phase (days 5-15) includes thickening of the endometrium of the uterine wall under the influence of estrogen hormone released by developing follicles.
This is followed by secretory phase (days 15-28) during which endometrium proliferate at a fast rate and the matured uterine glands secrete mucoid secretion.
If fertilization does not occur, the secretory phase is followed by menstrual phase (days 1-5) during which the endometrium is disintegrated and the associated blood vessels rupture leading to menses.
Synapses...
a) are found only in the central nervous system
b) carry electrical signals along the length of an axon
c) are gaps between neurons where chemical signals are used to transmit information
d) allow electrical signal to jump between myelin segments
Answer:
(c). are gaps between neurons where chemical signals are used to transmit information
Explanation:
Synapses can be defined as junction present between two nerve cells, through which nerve impulses are transmitted by using chemical signals or neurotransmitters. The synapses represent a small gaps that separate two neurons.
The neurotransmitters are released by ending of presynaptic neuron and allows transmission of signals from presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron. Hence, synapses are necessary for unidirectional flow of impulses.
Thus, the correct answer is option (c).
Where do sensory nerve cells, parasympathetic ganglia, and symphathetic postganglionic fibers found?
Answer:
These are found in the submucosal plexus
Explanation:
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When studying cell division in tissue samples, scientists often calculate a mitotic index, which is the ratio of dividing cells to the total number of cells in the sample. Which type of tissue would have a higher mitotic index, normal tissue or cancerous tissue?
Answer:
Cancerous tissue has high number of mitotic index.
Explanation:
Mitotic index may be defined as the cells that undergoes mitosis by the total number of cells. Mitotic index is different in case of cancerous and normal cells.
Cancerous cells has high ability to divide continuously and requires less nutrient factors. The mitotic index of a cancerous cell is more because the number of dividing cell is more in case of cancerous cell than the normal cells.
How many adductor muscles exist within the body? List them here.
Answer:
Explanation:
Adductor muscles are those muscles which pulls the body part away from the midline of the body. It draws the body part to the extremities. These are found in various parts of the body such as human thigh bones such as adductor longus, adductor mugnus and adductor brevis. These muscles in the thigh helps in providing the flexibility and rotation.
In the thumbs there is adductor pollicis. In the toes there is adductor hallucis.
Which muscle(s) are used to extend your arms backward?
Answer:
Teres major, posterior deltoid muscle and latissimus dorsi
Explanation:
The muscles that arise from the posterior part of the shoulder joint are involved in the backward movement of the forearm. The posterior deltoid muscle and latissimus dorsi are the primary muscles that bring about the extension of arm (the backward movement of the arm).
Latissimus dorsi is the triangular muscle that arises from the lower part of the spine. It serves to extend the arm and bring it down from the raised position. Teres major is the thick and rounded muscle which also serve in the extension of the arm, that is the backward movement of the arm
The triceps brachii are the primary muscles used to extend the arms backward, working in conjunction with the scapular muscles to stabilize and move the shoulder during this motion.
The muscles used to extend your arms backward are primarily the triceps brachii located on the posterior side of the upper arm. When you want to extend your elbow and push your arm back, the triceps brachii contracts, allowing the forearm to extend away from the body. This contrasts with the biceps brachii, which acts as a flexor of the elbow. In addition to extending the forearm, the triceps brachii works together with scapular muscles to stabilize and move the shoulder, as these muscles assist in lifting the arms at the shoulder and spreading the elbows apart.
LIttle Jimmy Brown's blood typing results showed agglutination with both the plasma containing anti A and anti B antibodies. What blood type does this reaction indicate? List all blood types that Jimmy can receive in order to save his life?
Answer:
Jimmy's blood type: "O" Blood
Jimmy can receive blood from: O blood type only.
Explanation:
The anti-A antibodies are present in the plasma of "B" blood type. Similarly, the blood type "A" has anti-B antibodies in its plasma. Since Jimmy's blood is showing agglutination with both "A" and "B" blood type, he has "O" blood type.
The "O" blood type has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in its plasma and exhibits agglutination with both A and B blood type. The "A" antigen of "A" blood type reacts with anti A antibodies of jimmy's blood while "B" antigen of "B" blood type would exhibit agglutination with "anti B antibodies" of Jimmy's blood. He can get blood from "O" blood type only as he has both anti-A and anti B antibodies in his blood plasma.
Is the trapezius muscle located in the abdomen, back, head, neck, or thorax?
Answer:
The correct answer will be options neck and back.
Explanation:
The trapezius muscle is a broad and flat muscle which is named for its "trapezoid" shape. This triangular muscle is one of the widest back muscles beneath the skin which work to stabilize the scapula, turn and tilt the head and neck and twist the arms.
This muscle covers the upper back of the shoulders and neck extending from the occipital bone (base of the skull) to middle of the back which is divided into three parts:
1. Upper part: at the back of the neck.
2. Middle part: in the shoulders and upper back.
3. Lower part: in the middle of the back.
Thus, the neck and back are the correct options.
The trapezius muscle, located mainly in the back and neck regions, plays a crucial role in moving the head, shoulders, and vertebral column. It is part of the posterior thorax and works alongside other muscles in the neck and back area.
Explanation:The trapezius muscle is located in the area of the back and neck. This large, complex muscle plays a pivotal role in moving the head, shoulders, and vertebral column. It works in conjunction with other muscles of the neck and back, such as the splenius capitis, the splenius cervicis, and the erector spinae muscle group.
The trapezius muscle extends down the back of the neck and upper spine, stretching across to the shoulder blades, making it part of the posterior thorax, rather than being positioned in the abdomen, head, or strictly the neck or thorax.
Its primary functions include stabilizing and moving the vertebral column and contributing to various movements involving the shoulder blades and arms. So, essentially, the trapezius muscle has a considerable role in postural and active movement tasks.
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Describe the neurulation process beginning with the formation of the notochord
Answer:
The neurulation process involves two steps: Primary neural induction and Secondary neural induction.
Explanation:
Neurulation may be defined as the process of formation of neural tube from the neural plate. Neurulation starts when the notochord induces the formation of central nervous system.
Two main stages of neurulation are:
Primary neural induction: Primary neurulation is the process of transformation of flat neural plate into circular neural plate. Gene products gradient determines the induction of neural plate.
Secondary neurulation: The medullary cord is formed by the neural ectoderm and endoderm. Cavites formed from the medullary cord changes into the single neural tube.
PCR amplification of DNA is a useful technique when
there is limited sample.
there is abundant sample.
there is no other evidence.
contamination of evidence occurred.
dental evidence is excluded.
Answer: there is limited sample.
Explanation:
Polymerase chain reaction is a technique that is used for amplifying samples of DNA in vitro. This technique was discovered by Kary Mullis. It can be useful for producing multiple copies of DNA available in very low amounts. It can amplify genomic DNA 50- 250 ng and 1-10 pg for viral or plasmid DNA.
The PCR process involves 3 steps which take place within apparatus thermal cycler. The three steps are:
1. Denaturation: The DNA sample is heated at 94 degree celsius. In this the double stranded DNA is converted into individual single strands.
2. Annealing: The next step involves the attachment of each single stranded DNA with a primer. This step takes place at 60 degree celsius.
3. Extension: In this under the influnece of enzyme Taq polymerase, single nucleotide bases are added to the primers. This step takes place at 72 degree celsius. Entire complentary strand build up this way by each single strand. And a new copy of double stranded DNA is produced from each single strand.
List the divisions of the brain from the "lowest" to the "highest" in terms of info. processing
1. Medulla Oblongata
2. Cerebrum
3. Hypothalamus
4. Cerebellum
5. Pons
6. Midbrain
a. 1, 3, 5, 2, 4, 6
b. 3, 4, 2, 1, 6, 5
c. 1, 5, 4, 6, 3, 2
d. 6, 3, 2, 4, 1, 5
e. 1, 5, 3, 6, 4, 2
The answer is C. 1, 5, 4, 6, 3, 2.
Brain's medulla oblongata is located at its base. Because of its location, where your brain and spinal cord converge, it serves as a vital pathway for nerve messages traveling to and from your body. Thus, option C is correct.
What is Cerebrum, part of brain?White matter and gray matter make up the cerebrum's (the front of the brain's) core. The cerebral cortex is made up of gray matter.
Movement is initiated, coordinated, and temperature is regulated by the cerebrum, which is the biggest portion of the brain.
The top most region of the brain is called the cerebrum. It has two hemispheres, which are separated by a central fissure.
The main lobes of the brain are located in the cerebrum, which is also where the body is controlled and where information from the sense organs is received and given meaning.
Therefore, Medulla from the “lowest” to Cerebrum the “highest” in terms of info. Processing.
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Create an analogy describing how 3-4 components of the endocrine system communicate with each other and function effectively. For your analogy, be sure to identify the main glands of the endocrine system and describe their function and explain how control mechanisms of the nervous system regulate endocrine secretion(s). Be thorough in your description and explanation. (20 points possible).
The endocrine system has many glands that interact with each other through feedback mechanisms to ensure that the correct amounts of hormones are produced at the right time.
How does the endocrine system work?Numerous hormones control a variety of bodily processes, including electrolyte balance, growth and development, metabolism, and reproduction.
The body's many glands all create hormones.
A variety of releasing and inhibiting hormones from the brain work on the pituitary gland to promote the production of pituitary hormones.
While some pituitary hormones have an indirect effect on target organs, others act on other glands spread across the body.
The adrenal glands, which predominantly create cortisol, the parathyroid gland, which produces parathyroid hormone, and the pancreas, which produces insulin and glucagon, are additional hormone-producing glands found throughout the body.
Many of these hormones are components of regulatory hormonal cascades that also include hormones from the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and one or more target glands.
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Final answer:
The endocrine system is compared to a city's communication network, with the pituitary gland as the city hall, the thyroid as the power plant, the adrenal glands as emergency services, and the pancreas as waste management.
Explanation:
Analogy of the Endocrine System
Imagine the endocrine system as a sophisticated communication network within a large, bustling city. The pituitary gland is like the city hall, acting as the 'master gland' that sends out directives (hormones) to various districts (other glands) within the city. These districts include the thyroid gland, which is like the power plant, producing hormones that regulate metabolism and energy.
The adrenal glands resemble the emergency services, releasing hormones such as adrenaline, managing the body's stress response. The pancreas is akin to the city's waste management system, controlling the level of glucose in the blood.
The city hall (pituitary gland) receives information from a central intelligence agency (the brain, particularly the hypothalamus), which monitors the environment and sends signals about when and how to act. When the central agency senses a change that requires city hall's attention, such as a drop in temperature (e.g. body needing more heat), it sends a message for the power plant (thyroid gland) to ramp up energy production (increase metabolism).
The communication between the brain and the endocrine system works via a 'dual-carriage' approach, with the nervous system rapidly sending electrical signals and the endocrine system distributing hormonal messages through the bloodstream. Together, they ensure that the city operates smoothly and adapts to both internal and external changes, thus maintaining homeostasis.